Práticas equestres de corrida no Rio Grande do Sul: configurações e redes de interdependência / Race equestrian practices in Rio Grande do Sul: configurations and web of interdependences / Prácticas ecuestres de carrera en Rio Grande do Sul: configuraciones y redes de interdependencia

Este estudo buscou compreender as configurações das corridas de cavalos, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na transição entre os séculos XIX e XX, especificamente as práticas das carreiras de cancha reta e do turfe, com enfoque analítico em um personagem empírico: o "sul-rio-grandense". Foram analisados documentos impressos. Evidenciou-se que estas corridas estabeleceram configurações culturais e esportivas, expressando-se como espaços plurais de múltiplas relações sociais dinâmicas nos momentos de divertimento para a população envolvida em seu contexto. Estas práticas agrupavam indivíduos com diferentes representações identitárias e constituíram uma configuração cultural que produzia representações relacionadas às identidades de diferentes grupos sociais.

This study aimed to understand the configurations of horse races in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the transition between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, specifically the practice of straight line horse races and turf races, with an analytical approach in an empirical character: the Rio Grande do Sul native. Printed documents were analyzed. It was evidenced that these races established cultural and sportive configurations, expressing themselves as plural spaces of multiple dynamic social relations in moments of amusement for the population involved in its context. These practices grouped individuals with different identity representations and formed a cultural configuration that produced representations related to the identities of different social groups.

Este estudio buscó comprender las configuraciones de las carreras de caballos, en Rio Grande do Sul, en la transición entre los siglos XIX y XX, específicamente las prácticas de las carreras de cancha recta y del turfe, con enfoque analítico en un personaje empírico: el "sur-rio-grandense". Se analizaron documentos impresos. Se evidenció que estas carreras establecieron configuraciones culturales, expresándose como espacios plurales de múltiples relaciones sociales dinámicas en los momentos de diversión para la población involucrada en su contexto. Estas prácticas agrupaban a individuos con diferentes representaciones identitarias y constituyeron una configuración cultural que producía representaciones relacionadas con las identidades de diferentes grupos sociales.

Corridas de cavalos em Campinas: das ruas e dos quilombos ao hipódromo (1870-1898) / Horse racing in Campinas: from streets and quilombos to the hippodrome (1870-1898) / Carreras de caballos en Campinas: de las calles y los quilombos al hipódromo (1870-1898)

Este artigo analisa o surgimento e o desenvolvimento inicial das corridas de cavalos em Cam-pinas, entre 1870 e 1898. Para analisar essa prática que expressa novas relações com a nature-za, aproximamo-nos do debate acerca da historicidade dessas novas relações que se configu-ram em atitudes humanas diante do mundo natural. Metodologicamente, o artigo é caracteri-zado como pesquisa histórica, pautada pelos procedimentos da história cultural, e o conjunto de fontes foi constituído por dois jornais locais e imagens. Presentes em várias cidades brasi-leiras neste período, as corridas de cavalos ganham notoriedade em Campinas a partir da construção do primeiro hipódromo da cidade e atestam a passagem de uma prática de diverti-mento que se sistematiza e se aproxima da lógica do esporte moderno.

This paper analyzes the emergence and initial development of horse racing in Campinas, be-tween 1870 and 1898. In order to analyze this practice that expresses new relations with na-ture, we needed to approach the debate about the historicity of these new relations that con-figure human attitudes towards the natural world. The paper is characterized as a historical research based on the procedures of cultural history, using a set of sources constituted by two local newspapers andimages. Horse racing was present in many Brazilian cities in this period. They gained notoriety in Campinas with the construction of the city's racecourse and con-firmed the transformation of an amusement practice that is systematized towards the logics of modern sports.

Analizamos aquí el surgimiento y desarrollo inicial de las carreras de caballo en Campinas, entre 1870 y 1898. Para analizar esta práctica que expresa nuevas relaciones con la naturaleza, nos aproximamos del debate sobre la historicidad de estas nuevas relaciones que se configu-ran en actitudes humanas frente al mundo natural. El artículo se caracteriza como una investi-gación histórica basada en los procedimientos de la historia cultural, y las fuentes fueron constituidas por dos diarios locales e imágenes. Presente en varias ciudades brasileras del pe-ríodo, las carreras de caballo ganan notoriedad en Campinas a partir de la construcción de su primer hipódromo y atestan el pasaje de una práctica de divertimento que se sistematiza y se aproxima de la lógica del deporte moderno.

The influence of pacing strategy on marathon world records.

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the pacing strategy adopted by elite marathon runners when setting every marathon world record in the last 50 years. We divided former marathon record holders into two groups: classic athletes (record holders between 1967 and 1988) and contemporaneous athletes (record holders between 1988 and 2018). The total distance of the marathon was divided into 8 sections of 5 km and 1 last section of 2.195 km, and the relative average speed of each section was calculated individually. On average athletes were slightly faster in the first half-marathon than in the second one, where they slowed down progressively (ES = 0.28, small effect). However, when comparing classic vs. contemporaneous athletes, we observed that classic athletes started significantly faster (p < .05, ES = 1.16, moderate effect), although after 25 km, their speed dropped dramatically and was significantly slower than in their contemporaneous counterparts (ES = 2.41, very large effect). This study shows that the pacing strategies of the best marathon runners in the world have changed over the last 50 years. Although a negative pace distribution has been proposed as the most efficient option, a pacing strategy characterised by very little speed changes across the whole race may be the way to go in the future.

[Evolutionary history of human locomotor system--from walking to long-distance running]. / Ihmisen liikuntaelimistön evoluutiohistoria--kävelystä kestävyysjuoksuun.

Bipedality evolved in hominids more than 4 million years ago. Bipedals were a diverse group including the lineage of obligatory walkers that finally lead to humans. Important anatomical changes in this group were: enhanced lumbar lordosis, shortening of the ilium, and emphasize on the parasagittal movements. Long-distance running evolved much later and it was associated with well-developed plantar arches, strengthening of muscles supporting the erect trunk, and decoupling of the pectoral girdle and head. In addition to anatomical changes, humans have many physiological adaptations to long-distance running. It is likely that the ability to run long-distance has been important for the survival of our species.

Josep Elias i Juncosa (1880 - 1944) "Corredisses" (Carrerillas) / No disponible

No disponible

Registros da maratona em Jogos Olímpicos para a difusão em aulas de Educação Física / Records of the marathon in Olympic Games for diffusion in Physical Education classes / Los registros de la maratón en los Juegos Olímpicos para la difusión en las clases de Educación Física

Pautada em pesquisa documental, o objetivo desse trabalho consistiu em investigar as alterações pelas quais a maratona passou ao longo dos anos, visando a difusão desse conhecimento, especialmente, em aulas de Educação Física. Entre as modificações estruturais, os atletas, as marcas e as curiosidades em torno de cada uma das edições olímpicas dessa prova, verificou-se, por exemplo, que inspirada em uma lenda grega, a prova da maratona foi incluída na programação dos Jogos Olímpicos Modernos, no masculino, em 1896 e no feminino, em 1984; foi disputada em distâncias e percursos diferentes e instaurou novas regras, a exemplo da "Norma Scheiss". Se esses são alguns dos aspectos identificados por essa pesquisa, outros também devem ser evidenciados, considerando que a história do esporte é um dos conteúdos que deveria ser ensinado em aulas de Educação Física.

Based on documentary research, the purpose of this study was to investigate the modifications for which marathon passed along the years, aiming to disseminate such knowledge, especially in physical education classes. Among the structural changes, athletes, records and curiosities about each edition of this Olympic event, it was found, for example, that inspired by a Greek legend, the marathon was included in the program of the Modern Olympic Games for males, in 1896 and for females, in 1984; it was performance in different distances and routes; new rules were introduced, such as the "Standard Scheiss." If these are some of the issues identified by this research, others should be evident, considering that the history of the sport is one of the contents that should be taught in physical education classes.

Basado en una pesquisa documental, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los cambios por los cuales pasó el maratón en los últimos años con el objetivo de difundir este conocimiento, especialmente en clases de educación física. Entre los cambios estructurales, los atletas, las marcas y las curiosidades alrededor de cada una de las ediciones de este evento olímpico, se encontró, por ejemplo, que inspirado en una leyenda griega, el maratón fue incluido en la programación de los Juegos Olímpicos Modernos; el masculino en el año 1896, y el femenino en 1984. Fue disputado con diferentes distancias y recorridos, y se introdujeron nuevas normas, tales como las "Scheiss estándar." Si estas son algunas de las cuestiones señaladas por esta investigación, las demás también deben ser estudiadas, teniendo en cuenta que la historia de este deporte es uno de los contenidos que deben enseñarse en las clases de educación física.

O sistema de partida em corridas de velocidade do atletismo / The starting system in speed racing of track and field

Não é difícil observar a importância das corridas de velocidade para o cenário esportivo mundial. Entretanto, do stádion, disputado pelos gregos nos Jogos Olímpicos da Grécia Antiga, aos atuais 100 metros rasos, foram várias as modificações. Não por outro motivo, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi registrar as modificações que ocorreram no sistema de partida das corridas de velocidade ao longo dos tempos. Essa pesquisa teórica, caracterizada como uma pesquisa bibliográfica, concentrou-se na coleta de dados provenientes de livros, artigos, imagens e websites relacionados aos 100 metros rasos. Dentre as modificações identificadas merecem destaque as que ocorreram no sistema de partida e que incluem o bloco de partida utilizado pelos atletas na atualidade, sem o qual, talvez, não se tivesse chegado ao incrível recorde mundial dos 100 metros rasos de 9s58.

It is not difficult to realize the importance of speed racing to the world sports scene. However, from the stádion, disputed by the Greeks of the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece, to the current 100 meters dash, there were a lot of modifications. For no other reason, the objective of this research was to record the changes that occurred in the starting system from speed racing over time. This theoretical research, characterized as a literature search, focused on collecting data related to the 100 meter dash from books, articles, pictures and websites. Among the changes identified the ones that occurred with the starting system, which include the starting block used by athletes today deserve to be highlighted. Without that, perhaps, the incredible world record of 100 meters dash of 9s58 would not have been achieved.

Historical analysis of participation in 161 km ultramarathons in North America.

Participation trends in 100 m (161 km) ultramarathon running competitions in North America were examined from race results from 1977 through 2008. A total of 32, 352 finishes accounted for by 9815 unique individuals were identified. The annual number of races and number of finishes increased exponentially over the study period. This growth in number of finishes occurred through a combination of (1) an increase in participation among runners >40 years of age from less than 40% of the finishes prior to the mid-1980s to 65-70% of the finishes since 1996, (2) a growth (p < 0.0001) in participation among women from virtually none in the late 1970s to nearly 20% since 2004, and (3) an increase in the average annual number of races completed by each individual to 1.3. While there has been considerable growth in participation, the 161 km ultramarathon continues to attract a relatively small number of participants compared with running races of shorter distances.

A Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria em Porto Alegre (1938-1947): estudo sobre a participação dos clubes esportivos / Carrera de Relevo del Fuego Simbólico de La Nación en Porto Alegre (1938-1947): estudio sobre la participación de los clubes deportivos / The National Torch Relay in Porto Alegre city (1938-1947): study on the sports clubs participation

Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender a participação dos clubes esportivos porto-alegrenses na invenção da Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria (CFS) em Porto Alegre (RS – Brasil) no período de 1938 a 1947. Fontes impressas e fontes orais foram utilizadas nesse estudo. Os clubes esportivos porto-alegrenses, na figura dos seus atletas e dirigentes, ajudaram a inventar e fixar a CFS em Porto Alegre. Além disso, os clubes construíram representações da identidade nacional brasileira através da CFS.

This study aims to understand the portoalegrenses sports clubs participation in the invention of the National Torch Relay (NTR) in Porto Alegre city (RS – Brazil) in the period from 1938 to 1947. Printed and oral sources were used in it. Porto-alegrenses sports clubs, in the figure of their athletes and sports leaders, helped to invent and set the NTR in Porto Alegre city. Moreover, the sports clubs constructed representations of the Brazilian national identity through the NTR.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo entender la participación de los clubes deportivos portoalegrenses en la invención de la “Carrera de relevo del Fuego Simbólico de la Nación¼ (CFS) en la ciudad de Porto Alegre (RS – Brasil) en el período comprendido entre 1938 a 1947. Fuentes impresas y fuentes orales fueron utilizadas en ese estudio. Los clubes deportivos porto-alegrenses, en la figura de sus atletas y dirigentes, han ayudado a inventar y establecer la CFS en Porto Alegre. Por otra parte, los clubes esportivos construiran representaciones de la identidad nacional brasileña a través de la CFS.

A motivação intrínseca e o estado mental Flow em corredores de rua / Motivación Intrínseca y el Estado Mental Flow em Corredores / Intrinsic motivation and the state mental Flow in street runners

Participaram do estudo qualitativo, dez praticantes de corrida de rua. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise de conteúdo. A maioria dos praticantes iniciou a atividade extrinsecamente motivada, mas a motivação intrínseca mostrou-se determinante na permanência por muitos anos. Identificamos relações entre os temas levantados na análise e os elementos que caracterizam o estado mental flow. Esses elementos podem ser importantes direcionadores na estruturação de atividades físicas, mantendo o indivíduo intrinsecamente motivado, implicando maior assiduidade, empenho, tempo de permanência e satisfação.

This article is a result of the Masters Dissertation held in the University of Physical Education, UNICAMP. Participated in the qualitative study, ten practitioners of running. The methodology used was the analysis of content. Most practitioners began activity motivated by outer circumstances, but the intrinsic motivation showed crucial in residence for many years. Relations have been identified among the topics raised in the analysis and the elements that characterize the state mental flow. These elements can be important setters in the structuring of physical activities, keeping theindividual intrinsically motivated, resulting in greater attendance, commitment, time and satisfaction.

Este artículo es resultado de tesis de máster celebrada en Universidad de Educación Física de UNICAMP. Participó del estudio cualitativo, diez profesionales de raza en calles. La metodología utilizada fue análisis de contenido. La mayoría de los profesionales comenzó la práctica por motivación exterior, pero la motivación intrínseca mostrou-se crucial en la práctica por años. Las relaciones se han identificado algunos temas planteados en el análisis y elementos que caracterizan el estado mental flow. Estos elementos pueden ser importantes en estructuración de actividades físicas, mantenimiento de la persona motivada, que llevaría a mayor participación, compromiso, tiempo de práctica y satisfacción.

A history of medical reports on the Boston Marathon: 112 years and still running.

INTRODUCTION/METHODS: We performed a systematic search for medical reports on the Boston Marathon, run annually since April 19, 1897 and studied medically since 1899. RESULTS: We identified 66 articles: 25 were related to cardiology; 10, exercise physiology; 8, metabolism; 5, neurology; 4, gastroenterology; 3, hematology; 3, several disciplines; and 8, nephrology, orthopedics, and general topics. The predominance of cardiology articles reflects concerns about the cardiac risks of exercise present in the early 20th century and persistent to this day. The authors and contributors included luminaries from the medical and exercise community including Drs. Paul Dudley White, Samuel Levine, Kenneth Cooper, Paul Zoll, Ellsworth Buskirk, and David Costill. The articles identified or confirmed many of the presently accepted principles of marathon medicine. CONCLUSIONS: Medical studies on the Boston Marathon not only provide lessons applicable to managing modern athletes but also demonstrate the interests and concerns of researchers who have used the event to study the physiology of prolonged exercise for more than a century.