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1.
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol ; 281(1): 155-162, 2024 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37516989

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: In cochlear implantation, a scala vestibuli (SV) insertion of an electrode array is a rare occurrence and is reported to be linked to poor hearing outcomes. Using the same electrode array, the auditory performance of patients with a complete SV location was compared with that of patients having a complete scala tympani (ST) location 1 year after implantation. METHODS: Thirty-three patients were included in this retrospective case-control study (SV, n = 12; ST, n = 21). The matching criteria were electrode array type, age at implantation, and duration of severe or profound deafness. The array location was analyzed using 3D reconstruction of postoperative CT scans. Postoperative audiological evaluation of the implanted ear was performed using pure-tone audiometry, speech recognition of monosyllabic words in quiet, and words and sentences in noise. RESULTS: On the preoperative CT scan, six patients in the SV group presented with both round window (RW) and ST ossification, three with RW ossification alone, and three with no RW ossification. Auditory performance did not differ between SV and ST groups 1 year after cochlear implantation. Speech recognition of words was 49 ± 7.6% and 56 ± 5.0% in quiet and 75 ± 9.5% and 66 ± 6.0% in noise in SV and ST groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: ST insertion is the gold standard that allows the three cochlear scalae to preserve scalar cochlear integrity. However, 1 year after implantation, a planned or unexpected SV insertion is not detrimental to hearing outcomes, providing similar auditory performance in quiet and noise to ST insertion.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Humans , Scala Vestibuli/surgery , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Case-Control Studies , Audiometry, Pure-Tone
2.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol ; 165: 111432, 2023 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36640697

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study was to estimate the volume of the Scala Tympani (ST) of our pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients from the computed tomography (CT) images. Then, to study the association between ST volume and both demographic characteristics and cochlear parameters. METHODS: A retrospective study on the CT scans of pediatric CI patients at a tertiary referral CI center. Congenital or acquired cochlear defects were excluded. Two reviewers, with the same level of experience, blindly measured the main cochlear parameters and studied its anatomy. Then, the interrater reliability was tested to measure any differences between the two readings. After that, the ST volume of the included patients was calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the correlations between the main cochlear parameters and ST volume were studied to propose a formula for estimating the ST volume from the cochlear duct length (CDL). RESULTS: The mean predicted ST volume among our pediatric CI recipients was 38.51 ± 5.54 µl (range; 24.47-52.57 µl). The statistical analysis revealed that all cochlear parameters (A, B, H, and CDL values) could be significant predictors of the ST volume (p=<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The main cochlear parameters along with the CDL are positively linked to the ST volume. There are considerable differences in cochlear size and scala tympani volume among our pediatric population. These findings confirm the importance of pre-operative planning for proper electrode array selection.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Humans , Child , Cochlear Implantation/methods , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Cochlea/surgery
3.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 19234, 2022 11 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36357503

ABSTRACT

In cochlear implant surgery, insertion of perimodiolar electrode arrays into the scala tympani can be complicated by trauma or even accidental translocation of the electrode array within the cochlea. In patients with partial hearing loss, cochlear trauma can not only negatively affect implant performance, but also reduce residual hearing function. These events have been related to suboptimal positioning of the cochlear implant electrode array with respect to critical cochlear walls of the scala tympani (modiolar wall, osseous spiral lamina and basilar membrane). Currently, the position of the electrode array in relation to these walls cannot be assessed during the insertion and the surgeon depends on tactile feedback, which is unreliable and often comes too late. This study presents an image-guided cochlear implant device with an integrated, fiber-optic imaging probe that provides real-time feedback using optical coherence tomography during insertion into the human cochlea. This novel device enables the surgeon to accurately detect and identify the cochlear walls ahead and to adjust the insertion trajectory, avoiding collision and trauma. The functionality of this prototype has been demonstrated in a series of insertion experiments, conducted by experienced cochlear implant surgeons on fresh-frozen human cadaveric cochleae.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Humans , Cochlear Implantation/methods , Cochlea/diagnostic imaging , Cochlea/surgery , Cochlea/injuries , Basilar Membrane , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , Electrodes, Implanted
4.
IEEE Trans Biomed Eng ; 69(1): 129-137, 2022 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34110987

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The insertion of the electrode array is a critical step in cochlear implantation. Herein we comprehensively investigate the impact of the alignment angle and feed-forward speed on deep insertions in artificial scala tympani models with accurate macro-anatomy and controlled frictional properties. METHODS: Motorized insertions (n=1033) were performed in six scala tympani models with varying speeds and alignment angles. We evaluated reaction forces and micrographs of the insertion process and developed a mathematical model to estimate the normal force distribution along the electrode arrays. RESULTS: Insertions parallel to the cochlear base significantly reduce insertion energies and lead to smoother array movement. Non-constant insertion speeds allow to reduce insertion forces for a fixed total insertion time compared to a constant feed rate. CONCLUSION: In cochlear implantation, smoothness and peak forces can be reduced with alignment angles parallel to the scala tympani centerline and with non-constant feed-forward speed profiles. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results may help to provide clinical guidelines and improve surgical tools for manual and automated cochlear implantation.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Cochlea/surgery , Electrodes, Implanted , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery
5.
Audiol Neurootol ; 27(2): 148-155, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34284383

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Electrode array translocation is an unpredictable event with all types of arrays, even using a teleoperated robot in a clinical scenario. We aimed to compare the intracochlear trauma produced by the HiFocus™ Mid-Scala (MS) electrode array (Advanced Bionics, Valencia, CA, USA) using a teleoperated robot, with an automated robot connected to a navigation system to align the pre-curved tip of the electrode array with the coiling direction of the scala tympani (ST). METHODS: Fifteen freshly frozen temporal bones were implanted with the MS array using the RobOtol® (Collin, Bagneux, France). In the first group (n = 10), the robot was teleoperated to insert the electrode array into the basal turn of the ST under stereomicroscopic vision, and then the array was driven by a slow-speed hydraulic insertion technique with an estimated placement of the pre-curved electrode tip. In the second group (n = 5), 3 points were obtained from the preoperative cone-beam computed tomography: the 2 first defining the ST insertion axis of the basal turn and a third one at the center of the ST at 270°. They provided the information to the automated system (RobOtol® connected with a navigation system) to automatically align the electrode array with the ST insertion axis and to aim the pre-curved tip toward the subsequent coiling of the ST. After this, the electrode array was manually advanced. Finally, the cochleae were obtained and fixed in a crystal resin, and the position of each electrode was determined by a micro-grinding technique. RESULTS: In all cases, the electrode array was fully inserted into the cochlea and the depth of insertion was similar using both techniques. With the teleoperated robotic technique, translocations of the array were observed in 7/10 insertions (70%), but neither trauma nor array translocation occurred with automated robotic insertion. CONCLUSION: We have successfully tested an automated insertion system (robot + navigation) that could accurately align a pre-curved electrode array to the axis of the basal turn of the ST and its subsequent coiling, which reduced intracochlear insertion trauma and translocation.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Robotics , Cochlea/diagnostic imaging , Cochlea/surgery , Cochlear Implantation/methods , Electrodes, Implanted , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , Temporal Bone/surgery
6.
Hear Res ; 404: 108205, 2021 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33618163

ABSTRACT

Electrode array insertion into the inner ear is a critical step in cochlear implantation, and artificial scala tympani models can be a valuable tool for studying the dynamics of this process. This technical note describes the fabrication of electrode array dummies and scala tympani models that address shortcomings of previously published cochlear models. In particular, we improve the reproduction of frictional properties with an easy-to-apply polymer brush coating that creates hydrophilic surfaces, and produce geometries with accurate macro-anatomy based on microtomographic scans. The presented methods rely only on commonly available materials and tools and are based on publicly available data. Our validation shows very good agreement of insertion forces both in terms of linear insertion depth and insertion speed compared to previously published measurements of insertions in cadaveric temporal bones.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Scala Tympani , Cochlea/surgery , Humans , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , Temporal Bone/diagnostic imaging , Temporal Bone/surgery
7.
Ear Hear ; 42(4): 1034-1041, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33480625

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: (1) To assess variations of the human intracochlear anatomy and quantify factors which might be relevant for cochlear implantation (CI) regarding surgical technique and electrode design. (2) Search for correlations of these factors with clinically assessable measurements. DESIGN: Human temporal bone study with micro computed tomography (µCT) data and analysis of intracochlear geometrical variations: µCT data of 15 fresh human temporal bones was generated, and the intracochlear lumina scala tympani (ST) and scala vestibuli were manually segmented using custom software specifically designed for accurate cochlear segmentation. The corresponding datasets were processed yielding 15 detailed, three-dimensional cochlear models which were investigated in terms of the scalae height, cross-sectional size, and rotation as well as the interrelation of these factors and correlations to others. RESULTS: The greatest anatomical variability was observed within the round window region of the cochlea (basal 45°), especially regarding the cross-sectional size of the ST and its orientation relative to the scala vestibuli, which were found to be correlated (p < 0.001). The cross-sectional height of the ST changes substantially for both increasing cochlear angles and lateral wall distances. Even small cochleae were found to contain enough space for all commercially available CI arrays. Significant correlations of individual intracochlear parameters to clinically assessable ones were found despite the small sample size. CONCLUSION: While there is generally enough space within the ST for CI, strong intracochlear anatomical variations could be observed highlighting the relevance of both soft surgical technique as well as a highly flexible and self-adapting cochlear implant electrode array design. Cochlear dimensions (especially at the round window) could potentially be used to indicate surgically challenging anatomies.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Cochlea/diagnostic imaging , Cochlea/surgery , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Temporal Bone/diagnostic imaging , X-Ray Microtomography
8.
Clin Neuroradiol ; 31(2): 367-372, 2021 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32556392

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Assessment of the cochlear implant (CI) electrode array position using flat-detector computed tomography (FDCT) to test dependence of postoperative outcome on intracochlear electrode position. METHODS: A total of 102 patients implanted with 107 CIs underwent FDCT. Electrode position was rated as 1) scala tympani, 2) scala vestibuli, 3) scalar dislocation and 4) no deconvolution. Two independent neuroradiologists rated all image data sets twice and the scalar position was verified by a third neuroradiologist. Presurgical and postsurgical speech audiometry by the Freiburg monosyllabic test was used to evaluate auditory outcome after 6 months of speech rehabilitation. RESULTS: Electrode array position was assessed by FDCT in 107 CIs. Of the electrodes 60 were detected in the scala tympani, 21 in the scala vestibuli, 24 electrode arrays showed scalar dislocation and 2 electrodes were not placed in an intracochlear position. There was no significant difference in rehabilitation outcomes between scala tympani and scala vestibuli inserted patients. Rehabilitation was also possible in patients with dislocated electrodes. CONCLUSION: The use of FDCT is a reliable diagnostic method to determine the position of the electrode array. In our study cohort, the electrode position had no significant impact on postoperative outcome except for non-deconvoluted electrode arrays.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Humans , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , Scala Vestibuli , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
9.
Laryngoscope ; 131(6): 1358-1368, 2021 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33159469

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Two types of electrode arrays for cochlear implants (CIs) are distinguished: lateral wall and perimodiolar. Scalar translocation of the array can lead to intracochlear trauma by penetrating from the scala tympani into the scala vestibuli or scala media, potentially negatively affecting hearing performance of CI users. This systematic review compares the lateral wall and perimodiolar arrays with respect to scalar translocation. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were reviewed for studies published within the last 11 years. No other limitations were set. All studies with original data that evaluated the occurrence of scalar translocation or tip fold-over (TF) with postoperative computed tomography (CT) following primary cochlear implantation in bilateral sensorineuronal hearing loss patients were considered to be eligible. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. RESULTS: We included 33 studies, of which none were randomized controlled trials. Meta-analysis of five cohort studies comparing scalar translocation between lateral wall and perimodiolar arrays showed that lateral wall arrays have significantly lower translocation rates (7% vs. 43%; pooled odds ratio = 0.12). Translocation was negatively associated with speech perception scores (weighted mean 41% vs. 55%). Tip fold-over of the array was more frequent with perimodiolar arrays (X2  = 6.8, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Scalar translocation and tip fold-overs occurred more frequently with perimodiolar arrays than with lateral wall arrays. In addition, translocation of the array negatively affects hearing with the cochlear implant. Therefore, if one aims to minimize clinically relevant intracochlear trauma, lateral wall arrays would be the preferred option for cochlear implantation. Laryngoscope, 131:1358-1368, 2021.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation/instrumentation , Cochlear Implants , Hearing Loss, Bilateral/physiopathology , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/physiopathology , Hearing/physiology , Cochlea/surgery , Cochlear Implantation/methods , Female , Hearing Loss, Bilateral/diagnostic imaging , Hearing Loss, Bilateral/surgery , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnostic imaging , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/surgery , Hearing Tests , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Period , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/physiopathology , Scala Tympani/surgery , Speech Perception , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment Outcome
10.
Otol Neurotol ; 41(8): e993-e1003, 2020 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32569147

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Many individuals have some residual hearing which should be preserved with cochlear implantation. To achieve this goal electrode arrays must fulfil certain design requirements. A new thin lateral wall electrode array (HiFocus SlimJ) was systematically designed on the basis of µCT studies of human cochlea anatomy. The primary objective of this study was to report on initial retrospective hearing preservation results from a cohort of subjects consecutively implanted with this electrode. Secondary objectives were to report on insertion depth and speech perception results for this new array. METHODS: Twenty subjects with considerable residual hearing in low frequencies were consecutively implanted with the SlimJ electrode array. The electrode was inserted slowly through the round window and the insertion process was controlled by intracochlear electrocochleography measuring cochlear microphonics through the cochlear implant.Postoperative cone beam computed tomography was conducted and precise scalar location and angular insertion depth was estimated following image fusion with the preoperative images. RESULTS: Low frequency hearing at 1 month postsurgery was preserved within 30 dB HL in 85% of subjects and within 15 dB HL in 50% of subjects. Mean angular insertion depth was 393 degrees (SD 62 degrees) with a range from 294 to 520 degrees. All electrode contacts in all subjects were identified within scala tympani. CONCLUSION: The SlimJ electrode array is easy to handle for atraumatic insertion through the round window, adjusted insertion depth controlled by electrocochleography measurements, and reliable fixation at the posterior tympanotomy. Hearing preservation rates are encouraging on the short term. We aim to further report on larger data sets and long-term outcomes.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Cochlea/diagnostic imaging , Cochlea/surgery , Electrodes, Implanted , Hearing , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery
11.
Otol Neurotol ; 41(6): e686-e694, 2020 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32569244

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Angular insertion depth (AID) of the electrode array provides valuable information regarding intracochlear positioning, which can be used to predict outcomes and optimize performance. While computed tomography (CT) offers high-resolution imaging, there is a need to develop technology to accurately determine AID from intraoperative x-rays acquired at unknown angles. METHODS: An algorithm was developed using a three-dimensional model of the scala tympani to estimate AID from an x-ray acquired at an unknown angle. The model is manipulated over the x-ray until the projection angle is inferred and the location of the round window and individual electrode contacts are identified. Validation of the algorithm involved 1) assessing accuracy with deviation from cochlear view by comparing AID determined with simulated x-rays to those determined with CT in a temporal bone model, and 2) assessing reproducibility in the clinical setting, by comparing intra- and inter-rater reliability with intraoperative x-ray in cochlear implant (CI) recipients, which were subsequently compared to AID determined with postoperative CT. RESULTS: Estimates of AID from x-rays were generally within 10 degrees of CT regardless of deviation from cochlear view. Excluding two outliers with poor imaging quality, the intraclass correlation coefficients for intra- and inter-rater reliability were excellent (0.991 and 0.980, respectively). CONCLUSION: With intraoperative x-rays of sufficient quality, the helical scala tympani model can be used to accurately and reliably determine AID without the need to specify a preferred image angle. The application can therefore be used in most CI recipients when a postoperative CT is not available.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Cochlea/diagnostic imaging , Cochlea/surgery , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , X-Rays
12.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H ; 234(6): 578-589, 2020 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32186227

ABSTRACT

In this study, a new idea of the optimal path generation method was proposed and a path planning strategy for robotic cochlear implant of perimodiolar electrode was designed. The centerline of scala tympani channel was taken as the optimal implant path of the perimodiolar electrode, which aimed to reduce the damage of the electrode to the cochlea during implantation. First, the three-dimensional cochlear model was reconstructed based on the micro-computed tomography images of cochlea, and it was re-segmented to obtain the cross sections of the scala tympani at different angles. Then, the image processing method was used to determine the central point of the scala tympani cross sections. The cubic B-spline interpolation method was used to fit these discrete central points to generate the optimal path. Finally, the coordinate information of the optimal path was combined with the stylet extraction state of perimodiolar electrode to conduct the path planning for robotic cochlear implant, and the result was sent to the robot for kinematic inverse solution to obtain the robot motion trajectory. The robotic cochlear implant experiment was performed with the model of scala tympani. The results showed that the maximum implant force based on path planning was 0.084 N, and the maximum implant force without path planning was 0.134 N. The optimal path generation and the path planning method effectively help to reduce the damage of the electrode to the cochlea.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation/methods , Mechanical Phenomena , Robotics , Scala Tympani/surgery , Cochlear Implantation/instrumentation , Electrodes, Implanted , Humans , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , X-Ray Microtomography
13.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg ; 162(5): 718-724, 2020 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32093543

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Studies suggest lateral wall (LW) scala tympani (ST) height decreases apically, which may limit insertion depth. No studies have investigated the relationship of LW ST height with translocation rate or location. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Cochlear implant program at tertiary referral center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: LW ST height was measured in preoperative images for patients with straight electrodes. Scalar location, angle of insertion depth (AID), and translocation depth were measured in postoperative images. Audiologic outcomes were tracked. RESULTS: In total, 177 ears were identified with 39 translocations (22%). Median AID was 443° (interquartile range [IQR], 367°-550°). Audiologic outcomes (126 ears) showed a small, significant correlation between consonant-nucleus-consonant (CNC) word score and AID (r = 0.20, P = .027), although correlation was insignificant if translocation occurred (r = 0.11, P = .553). Translocation did not affect CNC score (P = .335). AID was higher for translocated electrodes (503° vs 445°, P = .004). Median translocation depth was 381° (IQR, 222°-399°). Median depth at which a 0.5-mm electrode would not fit within 0.1 mm of LW was 585° (IQR, 405°-585°). Median depth at which a 0.5-mm electrode would displace the basilar membrane by ≥0.1 mm was 585° (IQR, 518°-765°); this was defined as predicted translocation depth (PTD). Translocation rate was 39% for insertions deeper than PTD and 14% for insertions shallower than PTD (P = .008). CONCLUSION: AID and CNC are directly correlated for straight electrodes when not translocated. Translocations generally occur around 380° and are more common with deeper insertions due to decreasing LW ST height. Risk of translocation increases significantly after 580°.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation/methods , Cochlear Implants , Electrodes, Implanted , Scala Tympani/anatomy & histology , Humans , Prosthesis Design , Retrospective Studies , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery
15.
Otol Neurotol ; 40(7): 872-877, 2019 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31058753

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: A modern cochlear implant electrode array design must combine: improved surgical ease of use, structure preservation, particularly important for pediatric application, stable position within the cochlea over time, and a meaningful balance between hearing preservation against addressing sufficient cochlear tissue to support electrical-only hearing. The aim of this study was to investigate a new lateral wall electrode array design from Advanced Bionics on human temporal bones (TBs). METHODS: Ten fresh-frozen TBs were implanted with the SlimJ electrode array via the round window. The electrode array is 23 mm long, with a cross-section varying from 0.25 × 0.55 mm at the most apical contact to 0.6 × 0.8 mm at the proximal marker contact. To assess location of the electrode array, the TBs were postoperatively scanned using cone beam computed tomography, and histology was performed to assess intracochlear trauma (Grades 0-4). RESULTS: All electrode arrays were considered easy to insert. The average insertion depth was 432 degrees measured from the round window with a range from 411 to 450 degrees azimuth. Nine out of 10 electrode arrays were inserted fully (<0.5 mm out of the cochlea), one electrode array was left 1.5 mm out of the cochlea. No translocations were observed in all 10 cochleae, slight touching of the basilar membrane at the distal portion of the array was observed in 50% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The results from the new thin lateral wall electrode array from Advanced Bionics provided consistent scala tympani locations. No translocations were observed and almost all electrode arrays were fully inserted. These results are promising and the new electrode array will be further studied in clinical practice investigating hearing preservation capabilities and speech performance.


Subject(s)
Cochlea/surgery , Cochlear Implantation/methods , Cochlear Implants , Temporal Bone/surgery , Cochlea/diagnostic imaging , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Humans , Round Window, Ear/diagnostic imaging , Round Window, Ear/surgery , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , Temporal Bone/diagnostic imaging
16.
Otol Neurotol ; 39(7): 922-928, 2018 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29995013

ABSTRACT

HYPOTHESIS: Using patient-customized cochlear measurements obtained from preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans to guide insertion of cochlear implant (CI) electrode arrays will lead to more optimal intracochlear positioning. BACKGROUND: Cochlear duct length is highly variable ranging from 25.26 to 35.46 mm, yet CI electrode arrays are treated as one size fits most. We sought to investigate the impact of patient-customized insertion plans on final location of electrode arrays. METHODS: Twenty cadaveric temporal bone specimens were CT scanned and randomly divided into groups A and B. Group A specimens had an optimal customized insertion plan generated including entry site (e.g., round window versus extended round window), entry vector based on anatomical landmarks (e.g., hug posterior aspect of facial recess and angle 1 mm inferior to stapes), depth to begin advancing off stylet, and final insertion depth. Suboptimal plans were chosen for group B by selecting an approach that was normal yet predicted to result in poor final electrode location. One surgeon, blinded as to group, carried out the CI insertions following which the electrode array was fixed using superglue and the specimen CT scanned to allow assessment of final electrode location. RESULTS: Average perimodiolar distances for groups A and B were 0.51 and 0.60 mm, respectively. For group A, full scala tympani insertion was achieved in all specimens while in group B, 4 of 10 specimens had scalar translocation. CONCLUSION: Patient customized cochlear implant insertion techniques achieved better positioning of electrode arrays in this study and have potential for improving electrode positioning in patients.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation/methods , Surgery, Computer-Assisted/methods , Anatomic Landmarks , Cadaver , Cochlea/diagnostic imaging , Cochlear Implants , Female , Humans , Male , Round Window, Ear/surgery , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , Temporal Bone/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
17.
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol ; 275(7): 1723-1729, 2018 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29799084

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the insertion characteristics and trauma of a new slim lateral wall electrode (SlimJ) in human temporal bones (TB). METHODS: Pre- and postoperative assessment was performed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and image fusion in 11 human TB. The position of the array in each cochlea was analyzed and described using a vertical scaling factor, calculated by dividing the distance of the scala tympani floor to the centre of the electrode by the duct height. Insertion trauma was scaled according to the presumed localization of the basilar membrane, which was modeled from histologic sections of 20 TBs. The insertion trauma was described by the adaptation of the Eshragi trauma grading. RESULTS: A full electrode insertion, via the round window, was achieved in all TBs. Surgical handling was good, with a favorable compromise between high flexibility but sufficient stiffness to facilitate smooth insertions. The median angular insertion depth was 368° (range 330°-430°). Scala tympani placement was achieved in ten out of eleven TBs; in one TB a scala translocation was observed, occurring at approximately 180°. CONCLUSIONS: The SlimJ showed atraumatic insertion characteristics. The CBCT fusion technique provides an accurate and reliable assessment of the electrode position and allows for grading insertion trauma without histology. The SlimJ true potential for structure and hearing preservation needs to be further assessed in vivo.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Electrodes, Implanted , Temporal Bone/diagnostic imaging , Basilar Membrane/diagnostic imaging , Cadaver , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Equipment Design , Humans , Round Window, Ear/surgery , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Scala Tympani/surgery , Temporal Bone/surgery
18.
Cochlear Implants Int ; 19(3): 147-152, 2018 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29345557

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical usefulness and practicality of co-registration of Cone Beam CT (CBCT) with preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for intracochlear localization of electrodes after cochlear implantation. METHODS: Images of 20 adult patients who underwent CBCT after implantation were co-registered with preoperative MRI scans. Time taken for co-registration was recorded. The images were analysed by clinicians of varying levels of expertise to determine electrode position and ease of interpretation. RESULTS: After a short learning curve, the average co-registration time was 10.78 minutes (StdDev 2.37). All clinicians found the co-registered images easier to interpret than CBCT alone. The mean concordance of CBCT vs. co-registered image analysis between consultant otologists was 60% (17-100%) and 86% (60-100%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for CBCT to identify Scala Vestibuli insertion or translocation was 100 and 75%, respectively. The negative predictive value was 100%. DISCUSSION: CBCT should be performed following adult cochlear implantation for audit and quality control of surgical technique. If SV insertion or translocation is suspected, co-registration with preoperative MRI should be performed to enable easier analysis. There will be a learning curve for this process in terms of both the co-registration and the interpretation of images by clinicians.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implants , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/statistics & numerical data , Electrodes, Implanted , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/statistics & numerical data , Otolaryngologists/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Clinical Competence , Cochlea/diagnostic imaging , Cochlear Implantation , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/methods , Female , Hearing Loss/diagnostic imaging , Hearing Loss/surgery , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Period , Preoperative Period , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Sensitivity and Specificity
19.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 17566, 2017 12 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29242508

ABSTRACT

Cochlear size and morphology vary greatly and may influence the course of a cochlear implant electrode array during insertion and its final intra-cochlear position. Detailed insight into these variations is valuable for characterizing each cochlea and offers the opportunity to study possible correlations with surgical or speech perception outcomes. This study presents an automatic tracing method to assess individual cochlear duct shapes from clinical CT images. On pre-operative CT scans of 479 inner ears the cochlear walls were discriminated by interpolating voxel intensities along radial and perpendicular lines within multiplanar reconstructions at 1 degree intervals from the round window. In all 479 cochleas, the outer wall could be traced automatically up to 720 degrees. The inner wall and floor of the scala tympani in 192 cochleas. The shape of the cochlear walls were modelled using a logarithmic spiral function including an offset value. The vertical trajectories of the scala tympani exhibited a non-monotonous spiral slope with specific regions at risk for CI-related insertion trauma, and three slope categories could be distinguished. This presented automatic tracing method allows the detailed description of cochlear morphology and can be used for both individual and large cohort evaluation of cochlear implant patients.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Duct/anatomy & histology , Cochlear Duct/diagnostic imaging , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Automation , Cochlear Implants , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging
20.
Biomed Res Int ; 2017: 6372704, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29181399

ABSTRACT

The position of the cochlear-implant electrode is important to audiological outcomes after cochlear implantation. The common technique to evaluate the intracochlear electrode's position involves the use of ionized radiation in MSCT, DVT, or flat-panel tomography (FPT). Recent advances in knowledge regarding the handling of MRI artifacts in cochlear implantees indicate that estimating the intracochlear electrode's position with an MRI could be possible. This study's aim was to evaluate the ipsilaterally position of electrodes using MRI at 1.5 T. In a retrospective study of 10 implantees with postoperative need for MRI scanning, we evaluated the intrascalar electrode's position using a T2-weighted sequence at 1.5 T. We compared the resulting estimate of the intracochlear position with the estimates from the postoperative FPT scan and the intraoperative NRT ratio. For each ear, the MRI-estimated scalar position corresponded with the estimated positions from the FPT and NRT ratio. For eight ears, a scala tympani's position was observed in the MRI. In one case, an electrode scalar translocation was found. In one case, the scala vestibuli's position was observed. Thus, MRI-based estimation of the scalar position of a cochlear-implant electrode is possible. Limitations to this method include implant-specific magnet and fixation configurations, which can cause complications.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Implants , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Scala Tympani/diagnostic imaging , Female , Humans , Male , Retrospective Studies
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