Resultados preliminares en la implementación de una técnica de detección de ganglio centinela en cáncer de cuello uterino y endometrio en un hospital público y centro formador en chile / Preliminary results in the implementation of a sentinel node detection technique in cervical and endometrial cancer in a public hospital and training center in Chile

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la técnica de azul patente (disponible en todo el territorio nacional) en el ganglio centinela para la estadificación del cáncer cérvico uterino y en-dometrial. Método Estudio prospectivo realizado entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2018. Se evaluó la técnica de azul patente para la detección de ganglio centinela en la estadificación del cáncer cérvico uterino y endometrial, antes de la linfadenectomía pélvica estándar. La inyección del azul patente se aplicó en el cuello uterino (1 cc 1 cm de profundidad y 1 cc superficial) a las 3 y 9 horas, 20 minutos antes del inicio de la cirugía (laparotomía o laparoscópica). La identifica-ción y extracción del ganglio centinela fue realizado por un ginecólogo oncólogo certificado y evaluado mediante histología tradicional con hematoxilina y eosina (H&E). Resultado Se realiza-ron un total de 80 cirugías. El ganglio centinela se identificó en 75 (94%) pacientes, 60 (75%) bilateralmente; Con una detección media de 1,9 nodos por paciente. El sitio de identificación más frecuente fue la fosa obturatriz (43,9%), seguida de los vasos ilíacos externos. Otro 2,6% de los nodos fueron encontrados en sitios poco comunes. Entre los ganglios linfáticos seleccio-nados, 10 casos fueron positivos para el cáncer. No hubo ganglio centinela falso negativo. La tasa de detección fue del 83%, con una especificidad del 95%. Conclusiones Los datos aquí expuestos nos permiten estandarizar e implementar el uso de gan-glio centinela con azul patente. El uso de GC adecua la cirugía a la necesidad de la paciente, con una clara disminución en la incidencia de complicaciones asociadas a la linfadenectomía. Este trabajo forma parte de un estudio inicial el cual se debe complementar con el uso de la tin-ción de verde de indocianina y el estudio anatomo patológico con ultraestadiaje para obtener una validación e implementación adecuada del GC en la etapificación en cáncer de cérvix y endo-metrio.

SUMMARY Objective To assess the diagnostic performance of patent blue dye technique (available in the whole country) in sentinel lymph node for cervical and endometrial cancer staging. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted between January 2014 to December 2018. Patent blue dye technique was assessed for the detection of sentinel lymph node in cervical and endometrial cancer staging, before standard pelvic lymphadenectomy. Blue dye injection was applied in the cervix (1cc 1cm deep and 1cc superficial) at 3 and 9 hour, 20 minutes prior start-ing a surgery (laparotomy or laparoscopic). The sentinel lymph node was collected by a certified surgeon and assessed by traditional histologic hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results A total of 80 surgeries were performed. The sentinel lymph node was identified in 75 (94%) patients, 60 (75%) bilaterally; with an average detection of 1,9 nodes per patient. The most common site of identifi-cation was the obturator fossa, followed by the external iliac vessels (43,9%). 2,6% of the nodes were found in uncommon sites. 10 lymph nodes were cancer-positive. There were no false neg-ative sentinel node.Overall in our cohort the detection rate was 83% for specificity 95%. Conclusions Our data presented in this publication allow us to safely standardize and implement a sentinel lymph node technique with patent blue. This technique will allow us to adapt the sur-gery for the patient's needs, diminishing the incidence of complications associated with lym-phadenectomy. This is the first stage of our work which we must complement with indocyanine green and pathological study with ultrastaging to obtain an adequate validation and implementa-tion of sentinel node in cervical and endometrial cancer staging.

Anatomical classification of breast sentinel lymph nodes using computed tomography-lymphography.

To evaluate the anatomical classification and location of breast sentinel lymph nodes, preoperative computed tomography-lymphography examinations were retrospectively reviewed for sentinel lymph nodes in 464 cases clinically diagnosed with node-negative breast cancer between July 2007 and June 2016. Anatomical classification was performed based on the numbers of lymphatic routes and sentinel lymph nodes, the flow direction of lymphatic routes, and the location of sentinel lymph nodes. Of the 464 cases reviewed, anatomical classification could be performed in 434 (93.5 %). The largest number of cases showed single route/single sentinel lymph node (n = 296, 68.2 %), followed by multiple routes/multiple sentinel lymph nodes (n = 59, 13.6 %), single route/multiple sentinel lymph nodes (n = 53, 12.2 %), and multiple routes/single sentinel lymph node (n = 26, 6.0 %). Classification based on the flow direction of lymphatic routes showed that 429 cases (98.8 %) had outward flow on the superficial fascia toward axillary lymph nodes, whereas classification based on the height of sentinel lymph nodes showed that 323 cases (74.4 %) belonged to the upper pectoral group of axillary lymph nodes. There was wide variation in the number of lymphatic routes and their branching patterns and in the number, location, and direction of flow of sentinel lymph nodes. It is clinically very important to preoperatively understand the anatomical morphology of lymphatic routes and sentinel lymph nodes for optimal treatment of breast cancer, and computed tomography-lymphography is suitable for this purpose.

Subdermal Ultrasound Contrast Agent Injection for Sentinel Lymph Node Identification: An Analysis of Safety and Contrast Agent Dose in Healthy Volunteers.

OBJECTIVES: Mapping of the lymphatic chain for identification of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is an important aspect of predicting outcomes for patients with breast cancer, and it is usually performed as an intraoperative procedure using blue dye and/or radiopharmaceutical agents. Recently, the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been proposed as an alternative imaging technique for this mapping. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of subdermal administration of the ultrasound (US) contrast agent Sonazoid (GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) in terms of patient safety and to select the dose to be used for lymphatic applications in humans. METHODS: This study was performed in 12 female volunteers who received bilateral subdermal injections of Sonazoid (1 or 2 mL dose) in the mid-upper outer quadrant of their breasts at 2 different time points. Contrast-enhanced US examinations were performed 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after injection to identify SLNs. RESULTS: Sentinel lymph nodes were identified within the first hour after injection as enhanced structures, and there was no significant difference by dose in the number of SLNs identified (P = .74). The volunteers only had minor adverse experiences (AEs) that resolved completely without intervention by study completion. CONCLUSIONS: The subdermal use of Sonazoid in this study showed only minor local and nonsignificant AEs that were completely resolved without any intervention. Two different doses were compared with no significant differences observed between them. Hence, the lower dose studied (1 mL) was selected for use in future clinical studies.

Sistematización de las Cadenas Nodales Linfáticas de la Pelvis Femenina / Systematization of the Linphonodes in the Female Pelvis

Las investigaciones sobre el nodo centinela en cánceres del aparato genital femenino, vuelven indispensable el sistematizar los nodos linfáticos pélvicos así como el empleo de una nomenclatura única. La importancia del nodo centinela en el cáncer de cuello uterino es cada vez más evidente. Desde los puntos de vista anatómico y quirúrgico, se debe ser preciso al momento de asignarle una determinada topografía y vincularlo con una cadena nodal. Sólamente unificando criterios, se podrán homogeneizar las distintas series de estudios en búsqueda de resultados comunes. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar las cadenas nodales linfáticas de la pelvis y sistematizar la ubicación de sus nodos, como apoyo anatómico a la investigación del nodo centinela en el cáncer de cuello uterino. Mediante abordajes por vía abdominal de 10 pelvis femeninas fueron disecadas las cadenas nodales pelvianas. Los grupos nodales se vincularon con un eje vascular iliaco, tanto arterial como venoso. Se compararon los hallazgos con los de 21 linfadenectomías pélvicas de operaciones de Wertheim-Meigs y con estudios histológicos de linfadenectomías pélvicas operatorias. La cadena iliaca externa fue la más rica en nodos destacándose los nodos ínter ilíacos e infravenoso, junto con los nodos del pedículo obturador, considerados éstos como integrantes de la cadena iliaca externa medial. Menos frecuentemente se encontraron nodos pertenecientes a la cadena iliaca interna. En un 60% de los casos, se comprobó la existencia de nodos iliacos comunes mediales (grupo del promontorio), que no siempre son incluidos en la linfadenectomía. La sistematización de las cadenas nodales linfáticas es la base para asignar la denominación correcta al nodo centinela, en el cáncer de cuello uterino. Los nodos más comúnmente encontrados y que tienen mayor proyección quirúrgica, son los nodos infravenoso, obturadores e inter iliacos.

The investigation studies on the sentinel node in cancers of the feminine genital apparatus return indispensable systematizing the pelvic lymphatic nodes as well as the use of a unique nomenclature. The importance of the sentinel node in the cancer of uterine cervix is more and more evident. From the anatomical and surgical point of view we must be precise at the time of assigning certain topography and his relation with a nodal chain. Only unifying criteria, the different series from studies in search of common results will be able to be homogenized. The objetives to study the lymphatic nodes chains of pelvis and systematize the location of its nodes as an anatomical support to the investigation of the sentinel node in the cancer of uterine cervix. Descriptive study based on anatomical dissections and histological studies of surgical pelvic lymphadenectomies. By abdominal dissection of 10 feminine pelvises the pelvic nodes chains were a boarded. The nodes groups tied with a iliac vascular axis, arterial as much venous. The findings with those of 21 pelvic linfadenectomías of operations of Wertheim-Meigs were compared. The external iliac chain was the richest in nodes standing out the ínter iliac and infra venous nodes as well as the nodes of the obturator pedicule, considered like members of the medial external iliac chain. Less frequently were nodes pertaining to the internal iliac chain In a 60% of the cases the existence of medial common iliac nodes was verified (group of the promontory) that not always are including in the lymphadenectomy. The systematization of the lymphatic nodes chains is the base to assign a correct denomination to the sentinel node in the cancer of uterine cervix. The nodes more commonly found and than have greater surgical projection are the infra venous, obturatores and inter iliac.