ABSTRACT
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a global public health concern and is particularly serious in low- and middle-income countries. Widespread sexual violence and poverty, among other factors, increase the risk of infection in women, while currently available prevention methods are outside the control of most. This has driven the study of vaginal microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV from men to women in recent decades. The first microbicides evaluated were formulated as gels for daily use and contained different substances such as surfactants, acidifiers and monoclonal antibodies, which failed to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials. A gel containing the reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir showed protective efficacy in women. However, the lack of adherence by patients led to the search for dosage forms capable of releasing the active principle for longer periods, and hence to the emergence of the vaginal ring loaded with dapivirine, which requires a monthly application and is able to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV. The future of vaginal microbicides will feature the use of alternative dosage forms, nanosystems for drug release and probiotics, which have emerged as potential microbicides but are still in the early stages of development. Protecting women with vaginal microbicide formulations would, therefore, be a valuable tool for avoiding sexual transmission of HIV.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV Infections/transmission , Vagina/virology , Administration, Intravaginal , Anti-HIV Agents/history , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Female , HIV Infections/history , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/history , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/prevention & control , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/transmissionABSTRACT
We report on 9 cases of male-to-female sexual transmission of Zika virus in the United States occurring January-April 2016. This report summarizes new information about both timing of exposure and symptoms of sexually transmitted Zika virus disease, and results of semen testing for Zika virus from 2 male travelers.
Subject(s)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/epidemiology , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , Zika Virus Infection/transmission , Zika Virus , Adult , Disease Notification , Female , History, 21st Century , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , RNA, Viral , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Seasons , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/history , Symptom Assessment , Travel , United States/epidemiology , Young Adult , Zika Virus/classification , Zika Virus/genetics , Zika Virus/immunology , Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis , Zika Virus Infection/historyABSTRACT
Berengario da Carpi en su Comentario a la Anatomia de Mondito (1521) recurre a la expresión morbus eius cuius est como forma de referirse al morbo gálico. Nuestra intención es tratar de comprender esta expresión tanto en el plano formal como en el marco de la reflexión contemporánea sobre la enfermedad
Berengario da Carpi, in Anatomiam Mundi Commentarius (1521), writes morbus eius cuius est as equivalent of Morbus Gallicus. We anime to understand this expression in its morphology as well as the way the medical profession considered this illness in his time
