Ligneous conjunctivitis: Fresh-frozen plasma and heparin use intra-and postoperatively, a report of two cases.

Ligneous conjunctivitis is a rare chronic form of recurrent membranous inflammation and plasminogen deficiency. Ocular manifestations may be associated with sites other than mucous membranes, such as the oral cavity, internal ear, respiratory, genitals, and kidney. Treatment is extremely difficult because of the lack of topic plasminogen drops, and a high volume is required for systemic supplementation. This report aimed to present two patients with ligneous conjunctivitis treated with membrane excision, topical fresh-frozen plasma, and heparin intra-, and postoperatively. No recurrence was found in the ligneous membrane in the 12-month follow-up. The use of topical fresh-frozen plasma and heparin after membrane excision could be effective to avoid recurrence.

Loeys-Dietz syndrome and Goldenhar syndrome unveiled together.

Haemifacial microsomia is an asymmetrical congenital tissue malformation developed from the first and second branchial arches with or without multi-system involvement. Alternatively recognised as Goldenhar syndrome or oculoauriculovertebral spectrum (OAVS), it is an aetiologically heterogeneous group of disorders showing dominant trends in inheritable form.We present a case of a boy in early childhood with concomitant craniofacial features of craniofacial microsomia with Loeys-Dietz syndrome. He had a unilateral hypoplastic face, asymmetrical ear malformations and multiple preauricular tags with epibulbar dermoid (features suggestive of Goldenhar syndrome). On detailed clinical evaluation, he met Beighton's criteria and was diagnosed with arterial tortuosity. Further molecular testing confirmed the diagnosis of Loeys-Dietz syndrome type II.Loeys-Dietz syndrome is characterised by aortic root enlargement or type A dissection with or without other vascular malformations and facial midline defects. Molecular testing is required to establish the diagnosis because of overlapping features with other connective tissue disorders.

Medulloblastoma in a child with osteoma cutis - a rare association due to loss of GNAS expression.

OBJECTIVES: Inactivating GNAS mutations result in varied phenotypes depending on parental origin. Maternally inherited mutations typically lead to hormone resistance and Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO), characterised by short stature, round facies, brachydactyly and subcutaneous ossifications. Paternal inheritance presents with features of AHO or ectopic ossification without hormone resistance. This report describes the case of a child with osteoma cutis and medulloblastoma. The objective of this report is to highlight the emerging association between inactivating germline GNAS mutations and medulloblastoma, aiming to shed light on its implications for tumor biology and promote future development of targeted surveillance strategies to improve outcomes in paediatric patients with these mutations. CASE PRESENTATION: A 12-month-old boy presented with multiple plaque-like skin lesions. Biopsy confirmed osteoma cutis, prompting genetic testing which confirmed a heterozygous inactivating GNAS mutation. At 2.5 years of age, he developed neurological symptoms and was diagnosed with a desmoplastic nodular medulloblastoma, SHH molecular group, confirmed by MRI and histology. Further analysis indicated a biallelic loss of GNAS in the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: This case provides important insights into the role of GNAS as a tumor suppressor and the emerging association between inactivating GNAS variants and the development of medulloblastoma. The case underscores the importance of careful neurological assessment and ongoing vigilance in children with known inactivating GNAS variants or associated phenotypes. Further work to establish genotype-phenotype correlations is needed to inform optimal management of these patients.

Arterial tortuosity in pediatric Loeys-Dietz syndrome patients.

Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an autosomal connective tissue disorder commonly presenting with hypertelorism, bifid uvula, aortic aneurysms, and arterial tortuosity. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in tortuosity index (TI) between genotypes of LDS, possible progression over time and its use as an adjunctive prognostic tool alongside aortic dimensions to aid timely surgical planning in pediatric patients. A retrospective observational study of pediatric LDS patients referred to our center (November 2012-February 2021) was conducted. Using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with 3D maximum intensity projection volume-rendered angiogram, arterial TI was measured. Twenty three patients had genetically confirmed LDS with at least one head and neck MRA and 19 had no less than one follow-up MRA available. All patients presented arterial tortuosity. Patients with TGFBR2 variants had greater values of TI compared to patients with TGFB2 variants (p = 0.041). For patients who did not undergo surgery (n = 18), z-scores at the level of the sinus of Valsalva showed a significant correlation with vertebral TI (rs = 0.547). There was one death during follow-up. This study demonstrates that patients with LDS and TGFBR2 variants have greater values of TI than patients with TGFB2 variants and that greatest values of TI are associated with increased aortic root z-scores. Furthermore, as TI decreases over time, less frequent neuroimaging follow-up can be considered. Nevertheless, additional studies are needed to better define more accurate risk stratification and long-term surveillance in these patients.

Estimated Prevalence and Clinical Manifestations of UBA1 Variants Associated With VEXAS Syndrome in a Clinical Population.

Importance: VEXAS (vacuoles, E1-ubiquitin-activating enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a disease with rheumatologic and hematologic features caused by somatic variants in UBA1. Pathogenic variants are associated with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Knowledge of prevalence, penetrance, and clinical characteristics of this disease have been limited by ascertainment biases based on known phenotypes. Objective: To determine the prevalence of pathogenic variants in UBA1 and associated clinical manifestations in an unselected population using a genomic ascertainment approach. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective observational study evaluated UBA1 variants in exome data from 163 096 participants within the Geisinger MyCode Community Health Initiative. Clinical phenotypes were determined from Geisinger electronic health record data from January 1, 1996, to January 1, 2022. Exposures: Exome sequencing was performed. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcome measures included prevalence of somatic UBA1 variation; presence of rheumatologic, hematologic, pulmonary, dermatologic, and other findings in individuals with somatic UBA1 variation on review of the electronic health record; review of laboratory data; bone marrow biopsy pathology analysis; and in vitro enzymatic assays. Results: In 163 096 participants (mean age, 52.8 years; 94% White; 61% women), 11 individuals harbored likely somatic variants at known pathogenic UBA1 positions, with 11 of 11 (100%) having clinical manifestations consistent with VEXAS syndrome (9 male, 2 female). A total of 5 of 11 individuals (45%) did not meet criteria for rheumatologic and/or hematologic diagnoses previously associated with VEXAS syndrome; however, all individuals had anemia (hemoglobin: mean, 7.8 g/dL; median, 7.5 g/dL), which was mostly macrocytic (10/11 [91%]) with concomitant thrombocytopenia (10/11 [91%]). Among the 11 patients identified, there was a pathogenic variant in 1 male participant prior to onset of VEXAS-related signs or symptoms and 2 female participants had disease with heterozygous variants. A previously unreported UBA1 variant (c.1861A>T; p.Ser621Cys) was found in a symptomatic patient, with in vitro data supporting a catalytic defect and pathogenicity. Together, disease-causing UBA1 variants were found in 1 in 13 591 unrelated individuals (95% CI, 1:7775-1:23 758), 1 in 4269 men older than 50 years (95% CI, 1:2319-1:7859), and 1 in 26 238 women older than 50 years (95% CI, 1:7196-1:147 669). Conclusions and Relevance: This study provides an estimate of the prevalence and a description of the clinical manifestations of UBA1 variants associated with VEXAS syndrome within a single regional health system in the US. Additional studies are needed in unselected and genetically diverse populations to better define general population prevalence and phenotypic spectrum.

Acquired Perforating Osteoma Cutis: A Rare Histopathological Diagnosis.

ABSTRACT: Perforating osteoma cutis is a benign proliferation of mature bone within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the skin with transepidermal elimination. Transepidermal elimination of bone is the hallmark of perforating osteoma cutis and is defined by the breaching of bone through the epidermis. Perforating osteoma cutis is exceptionally rare because only 6 cases have been recorded in the literature at the time of preparation of this report. In this report, we present the case of a 65-year-old female patient with a medical history of nonmelanoma skin cancer, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type II diabetes mellitus presented for evaluation of a skin lesion of the posterior lower left leg, which had been present for 1 year. Clinical and histopathologic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of acquired perforating osteoma cutis. Treatment with surgical removal by tangential biopsy has thus far proven to be both diagnostic and therapeutic because no recurrence has been noted as of 6 months.

Retinal arterial tortuosity in Ehlers-Danlos syndromes.

PURPOSE: To report a novel finding of retinal arterial tortuosity (RAT) associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS). METHODS: We queried the STAnford Research Repository (STARR) database to identify patients diagnosed with EDS. We included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of any subtype of EDS who had any form of readable retinal imaging including colour fundus photos, autofluorescence, red-free photos, red-free optical coherence tomography photos and fluorescein angiography. Patients who had no retinal imaging and those with no confirmed EDS diagnosis were excluded. Retinal images were reviewed for RAT and were graded into no, possible and definite RAT. Eyes with definite RAT were further graded into mild, moderate and severe. Eyes with definite RAT were again subclassified according to the type of involved vessels into first-order arteriolar, macular and arteriovenous. RESULTS: A total of 307 patients were identified using the STARR tool and 142 patients were included. Mean age was 40.9 ± 18.1 years and 87% were female. Underlying EDS subtypes were hypermobile EDS (69.7%), classical EDS (2.8%), vascular EDS (2.1%), myopathic EDS (0.7%) and not specified (24.6%). We graded 37.3% of patients with definite RAT, 10.6% with possible RAT and 52.1% with no RAT. In patients with definite RAT, we graded 39.2% of eyes with mild RAT, 40.2% with moderate RAT and 20.6% with severe RAT. In all, 84.9% showed involvement of first-order retinal arterioles, 35.8% showed involvement of macular arterioles and 1.9% showed arteriovenous involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Variable degrees of RAT are associated with EDS.

Mutations within the putative protease domain of the human FAM111B gene may predict disease severity and poor prognosis: A review of POIKTMP cases.

Mutations in the human FAM111B gene are associated with a rare, hereditary multi-systemic fibrosing disease, POIKTMP. To date, there are ten POIKTMP-associated FAM111B gene mutations reported in thirty-six patients from five families globally. To investigate the clinical significance of these mutations, we summarized individual cases by clinical features and position of the reported FAM111B gene mutations as those within and outside the putative protease domain (MWPPD and MOPPD respectively). MWPPD cases had more clinical manifestations than MOPPD (25 versus 18). Although the most common clinical features of poikiloderma, alopecia and hypohidrosis overall occurred in 94%, 86% and 75% of all cases with no significant differences between the MOPPD and MWPPD group, less common features included life-threatening (pulmonary fibrosis 47% vs. 13%; liver abnormalities specifically cirrhosis 26% vs. 7%) and physically disabling conditions (myopathy 53% vs. 20%; tendon contracture 55% vs. 7%) were more common in MWPPD cases. Similarly, the only 2 cases of POIKTMP with fatal pancreatic cancers were both only in the MWPPD group. This review thus suggests that mutations within the putative protease domain of the FAM111B protein are associated with a broader range of clinical features and may predict increased POIKTMP severity and a poorer prognosis.

Ligneous conjunctivitis associated with type I plasminogen deficiency: A rare case.

Ligneous conjunctivitis is a rare form of chronic, recurrent conjunctivitis characterized by wood-like, fibrinous pseudomembranes, which may be associated with systemic disease manifestations. It has been associated with congenital plasminogen (PLG) deficiency that is inherited with an autosomal recessive pattern due to mutations in the PLG gene and a variety of other genes, leading to disturbed wound healing. In this case report, we present the clinical, laboratory, and histopathological findings of a 36-year-old female patient who presented at the ophthalmology department with complaints of redness, irritation for the previous few weeks, and appearance of membranous lesions mainly on the tarsal conjunctivae. During biomicroscopic examination we found thick, yellowish-white pseudomembranes, and conjunctival proliferation with ligneous induration on the conjunctiva, located on the upper eyelids. Histopathological evaluations showed up ligneous conjunctivitis and laboratory evaluation confirmed a severe plasminogen deficiency (PLG < 2%). The patient was treated with topical fresh frozen plasma (FFP), topical steroids, heparin eye drops, and artificial tear drops daily, without systemic therapy.

Delayed-onset ligneous conjunctivitis as a rare association with congenital hydrocephalous: a case report and review of the literature.

Ligneous conjunctivitis is an uncommon form of chronic and recurrent conjunctivitis characterized by a thick, "woody," yellowish pseudomembranous lesion on the tarsal conjunctiva. Plasminogen deficiency plays an important role in this disease, which affects the mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva as well as other systemic organs. In rare cases, congenital hydrocephalus is associated with this disease. We present the case of a 21-year-old woman with delayed-onset bilateral ligneous conjunctivitis and a history of congenital hydrocephalous in infancy. She was treated with topical ophthalmic medication and surgical excision.

Genodermatoses with behavioural sequelae.

Children with genodermatoses are at an increased risk of developing behavioural disorders which may impart lasting damage on the individual and their family members. As such, early recognition of childhood mental health disorders via meticulous history taking, thorough physical examination, and disorder-specific testing is of paramount importance for timely and effective intervention. If carried out properly, prompt psychiatric screening and intervention can effectively mitigate, prevent or even reverse, the psychiatric sequela in question. To that end, this review aims to inform the concerned physician of the manifestations and treatment strategies relevant to the psychological sequelae of genodermatoses.

Arterial tortuosity syndrome causing recurrent transient ischemic attacks in young adult: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Arterial Tortuosity Syndrome (ATS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elongated and tortuous arteries. Although ATS showed a significant clinical and pathophysiological overlap with other syndromes involving connective tissues, only few cases of cerebrovascular events related to this syndrome have been described so far. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 33-years-old male diagnosed with ATS since childhood, that experienced three sudden episodes of expressive aphasia and right hemiparesis with spontaneous resolution. He was treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) at a dosage of 0.9 mg/kg with a complete recovery. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed the absence of acute ischemic lesions and the patient was diagnosed with recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Intracranial and supra-aortic trunks Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) and Angio-CT scan of the thoracic and abdominal aorta showed marked vessel tortuosity without stenosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an ATS patient with TIA in young age that was treated with intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant plasminogen activator. CONCLUSION: Our report strengthens the relationship between ATS and juvenile cerebrovascular events, suggesting that an extensive study of body vessels in order to detect potential stenoses or occlusions in these cases is needed. The greater predisposition to cerebrovascular events in ATS could benefit from a more aggressive primary and secondary prevention therapy.

Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine for treating annular erythema associated with Sjögren's syndrome.

Annular erythema is one of the cutaneous manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Topical corticosteroids and tacrolimus, and oral corticosteroids, have been used as treatments for this condition. However, the safety and efficacy of these treatments remains unsatisfactory, and further development of therapies are desired. In this study, we performed a retrospective analysis of 16 annular erythema associated with SS (AESS) patients treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Disease activity was assessed using a modified version of the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI), which we termed the modified CLASI (m-CLASI). HCQ treatment improved AESS lesions in all 16 patients. The mean m-CLASI score was reduced by 85.6% at the 12-week follow-up relative to baseline (p < 0.01). Notably, 60% (6/10 cases) of patients with AESS lesions limited to the facial area achieved complete remission within 4 weeks. In the analysis of six patients who had taken oral prednisolone before starting HCQ, all were able to reduce the dose within 52 weeks without relapse. Particularly, 75% (3/4 cases) of patients with prednisolone dose of more than 5 mg/day could reduce their dose to less than 5 mg/day in combination with HCQ. For the safety concerns, two patients experienced grade 1 diarrhea during the 52-week observation period. However, neither serious adverse events nor adverse events requiring discontinuation of treatment occurred. The results of the present study suggest that HCQ may not only be highly effective as a single agent, but may also be useful as a steroid-sparing agent in refractory case requiring long-term steroid administration, making it a good treatment option for AESS.