Soap or alcohol-based products? The effect of hand hygiene on skin characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Different strategies for hand skin hygiene have been used to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. However, frequent hand sanitization has been associated with skin damage. The present study aimed to evaluate hand hygiene habits during the COVID-19 pandemic and the effect of the repetitive use of soap or alcohol-based products on skin characteristics. METHODS: We conducted a survey regards hand hygiene habits acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, we performed cutometry in a cohort of individuals who cleansed their volar forearms every 30 min, during 4 h, using soap or alcohol-based products. RESULTS: We received 138 responses from people with medium-high educational level who reported a 2.5-time increase in the frequency of hand cleansing (p < 0.0001) that resulted in skin damage. An in vivo analysis of skin moisture and elasticity was also performed among 19 health workers and students. In general, skin moisture decreased with every cleansing, mainly after 2 h of washing with soap (p < 0.01), while skin elasticity only reduced after 4 h of treatment (p < 0.05). Alcohol-based solution or alcohol-based gel (70% ethanol, both) did not affect skin moisture or elasticity during testing. CONCLUSION: It is known that the excessive use of soap or alcohol-based products causes dermatological issues. The present study demonstrates that non-medicated soap significantly affects skin moisture and elasticity, probably because the soap removes the hydrolipidic protective barrier, favoring transepidermal water loss, where the lack of the appropriate stratum corneum hydration also affects skin elasticity, mainly associated with changes in epidermal structure.

A randomised control trial using soap in the prevention of surgical site infection in Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common and serious complications of surgery. Guidelines on preventing SSIs have been developed, but the role of preoperative bathing with plain soap among paediatric population is unclear. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of pre-operative bathing using plain soap in preventing SSIs among paediatric surgical patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An open-label, randomised trial was conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania. Preoperatively, patients in the intervention group washed their body using plain soap, while those in the control group did not. The primary outcome was SSI postoperatively. Statistical tests included χ2, Wilcoxon rank sum, and univariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 252 patients recruited,114 were randomised to the intervention arm. In the control arm, 40.6% (56/138) of participants developed SSIs compared to 11.4% (13/114) in the intervention arm (p < 0.01). After adjusting for confounding factors in multivariable analysis, the intervention reduced the odds of an SSI by 80% (OR: 0.20 [95% CI: 0.10, 0.41]; p < 0.01). Preoperative antibiotics were deemed to be an effect modifier of the association between the intervention and SSI (p = 0.05). The intervention significantly reduced the odds of an SSI by 88% among participants not given preoperative antibiotics (OR: 0.12 [95% CI: 0.05, 0.30]; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that preoperative bathing with soap significantly reduces SSIs in paediatric surgical patients. It is a simple, cost effective and sustainable intervention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Successful management of fipronil toxicosis in two pet rabbits.

Background: Antiparasitic drug toxicosis is commonly described in dogs and cats, but reports on the management of antiparasitic drug toxicities in pet rabbits are scarce. Here, we describe the successful clinical management of two pet rabbits with fipronil toxicosis. Cases Description: The first case was a 5-month-old, intact female, rabbit that presented with the acute onset of seizures, obtunded mentation, and in lateral recumbency, while the second rabbit was a 1-year-old, intact male, rabbit that presented with anorexia and lethargy. In both cases, the owners reported to have administered a 0.5 ml fipronil vial topically on the skin as an antiparasitic drug between 4 and 6 hours prior to presentation. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry were unremarkable and both rabbits tested negative on Encephalitozoon cuniculi serology. Both animals were decontaminated by bathing with tepid water and dishwashing soap. The rabbit with seizures received on admission intravenous midazolam. In both cases, overnight hospitalization, intravenous isotonic crystalloid fluids, and assisted-feeding by oral syringe were provided until voluntary feeding was resumed. Both rabbits rapidly improved approximately 12 hours of initiating supportive care. Complete resolution of clinical signs and return of normal appetite and defecation occurred within 24 hours of hospitalization in both animals. No recurrence of neurological signs was reported in the rabbit presenting with seizures on a follow-up period of 1 month. Conclusion: The outcome of these cases suggests that supportive treatment of fipronil toxicity in pet rabbits can be successful if administered promptly.

Effects of a social norm-based handwashing intervention including handwashing stations, and a handwashing station-only intervention on handwashing with soap in urban Côte d'Ivoire: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Diarrhoeal diseases are an important cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to evaluate the effect of three handwashing interventions on handwashing with soap (HWWS) after toilet use. METHODS: In this cluster randomised trial in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, we randomly assigned communal housing compounds (1:1:1) to receive one of three interventions: a theory of normative social behaviour (TNSB) intervention, including provision of handwashing stations; handwashing stations only; and no intervention. The TNSB intervention was designed to shift the outcome expectation associated with HWWS from health to riddance of faeces-related disgust, and to increase the perceived descriptive norm and perceived handwashing publicness. Participants and fieldworkers were masked to the study objectives. The primary outcome was HWWS after toilet use, assessed at 1 month and 5 months follow-ups. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered at the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, PACTR201501000892239. FINDINGS: Between April 10 and May 22, 2014, we identified 92 eligible compounds, of which 75 compounds were included. Follow-up data on HWWS were available for 23 compounds for the TNSB group, 25 compounds for the handwashing station-only group, and 25 compounds for the control group. The study ended in April, 2017. Compared with a frequency of 5% (29 of 604 occasions) in the control group, HWWS after toilet use increased to 9% (49 of 557 occasions; adjusted risk ratio 1·89, 95% CI 1·16-3·08) in the handwashing station-only group, and 24% (143 of 588 occasions; 4·82, 3·06-7·59) in the TNSB group, at the 1-month follow-up. The intervention effect was only sustained in the TNSB group (98 [22%] of 450 compounds; 2·68, 1·65-4·34). INTERPRETATION: A social norm-based handwashing intervention combined with disgust-inducing messages, with provision of handwashing stations, was effective at increasing HWWS after toilet use. The provision of handwashing stations alone had little effect. Future studies should investigate whether the same approach, when delivered via mass media, can have a similar effect to the face-to-face delivery used in this study. FUNDING: None.

Moisturizers and Cleansers in the Management of Skin Conditions Caused by Personal Protective Equipment and Frequent Handwashing.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, prolonged usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) and frequent handwashing has exacerbated or caused skin diseases, particularly amongst frontline workers. Skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, and hand eczema, affect patients' quality of life and their ability to work. These conditions can be managed by frequent moisturization and washing with gentle cleansers. In this review, we discuss the properties of effective moisturizers and cleansers for patients with skin diseases related to enhanced infection control procedures.

Uso de jabón en heridas: encuesta a profesionales sanitarios / Use of soap in wounds: a health professionals survey

OBJETIVOS: General: conocer el uso de jabón en las heridas por parte de los profesionales sanitarios. Específicos: conocer las características de las heridas tratadas con jabón, conocer el tipo de jabón utilizado en el tratamiento de heridas y conocer los documentos en los que se basan los profesionales para el uso de jabón en las heridas. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo observacional de carácter transversal. Se ha realizado un cuestionario ad hoc a profesionales sanitarios de tres asociaciones relacionadas con el tratamiento de personas con heridas. Los cuestionarios se cumplimentaron on-line a través de la plataforma Google Drive. RESULTADOS: Se cumplimentaron un total de 179 cuestionarios. Utilizan jabón para el tratamiento de las heridas un 74% de los encuestados (de estos, lo usan de forma habitual un 43% y ocasional el 57%), mientras que se refirió el uso de jabón en heridas sucias (96,7%), con presencia o sospecha de infección (55,4%) o superficiales (50%). Los principales tipos de jabón utilizados fueron antisépticos jabonosos (65,4%) y geles (22%), y un 82% refirió desconocer protocolos o guías que recomienden el uso de jabón para las heridas. Se recogieron respuestas en texto libre que mostraron gran variedad de opiniones. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados del estudio muestran un uso habitual de jabón para el tratamiento de las heridas, así como falta de consenso y una práctica clínica heterogénea. Los datos señalan la experiencia de los profesionales como principal fuente de conocimiento

OBJECTIVES: General: to know the use of soap in wounds by health professionals. Specific: to know the characteristics of the wounds treated with soap, the type of soap used in the treatment of wounds and the documents on which professionals rely for the use of soap in wounds. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study. An ad hoc questionnaire was carried out to health professionals from three associations related to the treatment of people with injuries. The questionnaires were completed online through the Google Drive platform. RESULTS: A total of 179 questionnaires were completed. 74% of respondents use soap for the treatment of wounds (of these, they use it regularly 43% and occasionally 57%), also the use of soap was referred in dirty wounds (96'7%), with presence or suspicion of infection (55,4%) or superficial (50%). The main types of soap used were soapy antiseptics (65,4%) and gels (22%), and 82% reported not knowing protocols or guidelines that recommend the use of soap for wounds. Other responses were collected in free text, which showed a wide variety of opinions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study show a habitual use of soap for the treatment of wounds, as well as a lack of consensus and a heterogeneous clinical practice. The data points to the experience of professionals as the main source of knowledge

Effectiveness of Bath Wipes After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Randomized Trial.

Objective: Bacteremia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Infections of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-negative rods (GNRs) are common in this population. Our objective was to assess whether experimental bath wipes containing silver were more effective than standard bath wipes containing soap at reducing skin colonization by VRE and MDR GNRs, and nonmucosal barrier injury bacteremia. Study Design: Patients undergoing autologous or allogeneic HCT in a tertiary referral center were randomized to receive experimental or standard bath wipes for 60 days post-HCT. Skin swabs were collected at baseline, discharge, and day +60 post-HCT. The rate of VRE colonization was chosen as the marker for efficacy. Results: Experimental bath wipes were well tolerated. Before the study, the rate of colonization with VRE in HCT recipients was 25%. In an interim analysis of 127 children, one (2%) patient in the experimental arm and two (3%) in the standard arm were colonized with VRE. Two (3%) patients had nonmucosal barrier injury bacteremia in the standard arm, with none in the experimental arm. MDR GNRs were not isolated. The trial was halted because the interim analyses indicated equivalent efficacy of the two methods. Conclusions: Skin cleansing with silver-containing or standard bath wipes resulted in very low and equivalent rates of bacteremia and colonization with VRE and MDR GNRs in children post-HCT. Future studies in other high-risk populations are needed to confirm these results.

The impact of daily soap use in rural areas of Senegal on respiratory infectious diseases, fevers and skin microbiota.

OBJECTIVES: Children aged <5 years are the group most affected by infectious diseases, more specifically in underdeveloped countries. A study was performed to assess the effects of daily soap use on the incidence of diarrhoea, fever, respiratory infection, and the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria on the skin. METHODS: Soap was distributed to the population of the village of Ndiop (test) for use in their daily hygiene but not to the population of the village of Dielmo (control). Fieldworkers daily recorded the clinical events in the two villages and encouraged the use of soap in Ndiop. RESULTS: A total of 638 people participated in the study. The incidence rates of cough, runny nose and fever significantly decreased in 2016 compared with 2015, unlike that of diarrhoea. In 2016, significant reductions in the incidence rates of cough, runny nose and fever were observed in children aged <15 years in Ndiop. The prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes in the palms of the hands significantly dropped in Ndiop. CONCLUSION: Using soap reduces the incidence of respiratory infections, fevers and the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria on the skin. However, for diarrhoea, additional strategies are needed to improve outcomes.

Coronavirus, transmisión alimentaria y cuidados en el confinamiento / No disponible

No disponible

Prospective trial for the clinical efficacy of anogenital skin care with miconazole nitrate-containing soap for diaper candidiasis.

Anogenital skin care for the elderly remains an umbrella term concerning protective and non-interventional regimens, particularly for ordinary diaper users. Our recent investigation has demonstrated the preventive effect of daily anogenital washing with miconazole nitrate-containing soap to the development of diaper candidiasis. We extended this work to cover our hypothesis as to whether the miconazole soap has a therapeutic benefit in genital candidiasis. The study outline includes: (i) the enrollment of 21 bedridden inpatients (84 ± 9 years; eight men and 13 women) who were diagnosed clinically and mycologically with genital candidiasis, and who had never received topical and/or systemic antifungal agents; (ii) administration of anogenital washing with 0.75% miconazole-containing soap once daily for 4 weeks; and (iii) assessment of clinical symptoms and detection of Candida materials by culture and microscopic examination. As assessed by clinical symptom scoring for incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), the ratio of patients with severe to moderate symptoms dramatically decreased by 2 weeks and 10 of 21 patients became symptom-free at 4 weeks. The IAD clinical severity score was significantly decreased at 4 weeks. Compared with the baseline positivity, both microscopic and cultured Candida-positive rates were significantly decreased at 4 weeks after washing. All culture-detected fungi were Candida albicans. Severe adverse events did not occur in all participants. Individual medical and risk factors had no significant correlation with clinical severity and duration of candidiasis on variance analysis. In conclusion, topical washing with miconazole soap is a safe and reliable non-medical approach for soothing diaper-associated genital candidiasis in bedridden inpatients in whom it is difficult to perform prompt medical examination.

Hygiene and emollient interventions for maintaining skin integrity in older people in hospital and residential care settings.

BACKGROUND: Ageing has a degenerative effect on the skin, leaving it more vulnerable to damage. Hygiene and emollient interventions may help maintain skin integrity in older people in hospital and residential care settings; however, at present, most care is based on "tried and tested" practice, rather than on evidence. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of hygiene and emollient interventions for maintaining skin integrity in older people in hospital and residential care settings. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL, up to January 2019. We also searched five trials registers. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing hygiene and emollient interventions versus placebo, no intervention, or standard practices for older people aged ≥ 60 years in hospital or residential care settings. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures as expected by Cochrane. Primary outcomes were frequency of skin damage, for example, complete loss of integrity (tears or ulceration) or partial loss of integrity (fissuring), and side effects. Secondary outcomes included transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), erythema, and clinical scores of dryness or itch. We used GRADE to assess the quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included six trials involving 1598 residential care home residents; no included trial had a hospital setting. Most participants had a mean age of 80+ years; when specified, more women were recruited than men. Two studies included only people with diagnosed dry skin. Studies were conducted in Asia, Australasia, Europe, and North America. A range of hygiene and emollient interventions were assessed: a moisturising soap bar; combinations of water soak, oil soak, and lotion; regular application of a commercially available moisturiser; use of two different standardised skin care regimens comprising a body wash and leave-on body lotion; bed bath with "wash gloves" containing numerous ingredients; and application of a hot towel after usual care bed bath. In five studies, treatment duration ranged from five days to six months; only one study had post-treatment follow-up (one to eight days from end of treatment). Outcomes in the hot towel study were measured 15 minutes after the skin was wiped with a dry towel. Three studies each had high risk of attrition, detection, and performance bias. Only one trial (n = 984) assessed frequency of skin damage via average monthly incidence of skin tears during six months of treatment. The emollient group (usual care plus twice-daily application of moisturiser) had 5.76 tears per month per 1000 occupied bed-days compared with 10.57 tears in the usual care only group (ad hoc or no standardised skin-moisturising regimen) (P = 0.004), but this is based on very low-quality evidence, so we are uncertain of this result. Only one trial (n = 133) reported measuring side effects. At 56 ± 4 days from baseline, there were three undesirable effects (itch (mild), redness (mild/moderate), and irritation (severe)) in intervention group 1 (regimen consisting of a moisturising body wash and a moisturising leave-on lotion) and one event (mild skin dryness) in intervention group 2 (regimen consisting of body wash and a water-in-oil emulsion containing emollients and 4% urea). In both groups, the body wash was used daily and the emollient twice daily for eight weeks. There were zero adverse events in the usual care group. This result is based on very low-quality evidence. This same study also measured TEWL at 56 ± 4 days in the mid-volar forearm (n = 106) and the lower leg (n = 105). Compared to usual care, there may be no difference in TEWL between intervention groups, but evidence quality is low. One study, which compared application of a hot towel for 10 seconds after a usual care bed bath versus usual care bed bath only, also measured TEWL at 15 minutes after the skin was wiped with a dry towel for one second. The mean TEWL was 8.6 g/m²/h (standard deviation (SD) 3.2) in the hot towel group compared with 8.9 g/m²/h (SD 4.1) in the usual care group (low-quality evidence; n = 42), showing there may be little or no difference between groups. A lower score is more favourable. Three studies (266 participants) measured SCH, but all evidence is of very low quality; we did not combine these studies due to differences in treatments (different skin care regimens for eight weeks; wash gloves for 12 weeks; and single application of hot towel to the skin) and differences in outcome reporting. All three studies showed no clear difference in SCH at follow-up (ranging from 15 minutes after the intervention to 12 weeks from baseline), when compared with usual care. A clinical score of dryness was measured by three studies (including 245 participants); pooling was not appropriate. The treatment groups (different skin care regimens for eight weeks; a moisturising soap bar used for five days; and combinations of water soak, oil soak, and lotion for 12 days) may reduce dryness compared to standard care or no intervention (results measured at 5, 8, and 56 ± 4 days after treatment was initiated). However, the quality of evidence for this outcome is low. Outcomes of erythema and clinical score of itch were not assessed in any included studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence about the effects of hygiene and emollients in maintaining skin integrity in older people in residential and hospital settings is inadequate. We cannot draw conclusions regarding frequency of skin damage or side effects due to very low-quality evidence. Low-quality evidence suggests that in residential care settings for older people, certain types of hygiene and emollient interventions (two different standardised skin care regimens; moisturising soap bar; combinations of water soak, oil soak, and lotion) may be more effective in terms of clinical score of dryness when compared with no intervention or standard care. Studies were small and generally lacked methodological rigour, and information on effect sizes and precision was absent. More clinical trials are needed to guide practice; future studies should use a standard approach to measuring treatment effects and should include patient-reported outcomes, such as comfort and acceptability.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Methods of Decreasing Pain During Phlebotomy in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the applications of external cold and vibration and blowing soap bubbles during phlebotomy in children aged between 3 and 6 years. DESIGN: This study is a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: The sample was obtained using block randomization. Children were divided into three groups: "external cold and vibration group," "blowing soap bubbles group," and "control group." Children, their parents, the nurse, and the researcher rated the children's pain during phlebotomy. FINDINGS: A statistically significant difference between groups was found on pain scores. Pain scores were lower in the groups of external cold and vibration, and blowing soap bubbles than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The methods of external cold and vibration and blowing soap bubbles had a pain relieving effect in children aged between 3 and 6 years during phlebotomy.

Microwave-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a therapeutic approach against Malassezia species.

A successful protocol was developed to aid in the reduction in dandruff-causing fungi, namely Malassezia globasa and Malassezia furfur. Both the species were isolated from volunteers aged between 20 and 22 suffering from dandruff, cultured ex vivo, and tested against the presence of synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnNP). Direct microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and biochemical assays specific to Malassezia species were conducted to identify dandruff-causing fungal species. Microwave-mediated synthesis of ZnNP was performed and characterised by UV-vis, X-ray diffraction, and SEM. The nanoparticles were tested against both Malassezia species and proved highly effective in inhibiting these fungi, although M. furfur was more susceptible than M. globosa. An optimum amount of 100 ppm was found to be sufficient to work as an antifungal agent. Synergistic effects of ZnNP with commercial shampoos were tested, and the result showed enhanced antifungal effects. To mimic the natural biofilm formed by these species on human skin, the formation of fungal biofilm was allowed on polystyrene coverslips. ZnNP was effective in eradication biofilm. Since zinc is an essential mineral for all living organism and is considered as biocompatible, the synthesised nanomaterials can be used in the formulation of antidandruff shampoos.

Survey of disease awareness, treatment behavior and treatment satisfaction in patients with atopic dermatitis in Korea: A multicenter study.

In Korea, there is a high dependency on oriental medicine and folk remedies (Korean J Asthma Allergy Clin Immunol, 25, 2005, 110). In addition, inaccurate information available through the Internet is increasing (Korean J Dermatol, 44, 2006, 137). So, there is always a possibility that patients may have difficulty obtaining accurate information about atopic dermatitis (AD). The aim was to determine the awareness, treatment behavior and treatment satisfaction of patients with AD and their caregivers. In October 2017, patients diagnosed with AD at nine hospitals were enrolled in this study. A questionnaire was completed by each patient. A total of 371 subjects were surveyed. In response to the question asking about knowledge of AD, the correct answer rate was 55.4%. Bathing using soap, body scrub and moisturizer showed favorable outcomes. A total of 54.9% patients responded that they were reluctant to use steroid ointment. When asked about their previous treatment, 39.6% reported using oriental medicine and 26.5% had tried folk remedies. The hospital treatment satisfaction score was 6.6. Patients usually applied their knowledge in their daily lives. However, there was a lot of inaccurate knowledge. Therefore, it is important for patients to understand the characteristics of this disease and obtain correct information.

Correlation of Hand Hygiene Compliance Measured by Direct Observation with Estimates Obtained from Product Usage.

Improving compliance with hand hygiene is a cornerstone of infection prevention. However, data regarding practical methods for monitoring compliance are limited. We found that product use metrics have a moderate correlation with direct observation in ward settings and limited correlation in intensive care units.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:746-749.

The effectiveness of alcohol-based gel for hand sanitising in infection control.

This article aims to evaluate the evidence relating to the effectiveness of alcohol-based gel for hand sanitising, or 'handrub', in infection control in healthcare settings with particular reference to renal nursing, as this has become pertinent due to the increasing reliance on evidence-based practice. There is a need to implement better infection control strategies and education, to reinforce knowledge among the public, health professionals and those at high risk of infection not only in renal nursing, but also in other areas of practice. Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) put patients' safety at risk, increase morbidity and mortality, extend the length of hospital admission and increase the cost to the NHS. There is evidence that the prevalence of HCAIs in England can be minimised through the use of different infection control measures. For example, alcohol-based handrub has been found to be associated with minimising the spread of gastrointestinal infections not only in hospital settings, but also in childcare centres. In addition, the UK national guidelines recommend regular handwashing (implementing the right technique) when hands are visibly dirty and hand disinfection with alcohol-based handrub when they are not visibly dirty. This should be before, in between and after different healthcare activities are performed.

Alternative therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis: A review.

The use of alternative medicine in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) continues to increase in popularity, for the most part without meeting the burden of being based on sound clinical evidence. New and emerging treatments, both natural and developed, are numerous, and it remains a challenge for otolaryngologists as well as general practitioners to keep up to date with these therapies and their efficacy. In this systematic review, we discuss a number of alternative therapies for CRS, their proposed physiologic mechanisms, and evidence supporting their use. This analysis is based on our review of the English-language literature on alternative therapies for CRS (we did not include any therapies that are already recommended by accepted professional bodies). Data collection was performed using the PubMed database (not restricted to MEDLINE due to the nature of the subject matter), the Cochrane databases, and bibliography searches. We found that while many of the alternative therapies we reviewed might have a firm basis in science, they lack any clinical evidence to support their use specifically for CRS. Some emerging therapies, such as therapeutic ultrasonography and phonophoresis, show some promise, based on a growing body of positive evidence. In addition, the use of baby shampoo, thyme honey, and bromelain additives to saline lavage in CRS are all supported by clinical evidence, as is Sinupret, an oral preparation that contains echinacea. However, higher levels of evidence gleaned from large, well-designed, prospective, randomized, controlled trials are needed before any of these therapies can be recommended.