Match Situations Leading to Head Injuries in Professional Male Football (Soccer)-A Video-Based Analysis Over 12 Years.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk situations promoting head injuries in professional male football (soccer) and to investigate the impact of a rule change in 2006 punishing elbow-head contacts. DESIGN: Analysis of video sequences of head events leading to head injury. PARTICIPANTS: Professional football players of the first male German Bundesliga. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Observational criteria of head impacts on video recordings (players' actions preceding head injuries, foul play-referee's decision and assessment of rater, ball possession, on-pitch medical treatment, and consequences of head impact). RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-four head injuries were reported in kicker Sportmagazin corresponding to an incidence rate of 2.25 (95% confidence interval 2.01-2.51) per 1000 player match hours. The injured player predominantly jumped (60%), headed the ball (36%), or ran forwards (20%); the noninjured players mainly jumped (64%), headed the ball (27%), or raised the elbow to the head (23%). Free ball situations (2 players challenge for the ball) caused most of the head injuries (81%). The players' action "raising the elbow" during a head injury seemed to be lower after the rule change. CONCLUSIONS: Jumping for the ball with the intention of heading is the predominant action associated with head injury risk. Head injuries occur most often when players challenge for the ball in a header duel. As head injuries bear the potential risk of long-term health sequelae, the identification of situational circumstances is essential to develop preventative means in the future.

Assessing the timemania lottery as a sports public policy / A avaliação da loteria timemania como política pública de esporte

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the main results of Timemania as a sports public policy based on the efficiency, efficacy and social effectiveness principles. A descriptive-analytical research with qualitative approach was conducted through the analysis of contents from laws and official reports. Results suggest that the Timemania lottery was neither efficacious nor efficient, as it did not achieve the initial goals as to its revenues and debt payment for clubs. Timemania was not effective and did not significantly impact sports development. Finally, it is possible to conclude that Timemania, as a regulatory policy, fulfills the sole role of ensuring financial injection for major Brazilian football clubs.

RESUMO O artigo analisa os principais resultados da Timemania como política pública de esporte a partir dos princípios da eficiência, eficácia e efetividade social. Realizou-se uma pesquisa descritivo-analítica, com abordagem qualitativa, a partir da análise de conteúdos de leis e relatórios oficiais. Os resultados indicam que a Timemania não foi eficaz e eficiente, por não atender os objetivos iniciais de arrecadação e pagamento das dívidas dos clubes. A Timemania não foi efetiva e não impactou de forma significativa no desenvolvimento do esporte. Por fim, conclui-se que a Timemania, como uma política regulatória, cumpre o papel apenas de garantir um aporte financeiro para os clubes de futebol de maior destaque no Brasil.

An international survey of perceptions of the 2014 FIFA World Cup: National levels of corruption as a context for perceptions of institutional corruption.

We conducted a survey about the 2014 FIFA World Cup that measured attitudes about FIFA, players, and officials in 18 languages with 4600 respondents from 29 countries. Sixty percent of respondents perceived FIFA officials as being dishonest, and people from countries with less institutional corruption and stronger rule of law perceived FIFA officials as being more corrupt and less competent running the tournament than people from countries with more corruption and weaker rule of law. In contrast, respondents evaluated players as skilled and honest and match officials as competent and honest. We discuss the implications of our findings for perceptions of corruption in general.

Os grupos de pressão no processo de tramitação do PROFUT (LEI Nº 13. 155/2015) / The pressure groups in the process of the PROFUT (LEI Nº 13. 155/2015)

O presente estudo identifica os grupos de pressão que atuaram ativamente no Congresso Nacional durante a tramitação da lei nº 13.155/2015 e os interesses atendidos ao longo desse processo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, de caráter qualitativa, sendo desenvolvida a partir do levantamento e análise documental. Os documentos utilizados foram às notas taquigráficas das sete audiências públicas realizadas para discutir o tema, o relatório das emendas parlamentares, os documentos referentes à Medida Provisória nº671/2015 que deu origem a lei, tanto aqueles elaborados no Parlamento quanto pelo Poder Executivo, e a própria lei nº 13.155/2015. Ao longo da análise da tramitação desse ordenamento ficam evidentes os grupos que disputaram o conteúdo deste marco legal e os interesses em disputa e atendidos pela lei.

The present study seeks to map the pressure groups that actively participated in the National Congress during the process of Law 13,155 / 2015, as well as to present the characteristics and interests served throughout this process. It is an exploratory research, of qualitative character, being developed from the survey and documentary analysis. The documents used were the shorthand notes of the seven public hearings held to discuss the subject, the report on parliamentary amendments, the documents relating to Provisional Measure No. 671/2015 that gave rise to the law, both those drafted in Parliament and the Executive Branch, and own law 13,155 / 2015. Throughout the analysis of the processing of this order, the groups that disputed the content of this legal framework and the interests in dispute and attended by the law are evident.

Head injuries in professional male football (soccer) over 13 years: 29% lower incidence rates after a rule change (red card).

BACKGROUND: Absolute numbers of head injuries in football (soccer) are considerable because of its high popularity and the large number of players. In 2006 a rule was changed to reduce head injuries. Players were given a red card (sent off) for intentional elbow-head contact. AIMS: To describe the head injury mechanism and examine the effect of the rule change. METHODS: Based on continuously recorded data from the German football magazine "kicker", a database of all head injuries in the 1st German Male Bundesliga was generated comprising seasons 2000/01-2012/13. Injury mechanisms were analysed from video recordings. Injury incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) as well as incidence rate ratios (IRR) to assess differences before and after the rule change were calculated. RESULTS: 356 head injuries were recorded (IR 2.22, 95% CI 2.00 to 2.46 per 1000 match hours). Contact with another player caused most head injuries, more specifically because of head-head (34%) or elbow-head (17%) contacts. After the rule change, head injuries were reduced by 29% (IRR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.86, p=0.002). Lacerations/abrasions declined by 42% (95% CI 0.39 to 0.85), concussions by 29% (95% CI 0.46 to 1.09), contusions by 18% (95% CI 0.43 to 1.55) and facial fractures by 16% (95% CI 0.55 to 1.28). CONCLUSIONS: This rule change appeared to reduce the risk of head injuries in men's professional football.

A constituição do programa de modernização da gestão e de responsabilidade fiscal do futebol brasileiro (PROFUT): atuação parlamentar e grupos de pressão / The constitution of the program for modernization of management and fiscal responsibility of brazilian football - PROFUT: parliamentary performance and pressure groups / La constitución del programa de modernización de la gestión y de responsabilidad fiscal del fútbol brasileño - PROFUT: actuación parlamentaria y grupos de presión

Este estudo busca compreender o processo de produção da lei nº 13.155/2015, no sentido de identificar os interesses e grupos que influenciaram a configuração desse marco legal. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória, de caráter qualitativo, sendo desenvolvida a partir do levantamento e análise documental. Observou-se que: a) os pontos centrais da Medida Provisória nº 671/2015 foram mantidos pelos parlamentares; b) a norma trata de uma continuidade liberalizante da organização do futebol brasileiro; c) a lei faz parte do conjunto de ações do Estado que visa estruturar os clubes e o mercado futebolístico nacional; d) o movimento dos atletas profissionais Bom Senso Futebol Clube foi aquele que mais teve seus interesses atendidos e, por outro lado, as entidades de administração do futebol foram os grupos que mais tiveram insucessos ao longo da tramitação da lei no Congresso Nacional.

This study seeks to understand the process of production of law 13.155 / 2015, in order to identify the interests and groups that influenced the configuration of this legal framework. For that, an exploratory research was carried out, of qualitative character, being developed from the survey and documentary analysis. It was observed that: a) the central points of Provisional Measure nº 671/2015 were maintained by the parliamentarians; b) the norm deals with a liberalizing continuity of the football organization; c) the law is part of the set of actions of the State that aims to structure the clubs and the national football market; d) The movement of professional athletes Bom Senso Futebol Clube was the one that had their interests most taken care of and, on the other hand, the football administration entities were the groups that had the most failures during the process of the law in the National Congress.

Este estudio busca comprender el proceso de producción de la ley nº 13.155 / 2015, en el sentido de identificar los intereses y grupos que influenciaron la configuración de ese marco legal. Para ello, se realizó una investigación exploratoria, de carácter cualitativo, siendo desarrollada a partir del levantamiento y análisis documental. Se observó que: a) los puntos centrales de la Medida Provisional nº 671/2015 fueron mantenidos por los parlamentarios; b) la norma trata de una continuidad liberalizadora de la organización del fútbol; c) la ley forma parte del conjunto de acciones del Estado que pretende estructurar los clubes y el mercado futbolístico nacional; d) el movimiento de los atletas profesionales Bom Senso Fútbol Club fue aquel que más tuvo sus intereses atendidos y, por otro lado, las entidades de administración del fútbol fueron los grupos que más tuvieron fracasos a lo largo de la tramitación de la ley en el Congreso Nacional.

Alcohol management practices in community sporting clubs: Validation of an online self-report tool.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Those involved in organised sport have a high risk of excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm, the implementation of alcohol management practices have been proven to reduce these risks. Measuring alcohol management practice implementation by sporting clubs is impeded by a lack of valid tools. The aim of this study was to determine the validity of online self-report of alcohol-management practices by community football clubs via comparison with observational methods. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken with a sample of community football clubs within Australia. The implementation of 12 alcohol management practices was collected via: (i) an online survey; and (ii) observational audit at a clubs home ground. The prevalence of implementation of alcohol management practices for both data collection methods was calculated as was percent agreement and Kappa/Prevalence Adjusted and Bias Adjusted Kappa (PABAK) statistics. RESULTS: Data were collected from 58 football clubs. For both assessment methods, implementation prevalence was greater than 80% for 6 of the 12 alcohol management practices. A total of 75% (n = 9) of practices had at least 70% agreement between the online and observation methods of assessment. Kappa/PABAK scores ranged from -0.08 (poor agreement) to 0.97 (almost perfect agreement). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The online survey provided valid measure of assessing some but not all alcohol management practices in community sporting clubs. The validity of the measure may be improved by enhancements to the manner in which the self-report data are collected.

A mathematics-based new penalty area in football: tackling diving.

A novel penalty area (PA) for football (soccer) is proposed; it is based on considering mathematically the actual scoring possibility on the 2 dimensions near the goal. It is shown that the 150-year-old rectangular area is mathematically disproportionate; this can be causing too much diving or simulation by players around the goal and also too many matches that are decided unfairly. The goal or objective is to reduce these problems - and others - with a new PA based on the proposed scoring potential measure which is in turn based on the angle towards the goal line (between posts) and the distance to the centre of this line.

La convicción en las actitudes relacionadas con el dopaje: Un estudio experimental con entrenadores de fútbol / Conviction in attitudes related to doping: an experimental study with football coaches / A convicção das attitudes relacionadas com o doping um estudo experimental com teinadores de futebol

Este experimento analizó el efecto que el pensamiento deliberativo involucrado en el procesamiento de información relevante produjo sobre la convicción de los participantes en sus actitudes relacionadas con el dopaje. Los participantes fueron entrenadores de fútbol que recibieron por escrito una propuesta (i.e., un mensaje persuasivo) en contra (o a favor) de la legalización de algunas sustancias y conductas consideradas como dopaje en la actualidad. A su vez, la cantidad de pensamiento deliberativo (i.e., la probabilidad de elaboración, alta vs. baja) fue manipulada entre los participantes. Finalmente, las actitudes hacia la propuesta de legalización y la convicción en esas actitudes fueron medidas como variables dependientes. Como se predijo, los resultados mostraron que las actitudes fueron significativamente influidas sólo por la dirección del mensaje persuasivo (η 2 = .064); de tal forma que los entrenadores que recibieron el mensaje en contra de la legalización mostraron actitudes más desfavorables que los que recibieron el mensaje a favor. Sin embargo, como se esperaba, la convicción en las actitudes estuvo sólo en función de la elaboración (η 2 = .050). Así, los entrenadores de la condición de alta probabilidad de elaboración mostraron más convicción en sus actitudes que los de la condición de baja probabilidad de elaboración. En este artículo, discutimos la importancia de esta convicción para comprender y predecir mejor el impacto que las actitudes tienen sobre los consecuentes modos de pensar y de actuar de entrenadores y deportistas respecto al dopaje

This experiment analyzed the effect that deliberative thinking involved in the processing of relevant information had on the conviction of the participants in their doping-related attitudes. Participants were soccer coaches who received a written proposal (i.e., a persuasive message) against (or in favor of) the legalization of several banned substances and doping behaviors. Moreover, the extent of deliberative thinking (i.e., the elaboration likelihood, high vs. low) was manipulated between participants. Finally, attitudes toward the legalization and conviction in those attitudes were assessed as dependent variables. As predicted, results showed attitudes were only affected by the direction of message ( η 2 = .064); thus, coaches who received the message against the legalization showed attitudes more unfavorable than coaches who received the message in favor of the legalization. However, as expected, conviction was only in function of the elaboration ( η 2 = .050). Thus, coaches who were under a high elaboration condition showed more conviction in their attitudes than coaches who were under a low elaboration condition. In this paper, we discuss the importance of conviction to the understanding and the prediction of the impact of attitudes on subsequent thinking and behavior regarding doping in coaches and athletes

ste estudo analisou o efeito que o pensamento deliberativo envolvido no processamento de informação relevante produziu sobre a convicçãodos participantes nas suas atitudes relacionadas com o doping. Os participantes foram treinadores de futebol que receberam por escrito uma proposta(i.e., uma mensagem persuasiva) contra (ou a favor) da legalização de algumas substâncias e comportamentos considerados como doping na actualidade.Por seu turno, a quantidade de pensamento deliberativo (i.e., a probabilidade de elaboração, Alta vs. Baixa) foi manipulada entre os participantes. Porúltimo, as atitudes face à proposta de legalização e a convicção nessas atitudes foram medidas como variáveis dependentes. Como foi hipotetizado, osresultados mostram que as atitudes foram significativamente influídas apenas pela direcção da mensagem persuasiva (η2= .064); de tal forma que ostreinadores que receberam a mensagem contra a legalização revelaram atitudes mais desfavoráveis que os que receberam a mensagem a favor. Contudo,como esperado, a convicção nas atitudes variaram apenas em função da elaboração (η2 = .050). Assim, os treinadores da condição de alta probabilidadede elaboração revelaram mais convicção nas suas atitudes que os da condição de baixa probabilidade de elaboração. Neste artigo, discutimos a importânciadesta convicção para compreender e prever melhor o impacto que as atitudes têm sobre os consequentes modos de pensar e actuar dos treinadores eatletas a respeito do doping

Measuring empathy feelings in football through media value / Valor mediático en el fútbol y grado de afinidad de los fans

This paper applies media value appraisals to measure the degree of identification that players and teams inspire in football supporters. Using a large data set of media value scores in season 2014/15, we rank the most popular football players and clubs worldwide; as well as the teams’ managers with the greatest media value exposure. Then, building upon individual ratings, we determine the hierarchy of the 'Big Five' European domestic leagues, according to their comparative media value status

En este artículo se emplean indicadores de valor mediático en el fútbol para estimar el grado de identificación que jugadores y clubs inspiran entre los aficionados. A partir de amplias bases de datos del valor mediático en la temporada 2014/15, se elaboran los rankings mundiales de jugadores y clubs, así como el ranking de los entrenadores con mayor visibilidad en los medios. Además, agregando registros individuales, puede determinarse la jerarquía de estatus mediático de las cinco grandes ligas domésticas de Europa

Shinguards effective in preventing lower leg injuries in football: Population-based trend analyses over 25 years.

OBJECTIVES: The majority of football injuries are caused by trauma to the lower extremities. Shinguards are considered an important measure in preventing lower leg impact abrasions, contusions and fractures. Given these benefits, Fédération Internationale de Football Association introduced the shinguard law in 1990, which made wearing shinguards during matches mandatory. This study evaluated the effect of the introduction of the shinguard law for amateur players in the Netherlands in the 1999/2000-football season on the incidence of lower leg injuries. DESIGN: Time trend analyses on injury data covering 25 years of continuous registration (1986-2010). METHODS: Data were retrieved from a system that records all emergency department treatments in a random, representative sample of Dutch hospitals. All injuries sustained in football by patients aged 6-65 years were included, except for injuries of the Achilles tendon and Weber fractures. Time trends were analysed with multiple regression analyses; a model was fitted consisting of multiple straight lines, each representing a 5-year period. RESULTS: Patients were predominantly males (92%) and treated for fractures (48%) or abrasions/contusions (52%) to the lower leg. The incidence of lower leg football injuries decreased significantly following the introduction of the shinguard law (1996-2000: -20%; 2001-2005: -25%), whereas the incidence of all other football injuries did not. This effect was more prominent at weekends/match days. No gender differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: The results significantly show a preventive effect of the shinguard law underlining the relevance of rule changes as a preventive measure and wearing shinguards during both matches and training sessions.

La resolución de problemas como estrategia de enseñanza para el aprendizaje de la táctica ofensiva en la categoría pre-benjamín de fútbol 8 / Problem solving as a strategy in teaching offensive tactics at the under 8 level in 8-a-side-soccer / A resolução de problemas como estratégia de ensino para a aprendizagem táctica ofensiva no escalão traquinas de futebol de 8

Este trabajo se centra en la enseñanza de la táctica ofensiva en fútbol. La acción de ataque u ofensiva del fútbol constituye una estrategia de juego fundamental y de gran complejidad en este deporte, por todos los elementos que son necesarios coordinar. Se pretende conocer qué desarrollo se produce en dicha acción ofensiva en un equipo de fútbol 8 de categoría pre-benjamín durante la implementación en los entrenamientos de una serie de ejercicios utilizando el entrenador un estilo de enseñanza de resolución de problemas. Los resultados indican mejoras en los dos elementos trabajados que forman parte de dicha táctica: 1) conservar el balón y 2) progresar el balón y los jugadores hacia portería, avanzando desde la zona media adelantada a la zona adelantada del campo contrario, si bien el aprendizaje del primer elemento se manifiesta en sesiones anteriores al del segundo elemento. Es necesario completar el entrenamiento de esta táctica con su tercer elemento (lanzar a portería) y conocer la transferencia de todo ello a situaciones más complejas como son los partidos

This study focuses on teaching offensive tactics in soccer. Attacking tactics are a key strategic aspect of play in this sport and, given the number of factors that need to be coordinated, they are highly complex moves. The aim here was to study the way in which attacks were constructed during 8-a-side training sessions at the under 8 level where the coach used a series of drills based on the problem-solving approach to teaching. The results revealed improvements in two techniques that were worked on as part of offensive strategies, namely 1) keeping the ball, and 2) moving the ball and players towards the opponent’s goal and, more specifically, the transition from an advanced midfield position to the attacking zone. The first of these techniques was shown to have been learnt prior to the second. Teaching attacking tactics needs to be complemented with a third technique (shooting at goal), and an analysis must be made of the extent to which all these skills are transferred to more complex match situations

Estilo de ensino de resolução de problemas, Futebol, Metodologia observacional, Padrão comportamental, Táctica ofensiva. RESUMO: Este trabalho centra-se no ensino da táctica ofensiva no futebol. A acção de ataque ou ofensiva no futebol constitui-se como uma estratégia fundamental do jogo e de grande complexidade neste desporto, por todos os elementos que são necessários coordenar. Pretende-se conhecer que desenvolvimento se produz na acção ofensiva numa equipa de futebol 8 no escalão de Traquinas durante a implementação em contexto de treino de uma série de exercícios, utilizando o treinador um estilo de ensino de resolução de problemas. Os resultados indicam melhorias nos dois elementos trabalhados que fazem parte desta táctica: 1) conservar a posse de bola e 2) progredir com bola até à baliza adversária, avançando desde a zona intermédia até à zona avançada do campo contrário. É necessário complementar o treino desta táctica com um terceiro elemento (remate à baliza) e conhecer o transfer de todas estas situações para um contexto mais complexo como são os jogos

Changing doping-related attitudes in soccer players: how can we get stable and persistent changes?

The aim of this experiment was to analyse the consequences of changing attitudes related to doping through thoughtful versus non-thoughtful processes. Participants were young soccer players. They received a persuasive message either against or in favour of the legalisation of several doping behaviours in soccer (e.g., the use of anabolic androgenic steroid - AAS), and participants' level of elaboration (i.e., deliberative thinking) was manipulated in two different experimental (high vs. low) conditions. Attitudes towards the legalisation proposal were assessed immediately following the message and one week later. Results showed attitude change was a function of message direction and was relatively equivalent for both high and low elaboration participants immediately after reading the message. That is, those who received the message against legalisation showed significantly more unfavourable attitudes towards the proposal than did those who received the message in favour of legalisation regardless of the extent of elaboration. However, attitude change was found to be persistent only for high elaboration participants one week after message exposure. In the present paper, we discuss implications of changing attitudes related to doping depending on whether the change occurred through psychological processes that require either extensive or small amounts of deliberative thinking and elaboration.

Head and neck injuries in professional soccer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the rate of and risk factors for head and neck injury in male soccer. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Professional soccer. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six European teams between 2001/2002 and 2009/2010. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Simple and multiple risk factor analyses were evaluated using Cox regression for player-related variables and logistic regression for match-related variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Injury rate (number of time loss injuries per 1000 hours). RESULTS: A total of 136 head and neck injuries were recorded (2.2% of all injuries). The head and neck injury rate was 0.17 (0.06 concussions) per 1000 hours. There was a 20-fold higher rate of head and neck injury during match play compared with training (rate ratio [RR], 20.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13.3-30.6) and a 78-fold higher rate of concussions (RR, 78.5; 95% CI, 24.4-252.5). Mean layoff for concussion was 10.5 days, but 27% of the concussed players returned to play within 5 days. Defender was the only significant player-related risk factor for head and neck injuries in the multiple analysis (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.1), whereas no significant variables were identified for concussions. CONCLUSIONS: Head and neck injuries were relatively uncommon in professional soccer. Defender was the playing position most at risk. More than one-quarter of the concussed players returned to play before what is recommended in the consensus statements by the major sports governing bodies.

Factors influencing the implementation of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention strategies by girls soccer coaches.

Women are 3 times more likely to injure their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) while playing soccer than men. ACL injury prevention programs (IPPs) involving stretching and strengthening drills can reduce the incidence of ACL injury when incorporated into routine training. The rate of implementation among coaches is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of implementation of ACL IPP, to identify factors that influence implementation, and to acquire information to assist in design dissemination and implementation strategies. Study subjects were coaches of woman soccer players aged 11-22 years in Utah (n = 756). Data were gathered using a Web-based survey followed by a qualitative study in which "best practice coaches"-coaches who met criteria for successful implementation of ACL IPP-were interviewed via telephone. A minority of survey respondents, 19.8% (27/136), have implemented ACL IPP. Factors associated with successful implementation include length of coaching experience and presence of additional support staff such as a strength and conditioning coach or athletic trainer. Best practice coaches (14/136) unanimously agreed on the following: (a) there are performance-enhancing benefits of ACL IPP, (b) education on ACL injury prevention should be required for licensure, and (c) dissemination and implementation will require soccer associations to enact policies that require IPPs. In conclusion, a minority of girls soccer coaches have implemented ACL IPP and those that have do so because they believe that prevention improves performance and that soccer organizations should enact policies requiring ACL injury prevention education and implementation. Efforts to implement ACL IPP should be driven by soccer organizations, emphasize performance-enhancing benefits, and engage additional coaching staff.