"Habits of employees": smoking, spies, and shopfloor culture at Hammermill Paper Company.

As cigarette smoking expanded dramatically during the early twentieth century, it brought more and more workers into conflict with the policies and demands of the manufacturers who employed them. As this paper shows, addiction to nicotine ignited daily struggles over workers' shopfloor rights and the ability of employers to set rules, establish discipline, and monitor behavior. A specific set of records from the archives of the Hammermill Paper Company, a paper manufacturer once based in Erie, Pennsylvania, provide a unique opportunity to explore the impact of cigarette consumption on labor relations during the era of mass production, as two nosy factory spies probed and documented worker actions and attitudes in the summer of 1915. As a result of their intelligence gathering, the spies discovered a factory-wide work culture rooted in the addictive pleasure of cigarette smoke. This discovery worried them. Worker-smokers needed to dampen their hunger for nicotine with frequent, and often clandestine, breaks from work, typically in defiance of "no-smoking" rules, employer designations for the uses of factory space, and bosses' demands for continuous production. Highlighting the intersections of the histories of labor, smoking, and addiction, this paper argues that cigarettes were a key battleground in workers' and managers' intensifying struggles over who really controlled the industrial shopfloor during the early 1900s.

Not in the eyes of the beholder: envy among Bolivian migrants in Spain.

This article explores a culturally sensitive topic, envy, among Bolivian migrants in Spain. Following a constructivist approach to emotions, we examine discourses of envy, as they are shaped by the cultural contexts in which they emerge. Our study uses a sample of 30 transnational households and multi-sited ethnography to illustrate the ways emotions and their effects on sociality serve as a mechanism of social control, especially when the boundaries of such a community have been stretched transnationally. Envy is an important component of a belief system central to understanding the emergence, or lack thereof, of trust and solidarity among migrants and can shape the types of social relations and conflicts between migrants and non-migrant households back in Bolivia. These conflicts have been exacerbated by economic instability, high unemployment rates and precarious wages especially for the undocumented migrant community in Spain.

"Stones run it": taking back control of organized crime in Chicago, 1940-1975.

In the 1960s and 1970s African American "supergangs" emerged in Chicago. Many scholars have touted the "prosocial" goals of these gangs but fail to contextualize them in the larger history of black organized crime. Thus, they have overlooked how gang members sought to reclaim the underground economy in their neighborhoods. Yet even as gangs drove out white organized crime figures, they often lacked the know-how to reorganize the complex informal economy. Inexperienced gang members turned to extreme violence, excessive recruitment programs, and unforgiving extortion schemes to take power over criminal activities. These methods alienated black citizens and exacerbated tensions with law enforcement. In addition, the political shelter enjoyed by the previous generation of black criminals was turned into pervasive pressure to break up street gangs. Black street gangs fulfilled their narrow goal of community control of vice. Their interactions with their neighbors, however, remained contentious.

When everything new is well-forgotten old: Vygotsky/Luria insights in the development of executive functions.

The concept of "extra-cortical organization of higher mental functions" proposed by Lev Vygotsky and expanded by Alexander Luria extends cultural-historical psychology regarding the interplay of natural and cultural factors in the development of the human mind. Using the example of self-regulation, the authors explore the evolution of this idea from its origins to recent findings on the neuropsychological trajectories of the development of executive functions. Empirical data derived from the Tools of the Mind project are used to discuss the idea of using classroom intervention to study the development of self-regulation in early childhood.

The cosmos of the Paris apartment: working-class family life in the nineteenth century.

Drawing on Bachelard's notion of "cosmicity" this article investigates the living conditions of Parisian working-class families in the second half of the nineteenth century. Nineteenth-century social critics claimed that the lack of privacy in urban apartments made decent family life impossible. However, evidence from judicial dossiers concerning attentat à la pudeur (intimate assault against children) illuminates the lived experience of children and their families in Paris apartments. Rather than a sharp divide between public and private, children experienced their apartment homes as the core of a social and spatial world under the surveillance of parents, neighbors, and other children.

Forced disappearance in an era of globalization: biopolitics, shadow networks, and imagined worlds.

In this article, I argue that the practice of forced disappearance of persons on the part of paramilitary groups has become linked to specific processes of globalization. Global flows related to biopolitics, global crime networks, and dehumanizing imaginations reproduced by mass media together constitute a driving force behind forced disappearances. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in the Colombian city of Medellín, I analyze how these global flows interact with local armed actors, helping create a climate conducive to forced disappearance. These mechanisms in Colombia show similarities to those in some African and Asian countries. Gaining insight into the mechanisms behind forced disappearance may help prevent it from occurring in the future. Enhancing social inclusion of residents, unraveling the transnational crime networks in which perpetrators are involved, and disseminating rehumanizing images of victims all contribute to curbing the practice of forced disappearance.

Crossing boundaries: women's gossip, insults and violence in sixteenth-century France.

Using evidence from cases recorded in the registers of the consistories of southern France, the author investigates the way in which Languedocian women policed each other's behaviour, enforcing a collective morality through gossip, sexual insult and physical confrontation. In contrast to case studies by other historians, it is argued here that gossip does appear to have been a peculiarly female activity, but far more than simply being an outlet for malice or prurience, it gave women a distinctive social role in the town. No less evident is the involvement of women in physical violence both against each other and against men, violence which, though less extreme than its male counterpart, nonetheless occupies a significant role in the proceedings of the consistories.

The civilizing and sportization of Gaelic football in Ireland: 1884­2009.

Over the course of the last 125 years the sport of Gaelic football in Ireland has undergone a sportization and civilizing process as the rules governing the sport became stricter and players developed greater levels of self-control. However, the civilizing of Gaelic football was a particularly fragile and uneven process. The growing social desire to diminish displays of violence was moderated by ambivalence towards violence. Gradually the external social controls on players increased and, greater and more stable levels of internalization occurred reflected by more advanced levels of player self-restraint in the control of violence. At the same time the threshold of shame toward displays of violence advanced. This transformation was shaped by lengthening chains of social interdependencies in Ireland.

Vixen resistin': redefining black womanhood in hip-hop music videos.

In recent years, scholarship on Black womanhood has become more closely connected to postmodern discourses on identity and resistance, following in the footsteps of Audre Lorde's claim that identity and sexuality have emancipatory potential. However, in the post-hip-hop era, feminists and media critics have once again brought up the idea of who controls the image. The purpose of this study is to describe possible sites of self-definition by Black women in music videos while accounting for the cultural industries that reproduce and exploit Black women's sexuality. Using textual analysis and the perspective of a noted music video performer, Melyssa Ford, this study articulates the expanse of ambiguity that lies between the images of Black womanhood that bombard consumers of BET and MTV and the selfconceptualization of the women who play those roles.

Edward Forbes (1815-1854) and the exhibition of natural order in Edinburgh.

The roles, affordances and social agency of natural history museums are discussed in relation to the writings of Edward Forbes. These signal a motivation, in the mid-nineteenth-century, to naturalize the established social order through the systematic arrangement and display of natural history specimens. The perceived importance of the embodied messages of social order, as an antidote to radicalism and revolution, overrode concerns about temperance and abstinence and immediate fears for the physical safety of collections. The tensions between temperance, and the broader concerns about social order, were played out over the matter of the museums themselves being licensed premises.

"Young ladies are delicate plants": Jane Austen and Greenhouse Romanticism.

By annotating how in Mansfield Park and Northanger Abbey Jane Austen tracks between the novelist's domain and the naturalist's, this essay seeks to unsettle some entrenched assumptions about her relationship to realism­and the ideological work of naturalization that realism is said to sponsor­as well as to romanticism. Austen's era, which we customarily identify as the time of a romantic return to nature, was marked by conflicts over what nature did and did not include­conflicts between, in the parlance of the period, "the botanist" and "the florist," between an account of nature as that which was given and an account of nature as that which (as with the modern nurseryman's new hybrids and luxuriants) might be manufactured. In arranging for her young heroines' stories of growing up to unfold in the "artificial climates" of modern fashionable gardening and amidst "florists' flowers," Austen deliberately works through those conflicts. She inhabits the plot of "natural development" to which she is often linked in elusively oppositional ways.

Domestic violence and social responsibility in contemporary Spanish cinema: a portfolio view of behavioral dynamics.

Domestic abuse continues to claim many lives in Spain despite a series of new laws to protect women and to punish abusers. This essay explores the cultural influences of contemporary Spanish cinema on domestic violence. Four films are assessed against a Portfolio Model of social responsibility that uses two basic dimensions: realism and human rights. Realism in each film is determined by the behavioral components of the internationally recognized Duluth Model and the Wheel of Power and Control. The human rights dimension addresses equality, power and agency for women. This study focuses on Icíar Bollaín's "Te doy mis ojos" (2003), Javier Balaguer's "Sólo mía" (2001), Benito Zambrano's "Solas" (1999), and Pedro Almodóvar's "Pepi, Luci, Bom y otras chicas del montón" (1980). The results demonstrate significant variations in the measure of social responsibility indicating that contemporary Spanish cinema may play a role in perpetuating gender-based violence.

Oil on the water: Government regulation of a carcinogen in the twentieth-century Lancashire cotton spinning industry.

In the Lancashire cotton textile industry, mule spinners were prone to a chronic and sometimes fatal skin cancer (often affecting the groin). The disease had reached epidemic proportions by the 1920s, which necessitated action by the government, employers, and trade unions. In contrast to previous accounts, this article focuses on the government's reaction to mule spinners' cancer. Using official records in the National Archives, the slow introduction of health and safety measures by the government is explored in detail. Although obstructionism by the employers played a key role, one of the reasons for government inaction was the ambiguity of scientific research on engineering oils. On the other hand, prolonged scientific research suited a government policy that was framed around self regulation - a policy that had proved largely ineffective by the 1950s.

Talking about gendered headship: how do women and men working in schools conceive and articulate notions of gender?

In this paper I explore how a woman secondary school headteacher and her colleagues talk about her gendered headship. To facilitate and contextualise the semi-structured interviews, participants were asked to categorise a range of attributes and qualities that have been seen as 'masculine' or 'feminine'. They attempted to plot their perceptions of her gendered headship on a continuum from 'extremely masculine' to 'extremely feminine' in relation to her appearance and interactions in various contexts. Their talk, as they explained and illustrated their thinking, reveals that even from a dualist starting point many have an understanding of the fluid nature of complex, subjective, gendered identities. The rejection of binary notions of gender by some participants disrupts the perpetuation of gender as a dualist concept. In particular, the headteacher forces open a space in which to consider the complexity of her own gendered headship.

Torture, sex and military Orientalism.

This article revisits the debate about recent American torture practices, particularly the use of discredited anthropological texts to validate long-held Orientalist assumptions about the sexual vulnerability of Muslim males. Such practices are placed in an historical context of older imperial constructions of sexually deviant Muslims as well as of more general forms of gendered and sexual subordination required for war. American torturers intended to produce very particular objects of torture­ones willing and able to confess their 'true' orientation in terms of a binary hetero/homo sexual code established in 19th-century Europe. The torturers had the power to confirm through confession and re-enactment their crude assumptions, irrespective of the actual sexualities of those being tortured, with consequences for the transnational and reactionary politics of sexual identity.

O corpo e a construção das desigualdades de gênero pela ciência / The body and the construction of the unevenness of gender by science

Este trabalho analisa, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica assistemática, como a distinção entre o corpo masculino e o feminino produzida pela ciência desde o século XIX, especialmente pelo discurso e prática médica, enunciadores legítimos dos desígnios naturais dos corpos, vem contribuir para a construção de uma inferioridade do corpo feminino que legitima desigualdades de gênero vigentes nas sociedades tradicionais que, de algum modo, ainda se reproduzem ou permanecem na contemporaneidade.

This paper analyzes, from an unsystematic literature review, how the distinction between male and female body produced by science since the 19th century, especially through the discourse and practice of medicine, legitimate enunciators of bodily legitimate designs, can help make the construction of inferiority of the female body that legitimizes gender inequality in traditional societies that, somehow, still reproduce or remain in the contemporary world.

O campo da sexologia no Brasil: constituição e institucionalização / The field of sexology in Brazil: constitution and institutionalization

Neste artigo apresentamos e discutimos os resultados parciais da investigação sobre a constituição do campo da sexologia contemporânea no Brasil, parte da pesquisa comparativa "Sexualidade, ciência e profissão na América Latina". Uma segunda onda sexológica surgiu no Brasil em finais dos anos 1970 no Rio de Janeiro, com um viés essencialmente clínico, e em São Paulo, com um viés educacional. A década seguinte marcou um período de institucionalização no qual são criadas as duas associações que hoje polarizam o campo em torno de uma sexologia mais eclética e multiprofissional e da chamada "medicina sexual", em geral dominada pelos urologistas. Discutimos os significados dessa polarização em termos das disputas profissionais subjacentes e das concepções de gênero implicadas em tais disputas.

In this paper we present and discuss the preliminary results of an investigation on the constitution of the contemporary field of sexology in Brazil, which is part of the comparative research "Sexuality, science and profession in Latin America". A second sexology arose in Brazil in the late 70's in Rio de Janeiro, with an essentially clinical approach, and in São Paulo, with an educational approach. The following decade brought a period of institutionalization in which the two associations that nowadays dominate the sexological field were created. They represent the two main trends in modern sexology; a more eclectic and multiprofessional approach and the so-called "sexual medicine", dominated by urologists. We discuss the meanings of this polarization in terms of its underlying professional disputes and the gender assumptions implied in such disputes.

Clínica e política 2: subjetividade, direitos humanos e invenção de práticas clínicas / Clinical and policy 2: subjectivity, human rights and invention of clinical practice

Com o objetivo de tornar visível como os efeitos da violência do Estado repercutem em uma série de gerações, os artigos do livro vão revelando memória, cartografando paisagens, girando caleidoscópios, desmontando e remontando imagens, inventando palavras, reinventando sentidos, dando voz a personagens outrora calados e desvelando cenários antes invisibilizados. Na primeira parte, recusando-se a sucumbir ao esquecimento, a memória traz à cena utopias ativas e é convocada ao uso diário; na segunda, a clínica apresenta-se como transdisciplinar e ampliada, desnaturalizando territórios, invadindo-os e permitindo ser invadida; na terceira, entre a marca da pantera e a pantera cor-de-rosa, utilizando o livre pensar, os profissionais psi devem decifrar o enigma de sua formação para não serem devorados por uma psiquiatria repressora e organicista; na quarta, as vidas precarizadas e as mortes banalizadas no capitalismo contemporâneo, a legitimação da tortura como mal menor nas sociedades de controle, e a convocação à construção de uma ética militante!

¿Por qué somos como somos? Discursos y relaciones de poder en la constitución de la identidad profesional de las enfermeras en España (1956-1976) / Why are we the way we are? Discourses and power relations in nurses' professional identity in Spain (1956-1976)

Objetivo: Analizar las continuidades, transformaciones y rupturas de los discursos que han constituido la identidad social de las enfermeras en España entre 1956 y 1976. Método: Partiendo de los referenciales postestructuralista y posfeminista, se planteó un estudio de análisis de discurso de carácter genealógico de los manuales de moral profesional usados durante la formación de las ayudantes técnicos sanitarios (ATS). Resultados y discusión: El análisis de los textos revela que la identidad profesional de las enfermeras --en este estudio para referirnos a ATS o enfermera/o se ha optado por mantener como género neutro el femenino-- ha estado constituida por un entramado discursivo y de relaciones de poder, en el que se puede identificar un discurso residual moralista cristiano y otros dominantes de género, técnicos y biomédicos. Conclusiones: Estos discursos vislumbran fundamentalmente ejercicios de poder de carácter disciplinario y pastoral. Algunos de ellos han engendrado un entramado simbólico que permanece en la base de prácticas profesionales, políticas sanitarias, imágenes sociales, etc. La dominancia de estos discursos durante 20 años y la observación de la realidad actual, nos permite inferir que las enfermeras en España han conseguido transformar y romper muchos de estos elementos y proponer otras miradas acerca de quiénes son (AU)

Objective: To explore the continuities, transformations and ruptures in the discourses building the social identity of nurses in Spain between 1956 and 1976. Method: From a poststructuralist and postfeminist perspective, we carried out a genealogical discourse analysis of the manuals of professional morals used during the training of nurses. Results and discussion: Analysis of the manuals revealed that the professional identity of nurses was constituted by a discoursive matrix and power relations, in which a residual Christian moral discourse and other dominant gender, technical and biomedical discourses can be identified. Conclusions: These discourses fundamentally highlight power relations of a disciplinary and pastoral nature. Some of these discourses have brought about a symbolic matrix which remains in the foundations of professional practice, health policies, social image, etc. The hegemony of these discourses for 20 years and the observation of current reality allow us to infer that nurses in Spain have managed to transform and break many of these elements and to propose other ways of viewing the profession (AU)