Linking grandiose and vulnerable narcissism to managerial work performance, through the lens of core personality traits and social desirability.

While grandiose narcissism is well-studied, vulnerable narcissism remains largely unexplored in the workplace context. Our study aimed to compare grandiose and vulnerable narcissism among managers and people from the general population. Within the managerial sample, our objective was to examine how these traits diverge concerning core personality traits and socially desirable responses. Furthermore, we endeavored to explore their associations with individual managerial performance, encompassing task performance, contextual performance, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Involving a pool of managerial participants (N = 344), we found that compared to the general population, managers exhibited higher levels of grandiose narcissism and lower levels of vulnerable narcissism. While both narcissistic variants had a minimal correlation (r = .02) with each other, they differentially predicted work performance. Notably, grandiose narcissism did not significantly predict any work performance dimension, whereas vulnerable narcissism, along with neuroticism, predicted higher CWB and lower task performance. Conscientiousness emerged as the strongest predictor of task performance. This study suggests that organizations might not benefit from managers with vulnerable narcissism. Understanding these distinct narcissistic variants offers insights into their impacts on managerial performance in work settings.

Percepções de enfermeiros da atenção primária sobre valorização no trabalho: o clamor de uma categoria / Perceptions of primary care nurses on value at work: the clamor of a category / Percepciones de las enfermeras de atención primaria sobre el valor en el trabajo: el clamor de una categoría

Objetivo: Conhecer as percepções de enfermeiros da Atenção Primária à Saúde sobre a valorização no trabalho. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, realizado com 132 enfermeiros que atuavam na atenção primária à saúde, em 23 municípios do estado de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulário on-line, analisados conforme pressupostos da análise de conteúdo, com amparo do software Iramuteq. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes eram do sexo feminino (114 - 86,37%), com idade entre 22 e 60 anos, com carga horária de trabalho semanal de 40 horas e recebiam entre 2- 4 salários mínimos. A partir das análises, os dados foram organizados em três categorias temáticas ­ Valorização: reconhecimento do trabalho do enfermeiro; Valorização: satisfação com o salário e Valorização: interdependência com as condições de trabalho. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros percebem que a valorização está atrelada ao reconhecimento profissional, à satisfação com o salário e às condições adequadas de trabalho, tais como: carga horária menor e recursos materiais. Consideraram que o reconhecimento externado por outros atores envolvidos na relação de cuidado, como gestores, usuários e profissionais de saúde, é essencial para a valorização do trabalho. (AU)

Objective: To understand the perceptions of Primary Health Care nurses regarding job appreciation. Methods: A qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study conducted with 132 nurses working in primary health care across 23 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais. Data were collected through an online form and analyzed using content analysis assumptions, supported by the Iramuteq software. Results: The majority of participants were female (114 - 86.37%), aged between 22 and 60, with a weekly working hours of 40, and earning between 2-4 minimum wages. Through analysis, data were organized into three thematic categories ­ Appreciation: recognition of the nurse's work; Appreciation: satisfaction with the salary, and Appreciation: interdependence with working conditions. Conclusion: Nurses perceive that appreciation is linked to professional recognition, satisfaction with salary, and appropriate working conditions such as reduced working hours and material resources. They considered external recognition from other stakeholders in the care relationship, such as managers, users, and healthcare professionals, as essential for job appreciation. (AU)

Objetivo: Conocer las percepciones de los enfermeros de la Atención Primaria a la Salud sobre la valorización en el trabajo. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio realizado con 132 enfermeros que trabajaban en la atención primaria a la salud, en 23 municipios del estado de Minas Gerais. Los datos se recopilaron a través de un formulario en línea y se analizaron según los supuestos del análisis de contenido, con el apoyo del software Iramuteq. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres (114 - 86,37%), con edades entre 22 y 60 años, con una carga horaria de trabajo semanal de 40 horas y recibían entre 2-4 salarios mínimos. A través de análisis, los datos se organizaron en tres categorías temáticas: Valorización: reconocimiento del trabajo del enfermero; Valorización: satisfacción con el salario y Valorización: interdependencia con las condiciones de trabajo. Conclusión: Los enfermeros perciben que la valorización está vinculada al reconocimiento profesional, la satisfacción con el salario y las condiciones de trabajo adecuadas, como una carga horaria reducida y recursos materiales. Consideraron que el reconocimiento externo por parte de otros actores involucrados en la relación de cuidado, como gestores, usuarios y profesionales de la salud, es esencial para la valorización del trabajo. (AU)

Teacher's social desirability bias and Migrant students: A study on explicit and implicit prejudices with a list experiment.

Scholarly research has consistently shown that teachers present negative assessments of and attitudes toward migrant students. However, previous studies have not clearly addressed the distinction between implicit and explicit prejudices, or identified their underlying sources. This study identifies the explicit and implicit prejudices held by elementary and middle school teachers regarding the learning abilities of an ethnic minority group: Haitian students within the Chilean educational system. We use a list experiment to assess how social desirability and intergroup attitudes toward minority students influence teachers' prejudices. The findings reveal that teachers harbor implicit prejudices towards Haitian students and are truthful in reporting their attitudes, thereby contradicting the desirability bias hypothesis. We suggest that teachers rely on stereotypes associated with the students' nationality when assessing Haitian students' learning abilities. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to theories grounded in stereotypes and intergroup attitudes.

Choosing Among Undesirable Options: Children Consider Desirability of Available Choices in Evaluation of Socially Mindful Actions.

Previous studies show that adults and children evaluate the act of leaving a choice for others as prosocial, and have termed such actions as socially mindful actions. The current study investigates how the desirability of the available options (i.e., whether the available options are desirable or not) may influence adults' and children's evaluation of socially mindful actions. Children (N = 120, 4- to 6-year-olds) and adults (N = 124) were asked to evaluate characters selecting items for themselves from a set of three items-two identical items and one unique item-in a way that either leaves a choice (two diverse items) or leaves no choice (two identical items) for the next person (i.e., the beneficiary). We manipulated whether the available options were either desirable or undesirable (i.e., damaged). We found that adults' and 6-year-olds' evaluation of socially mindful actions is moderated by the desirability of the options. Although they evaluate the act of leaving a choice for others as nicer than the act of leaving no choice both when the choosing options are desirable and when they are undesirable, the discrepancy in the evaluation becomes significantly smaller when the choosing options are undesirable. We also found that inference of the beneficiary's feeling underlies social evaluation of the actor leaving a choice (or not). These findings suggest that children consider both the diversity of options left and the desirability of the available options in understanding and evaluating socially mindful acts.

Dispositional and Social Correlates of Digital Status Seeking Among Adolescents.

Social media have transformed peer relationships among adolescents, providing new avenues to attain online status indicators such as likes and followers. This study aimed to explore the associations between various dispositional and social factors and digital status-seeking behaviors among a sample of adolescents (N = 731; Mage = 14.69, 48.7 percent female), as well as explore potential gender differences in the examined associations. Sociometric nominations for digital status-seeking, likeability, and popularity were collected, and participants self-reported their social media use frequency, awareness of social media positivity bias, reward sensitivity, and gender. The findings revealed a positive relationship between sociometric popularity and digital status-seeking, whereas likeability displayed a negative association with digital status-seeking. These results emphasize the importance of distinguishing between different social status indicators in understanding online behaviors. Reward sensitivity did not show a significant link to digital status-seeking, and awareness of social media positivity bias heightened the likelihood of being nominated as a digital status-seeker. These findings underscore the need for further research, especially focusing on girls who appear to be more vulnerable to engaging in digital status-seeking behaviors.

Social desirability bias is related to children's energy intake in a laboratory test meal paradigm.

Dietary intake is notoriously difficult to measure in children. Laboratory test meals address some of the methodological concerns of self-report methods, but may also be susceptible to social desirability bias, referring to the tendency for individuals to adjust their behaviors in order to be perceived more positively. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether social desirability bias was associated with children's energy intake during a laboratory test meal, and whether this association varied by food type (total caloric intake, snack food intake, fruit/vegetable intake) and sex. A total of 82 children (M age = 9.45 ± 0.85; 50 % girls; 84.1 % rural; 85.4 % White) completed several surveys, including the Children's Social Desirability Scale and had their body composition measured. At lunchtime, they were granted access to a multi-array test meal (>5000 kcal). After adjusting for lean mass, fat mass, depressive symptoms, and parental food restriction, children who reported higher social desirability bias consumed fewer calories from snack foods (B = -11.58, p = .009, semi-partial correlation = -0.28). Boys with higher social desirability bias consumed less calories from fruits and vegetables (B = -6.47, p = .010, semi-partial correlation = -0.411); this association was not significant in girls. The desire to be perceived in a positive manner may influence children's eating behaviors in experimental paradigms. Replication studies with larger, more diverse pediatric samples are needed, as are strategies to reduce the effects of social desirability bias on test meal intake in order to enhance the validity of this dietary assessment approach.

Impact of a pre-test measurement of alcohol craving in cue-exposure studies: Relationship with social desirability and demand effects.

Craving is one of the most studied concepts in the field of addiction. It is often investigated with repeated-measure experimental designs using self-reported scales. However, the explicit nature of self-reported craving scales may make them vulnerable to social desirability and demand effects. The aim of the present study was to test whether a pre-experimental measurement of craving affects its post-experimental assessment after an alcohol video exposure and whether these changes relate to social desirability, demand effects, and alcohol consumption. Seventy-five healthy volunteers aged 18-30 years were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: a pre-post and a post-only craving assessment group. They were invited to watch an alcohol-related video. Social desirability, demand effects, engagement toward the video, and severity of alcohol consumption were assessed in all participants. The results showed a significant effect of alcohol consumption (p < .001, η2p = .09) on post-experimental craving. The main effect of the repeated measure of craving was also significant (p = .04, η2p = .001), together with the interaction between these two variables (p = .03, η2p = .06). The pre-experimental craving measurement increased its post-experimental levels, but only in heavy drinkers. However, no evidence was found that these changes were related to social desirability or demand effects. Additional exploratory analyses indicated that craving increase in high alcohol drinkers was mediated by a stronger engagement toward the alcohol-related video. In summary, the repeated measurement of craving with explicit scales has a significant impact on the results of alcohol craving studies and may not always be desirable, especially when the true purpose of the study needs to be hidden from the participants. However, the present results also suggest that the pre-post experimental design is advisable when the experimenters seek to maximize the relationship between the individual levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol cue-exposure craving changes.

Social desirability, dietary intakes, and variables related to attitudes and behaviours towards eating among French-speaking adults from Quebec, Canada: The PREDISE study.

The primary objective of this study was to examine how social desirability is associated with self-reported measures of dietary intakes and variables related to attitudes and behaviours towards eating. This analysis was conducted in 1083 adults (50.0% women) from the PREDISE study. Social desirability was assessed using the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) questionnaire, which includes two subscales: (1) self-deceptive enhancement (SDE), i.e., having an overly positive self-image and (2) impression management (IM), i.e., intentional response distortion to please. BIDR total score and IM subscore were positively associated with the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) (ß = 0.24 and ß = 0.50; p ≤ 0.0003), calculated using data from three self-administered 24 h food recalls. All BIDR scores were positively associated with self-determined motivation for eating regulation (0.03 ≤ ß ≤ 0.06; p < 0.0001), measured by the Regulation of Eating Behavior Scale, and with the intuitive eating score (0.02 ≤ ß ≤ 0.05; p < 0.0001). Also, all BIDR scores were negatively associated with hunger and disinhibition scores measured by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (-0.17 ≤ ß ≤ -0.09; p < 0.0001). All these associations were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and the education level. Furthermore, controlling for both dimensions of social desirability did not impact the magnitude of the association between self-determined motivation (the strongest predictor of healthy eating in the PREDISE study) and C-HEI. According to our results, associations are observed with diet quality, as well as with attitudes and behaviours towards eating; therefore, a measurement of social desirability responding would be pertinent in studies using those or related variables.

Less Evaluative Measures of Personality in Job Applicant Contexts: The Effect on Socially Desirable Responding and Criterion Validity.

Researchers have long sought to mitigate the detrimental effects of socially desirable responding on personality assessments in high-stakes contexts. This study investigated the effect of reducing the social desirability of personality items on response distortion and criterion validity in a job applicant context. Using a 2 × 2 repeated measures design, participants (n = 584) completed standard (International Personality Item Pool) and less evaluative (Less Evaluative Five Factor Inventory) measures of Big Five personality in a low-stakes context and then several weeks later in a simulated job applicant context. Self-report criteria with objective answers, including university grades, were also obtained. In general, the less evaluative measure showed less response distortion than the standard measure on some metrics, but not on others. Declines in criterion validity in the applicant context were smaller for the less evaluative measure. In the applicant context, however, validities were similar across the two measures. Correlations across contexts for corresponding traits (e.g., low-stakes extraversion with high-stakes extraversion) were also similar for both measures. In summary, reducing socially desirable item content might slightly reduce the substantive content required to predict criteria in low-stakes contexts, but this effect appears to be partly offset by reduced response distortion for less evaluative measures in applicant contexts.

Is football coming out? Anti-gay attitudes, social desirability, and pluralistic ignorance in amateur and professional football.

Past work consistently points to improved attitudes towards gay athletes and growing support for homosexuality, yet reports of a homophobic climate in amateur and professional football persist. Here, we explore two potential explanations for the prevalence of homophobia in football despite low levels of anti-gay attitudes: social desirability and pluralistic ignorance. We conduct an online survey among a football-affine and socio-demographically diverse sample in the UK. We find that anti-gay attitudes are rare. Importantly, estimates from a list experiment do not differ from the prevalence measured by direct questions, providing no evidence of social desirability. By contrast, second-order beliefs about anti-gay attitudes substantially and consistently exceed attitudes, pointing towards pluralistic ignorance as the most likely explanation. We conclude by emphasizing the need for transparent communication to reduce pluralistic ignorance and correct misperceptions among players, officials and supporters.

How does social desirability bias influence survey-based estimates of the use of antenatal care in rural Nepal? A validation study.

OBJECTIVES: Social desirability bias is often speculated to influence survey responses but seldom studied in healthcare. The objective was to explore whether social desirability scores (SDS) or the presence of interview observers is associated with inaccurate recall and overestimation of antenatal care (ANC) services. DESIGN: Longitudinal validation study comparing recalled receipt of ANC services and nutrition components of ANC against direct observations of care. An adapted short form Marlowe-Crowne questionnaire was used to generate an SDS, and the presence of interview observers was treated as a separate exposure. We assessed accuracy and overestimation of recalled receipt of ANC services against observed receipt using log-binomial regression, adjusting for age, education, first-pregnancy and socioeconomic status. SETTING: Rural Southern Nepal with recruitment from five government health posts. PARTICIPANTS: 401 pregnant women. RESULTS: Social desirability scores did not significantly predict accuracy or overestimation of most types of ANC care except counselling on nausea. Higher SDS was associated with more accurate recall (adjusted RR, aRR 1.08 (95% CI 1.03, 1.12)) and less overestimation (aRR 0.85 (0.80, 0.91)). The presence of mothers-in-law or husbands during interviews was associated with greater overestimation of the number of ANC visits received by more than three visits (aRR 2.07 (1.11, 3.84)) and (aRR 4.19 (2.17, 8.10)), respectively. Those interviewed with friends present tended to overestimate the receipt of counselling on nausea, avoiding alcohol and not smoking. CONCLUSION: The presence of observers can lead to overestimation of the receipt of ANC care and support the conduct of interviews in private settings despite challenges of doing so in village contexts. Findings that the SDS did not predict the accuracy of most types of ANC care might reflect a reality that such questions may not be sensitive from a social-norms perspective. Additional local adaptation of SDS is recommended.

Measuring social desirability bias in a multi-ethnic cohort sample: its relationship with self-reported physical activity, dietary habits, and factor structure.

BACKGROUND: Social desirability bias is one of the oldest forms of response bias studied in social sciences. While individuals may feel the need to fake good or bad answers in response to sensitive or intrusive questions, it remains unclear how rampant such a bias is in epidemiological research pertaining to self-reported lifestyle indicators in a multicultural Asian context. The main purpose of the current study is, therefore, to examine the sociodemographic correlates and impact of social desirability responding on self-reported physical activity and dietary habits at an epidemiological scale in a non-western multi-cultural Asian setting. METHODS: Prior to the main analyses, confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted to determine the factorial validity of a western derived concept of social desirability. Multiple regression analyses were conducted on cross-sectional data (n = 2995) extracted from a nationwide survey conducted between 2019 and 2020. RESULTS: A unique factor structure of social desirability was found and was therefore used for subsequent analyses. Multiple regression analyses revealed older age groups, the Indian ethnic group, those with past or present marriages, and having no income, had a significantly greater tendency to act on the bias. CONCLUSION: The construct of social desirability bias was fundamentally different in a multicultural context than previously understood. Only a small proportion of variance of self-report lifestyle scores was explained by social desirability, thus providing support for data integrity.

The role of social desirability and establishing nonracist credentials on mock juror decisions about Black defendants.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, experimental work on racial bias in legal settings has diverged from real-world field data demonstrating racial disparities, instead often producing null or potential overcorrection effects favoring Black individuals over White individuals. We explored the role of social desirability in these counterintuitive effects and tested whether allowing participants to establish nonracist moral credentials increased their willingness to convict a Black defendant. HYPOTHESES: We predicted that establishing nonracist moral credentials would increase convictions of Black defendants-especially for participants likely to harbor racial bias and external motivation to control it. METHOD: In two experiments, we randomly assigned White mock jurors (Study 1: N = 1,018; Study 2: N = 1,253) to establish nonracist moral credentials by acquitting a Black defendant in an initial case, acquit a White defendant in the same case, or see no prior case. Next, they judged an ambiguous case against a Black (Studies 1 and 2) or White (Study 2) defendant. After choosing verdicts, they provided open-ended guesses of what the study was about. Participants completed measures of explicit prejudice, motivations to control prejudice, and political orientation. RESULTS: Most participants who were asked to judge at least one Black defendant guessed that the study was about racial bias and convicted Black defendants less often than did those who guessed the study was about something else. White participants who established nonracist credentials were significantly more likely to convict Black defendants compared with White participants who did not establish nonracist credentials. Subsequent analyses revealed that conservatives showed this predicted credentialing pattern, whereas liberals did not. Credentialed liberals' convictions of Black defendants remained low; instead, they convicted White defendants more than did noncredentialed liberals. CONCLUSIONS: Social desirability plays a clear role in whether White people acquit Black defendants in experiments, which does not align with persistent racial bias in the legal system. Research participants' concern about looking prejudiced might undermine the validity of experiments investigating racial bias in legal settings by artificially inflating pro-Black judgments. The opportunity to credential oneself as nonracist, however, might make conservatives more comfortable making anti-Black legal judgments-whereas credentialed liberals continue to judge Black individuals more favorably than White individuals in legal settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Percepções de estudantes de enfermagem sobre o reconhecimento da profissão em tempos de pandemia: estudo descritivo-exploratório / Perceptions of nursing students about the professional recognition in pandemic times: a descriptive-exploratory study

OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção de estudantes de graduação em enfermagem sobre o reconhecimento conferido à profissão, bem como as situações que potencializam e/ou deterioram este reconhecimento profissional. MÉTODO: Pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida com 40 graduandos de enfermagem de uma universidade pública fluminense. A técnica de coleta foi a entrevista semiestruturada, realizada entre maio e junho de 2021. Utilizou-se o software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (Iramuteq) para tratamento dos dados. RESULTADOS: As situações que potencializaram o reconhecimento profissional foram a atuação da enfermagem na pandemia e o acolhimento durante a assistência. Impactaram negativamente no reconhecimento questões históricas, de gênero e a divisão técnica e social do trabalho, além das falhas na execução de procedimentos. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do relevante destaque dado pela mídia à enfermagem, os estudantes consideram que a equivocada percepção da sociedade sobre o trabalho da enfermagem afeta o reconhecimento da profissão.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze undergraduate nursing students' perception of professional recognition and the situations that enhance or diminish this issue. METHOD: A qualitative research was conducted with 40 nursing students from a public university in Rio de Janeiro. The data collection technique was a semi-structured interview conducted between May and June 2021. The Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (Iramuteq) software was used for data processing. RESULTS: The performance of nurses during the pandemic and the embracement during care services enhanced professional recognition. Historical issues, gender, and the technical and social division of labor negatively impacted professional recognition, in addition to failures in the execution of clinical procedures. CONCLUSION: Despite the media's relevant emphasis on nursing, the students consider that society's mistaken perception of nursing work affects the profession's recognition.

Trait-specificity versus global positivity: A critical test of alternative sources of assumed similarity in personality judgments.

For decades, a recurring question in person perception research has been whether people's perceptions of others' personality traits are related to how they see themselves on these traits. Indeed, evidence for such "assumed similarity" effects has been found repeatedly, at least for certain characteristics. However, recent research suggests that these findings may be an artifact of individual differences in how positively or negatively perceivers see others in general, irrespective of trait-specific content. Overcoming the limitations of prior studies, the present work provides a critical test of trait-specificity versus global positivity as sources of assumed similarity in personality judgments. In two large studies (Ns = 2,287 and 3,563) with preregistered hypotheses and analyses, perceivers rated 10 targets (strangers) each on the honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience; HEXACO (Study 1) and Big Five (Study 2) dimensions to capture their perceptions of the "average other" (i.e., perceiver effects). We then computed "positivity-corrected" assumed similarity effects using trait-based and profile-based approaches. Although controlling for global positivity considerably reduced the strength of assumed similarity, perceiver effects were still positively related to self-reports. As predicted, these assumed similarity effects occurred foremostly for traits strongly linked to values. Specifically, in Study 1, positivity-corrected assumed similarity was observed only for honesty-humility and openness to experience, albeit meaningful effects merely occurred on one of the two self-report measures. In Study 2, traits' value-relatedness remained a unique moderator of assumed similarity after accounting for traits' positivity (i.e., social desirability). These findings demonstrate that assumed similarity is indeed, to some extent, trait-specific. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

More than random responding: Empirical evidence for the validity of the (Extended) Crosswise Model.

The Randomized Response Technique (Warner, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 60, 63-69, 1965) has been developed to control for socially desirable responses in surveys on sensitive attributes. The Crosswise Model (CWM; Yu et al., Metrika, 67, 251-263, 2008) and its extension, the Extended Crosswise Model (ECWM; Heck et al., Behavior Research Methods, 50, 1895-1905, 2018), are advancements of the Randomized Response Technique that have provided promising results in terms of improved validity of the obtained prevalence estimates compared to estimates based on conventional direct questions. However, recent studies have raised the question as to whether these promising results might have been primarily driven by a methodological artifact in terms of random responses rather than a successful control of socially desirable responding. The current study was designed to disentangle the influence of successful control of socially desirable responding and random answer behavior on the validity of (E)CWM estimates. To this end, we orthogonally manipulated the direction of social desirability (undesirable vs. desirable) and the prevalence (high vs. low) of sensitive attributes. Our results generally support the notion that the ECWM successfully controls social desirability bias and is inconsistent with the alternative account that ECWM estimates are distorted by a substantial influence of random responding. The results do not rule out a small proportion of random answers, especially when socially undesirable attributes with high prevalence are studied, or when high randomization probabilities are applied. Our results however do rule out that random responding is a major factor that can account for the findings attesting to the improved validity of (E)CWM as compared with DQ estimates.

Can Faking Be Measured With Dedicated Validity Scales? Within-Subject Trifactor Mixture Modeling Applied to BIDR Responses.

A sample of 516 participants responded to the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) under answer honest and instructed faking conditions in a within-subjects design. We analyze these data with a novel application of trifactor modeling that models the two substantive factors measured by the BIDR-self-deceptive enhancement (SDE) and impression management (IM), condition-related common factors, and item-specific factors. The model permits examination of invariance and change within subjects across conditions. Participants were able to significantly increase their SDE and IM in the instructed faking condition relative to the honest response condition. Mixture modeling confirmed the existence of a theoretical two-class solution comprised of approximately two thirds of "compliers" and one third of "noncompliers." Factor scores had good determinacy and correlations with observed scores were near unity for continuous scoring, supporting observed score interpretations of BIDR scales in high-stakes settings. Correlations were somewhat lower for the dichotomous scoring protocol. Overall, results show that the BIDR scales function similarly as measures of socially desirable functioning in low- and high-stakes conditions. We discuss conditions under which we expect these results will and will not generalize to other validity scales.

Third- and First-Person Effects of COVID News in HBCU Students' Risk Perception and Behavioral Intention: Social Desirability, Social Distance, and Social Identity.

With COVID-19's unprecedented impact and ongoing debates on prosocial social distancing and antisocial beach crowd gathering, this study examined the roles of social desirability, social distance marked by race, and social identity in the third-person effect (TPE) of COVID-related news concerning risk perception among Historically Black College and University (HBCU) students. The findings confirmed third- and first-person effects with the perceived influence of antisocial (beach partying) news greater for others than themselves, whereas the self was perceived to be more responsive to the influence of prosocial (social distancing) news. A symmetric interaction between social desirability and social identity indicated that the racial out-group, non-HBCU students in Florida were perceived as more affected by antisocial beach party news, whereas the in-group HBCU peers were perceived as more influenced by desirable social distancing warning news and COVID news in general. The first-person perception and shrunk self-other gap in COVID news influence on HBCU students" concerns may be associated with perceived personal vulnerability and responsibility as well as a political reflection on the government's handling of COVID. While they presumed favorable media influence on self and the in-group to preserve collective self-esteem, they made realistic threat judgments from perceiving undesirable media influence on their in-group peers' risky behavior tendency and intended to take preventive actions (staying home) to avoid the health risk. Further, it was the first-person perceptual gap between themselves and the out-group, non-HBCU students that influenced them to heed social distancing warnings.

What makes people feel respected? Toward an integrative psychology of social worth.

People care a great deal about their social worth in other people's eyes, and social worth is an important factor in many social scientific theories. At the same time, social worth phenomena are scattered across diverse literatures under different conceptual labels, with little correspondence between them. In the present article, we attempt to integrate social worth research by focusing on three core questions: (1) What is the meaning of social worth in a particular interaction or relationship? (2) How do people evaluate their social worth in the eyes of their partner? and (3) How do people react when they are credited with different forms of social worth? According to the theoretical framework we propose, the particular meaning of social worth depends on a person's goals for an interaction, and we draw on interdependence theory to map how different situations afford the activation of different goals. To evaluate their social worth in a partner's eyes, a person judges whether the role they are accorded by the partner satisfies their own interaction goals. This comparison can yield an affirmation, a disconfirmation, or a violation of the person's social worth expectations. A person's reactions to these social worth experiences can be understood as attempts to regulate the situation's interdependence structure following the partner's feedback. We review social worth-related research from different research areas to show the framework's wide applicability and integrative potential. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).