Gozo, segregação e trauma na civilização neoliberal / Enjoyment, segregation, and trauma in the neoliberal civilization / Jouissance, ségrégation et traumatisme dans la civilisation néolibérale

O real, em Lacan, aparece como um resto que escapa inevitavelmente à ordem simbólica e tem um efeito traumático. O sintoma responde ao traumático preservando algo dele, mas ao mesmo tempo o disfarçando. Para isso, ele alia-se à fantasia, na qual o gozo que assinala a irrupção do traumático é projetado no Outro. Na sociedade repressiva da época de Freud, sintoma e fantasia forneciam ao sujeito uma válvula de escape que velava o trauma estrutural. Na sociedade neoliberal contemporânea, o imperativo do gozo torna isso mais difícil e o trauma estrutural mostra-se de maneira mais evidente. Além disso, a segregação em termos de tipo de gozo ou de possibilidade de acesso ao gozo reforça o elemento traumático. O establishment psiquiátrico, contudo, tende a desresponsabilizar o sujeito (e a sociedade na qual ele vive) pelo trauma.

The real, in Lacan, appears as a rest that inevitably escapes the symbolic order and has a traumatic effect. The symptom responds to the trauma by preserving something from it while disguising it. For that, it articulates itself to fantasy, in which the enjoyment that marks the irruption of the trauma is projected onto the Other. In the repressive society of the times of Freud, symptom and fantasy provided the subject with an escape valve that veiled the structural trauma. In contemporary neoliberal society, the imperative of enjoyment hinders this mechanism, thus the structural trauma appears more evidently. Moreover, segregation in terms of the type of enjoyment or the possibility of access to enjoyment reinforces the traumatic element. The psychiatric establishment, however, tends to exempt the subject (and the society where he lives) from responsibility for the trauma.

Le réel, chez Lacan, apparaît comme un reste qui échappe inévitablement à l'ordre symbolique et a un effet traumatique. Le symptôme répond au traumatisme en en préservant quelque chose, mais en le masquant en même temps. Pour cela, il s'allie au fantasme, dans lequel la jouissance qui marque l'irruption du traumatique est projetée sur l'Autre. Dans la société répressive du temps de Freud, le symptôme et le fantasme fournissaient au sujet un exutoire qui voilait le traumatisme structurel. Dans la société néolibérale contemporaine, l'impératif de jouissance rend cela plus difficile et le traumatisme structurel apparaît plus clairement. De plus, la ségrégation en termes de type de jouissance ou de possibilité d'accès à la jouissance renforce l'élément traumatique. L'établissement psychiatrique a cependant la tendance à exonérer le sujet (et la société dans laquelle il vit) de la responsabilité du traumatisme.

School choice increases racial segregation even when parents do not care about race.

This research examines how school choice impacts school segregation. Specifically, this work demonstrates that even if parents do not take the racial demographics of schools into account, preference differences between Black and White parents for other school attributes can still result in segregation. These preference differences stem from motivational differences in pursuit of social status. Given that the de facto US racial hierarchy assigns Black people to a lower social status, Black parents are more motivated to seek schools that signal that they can improve their children's status. Simulations of parental school decisions at scale show that preference differences under an unmitigated school-choice policy lead to more segregated schools, impacting more than half a million US children for every 3-percentage-point increase in school-choice availability. In contrast, if Black and White parents have similar preferences, unmitigated school choice would reduce racial segregation. This research may inform public policy concerning school choice and school segregation.

Association Between Structural Housing Repairs for Low-Income Homeowners and Neighborhood Crime.

Importance: The root causes of violent crime in Black urban neighborhoods are structural, including residential racial segregation and concentrated poverty. Previous work suggests that simple and scalable place-based environmental interventions can overcome the legacies of neighborhood disinvestment and have implications for health broadly and crime specifically. Objective: To assess whether structural repairs to the homes of low-income owners are associated with a reduction in nearby crime. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study using difference-in-differences analysis included data from the City of Philadelphia Basic Systems Repair Program (BSRP) from January 1, 2006, through April 30, 2013. The unit of analysis was block faces (single street segments between 2 consecutive intersecting streets) with or without homes that received the BSRP intervention. The blocks of homes that received BSRP services were compared with the blocks of eligible homes that were still on the waiting list. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2019, to February 28, 2021. Exposures: The BSRP intervention includes a grant of up to $20 000 provided to low-income owners for structural repairs to electrical, plumbing, heating, and roofing damage. Eligible homeowners must meet income guidelines, which are set by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development and vary yearly. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was police-reported crime across 7 major categories of violent and nonviolent crimes (homicide, assault, burglary, theft, robbery, disorderly conduct, and public drunkenness). Results: A total of 13 632 houses on 6732 block faces received the BSRP intervention. Owners of these homes had a mean (range) age of 56.5 (18-98) years, were predominantly Black (10 952 [78.6%]) or Latino (1658 [11.9%]) individuals, and had a mean monthly income of $993. These census tracts compared with those without BSRP intervention had a substantially larger Black population (49.5% vs 12.2%; |D| = 0.406) and higher unemployment rate (17.3% vs 9.3%; |D| = 0.357). The main regression analysis demonstrated that the addition to a block face of a property that received a BSRP intervention was associated with a 21.9% decrease in the expected count of total crime (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.76-0.80; P < .001), 19.0% decrease in assault (IRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84; P < .001), 22.6% decrease in robbery (IRR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.75-0.80; P < .001), and 21.9% decrease in homicide (IRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71-0.86; P < .001). When restricting the analysis to blocks with properties that had ever received a BSRP intervention, a total crime reduction of 25.4% was observed for each additional property (IRR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.73-0.77; P < .001). A significant dose-dependent decrease in total crime was found such that the magnitude of association increased with higher numbers of homes participating in the BSRP on a block. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that the BSRP intervention was associated with a modest but significant reduction in crime. These findings suggest that intentional and targeted financial investment in structural, scalable, and sustainable place-based interventions in neighborhoods that are still experiencing the lasting consequences of structural racism and segregation is a vital step toward achieving health equity.

The Association Between Neighborhood Social Vulnerability and Cardiovascular Health Risk Among Black/African American Women in the InterGEN Study.

BACKGROUND: Black/African American women in the United States are more likely to live in neighborhoods with higher social vulnerability than other racial/ethnic groups, even when adjusting for personal income. Social vulnerability, defined as the degree to which the social conditions of a community affect its ability to prevent loss and suffering in the event of disaster, has been used in research as an objective measure of neighborhood social vulnerability. Black/African American women also have the highest rates of hypertension and obesity in the United States. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between neighborhood social vulnerability and cardiovascular risk (hypertension and obesity) among Black/African American women. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the InterGEN Study that enrolled Black/African American women in the Northeast United States. Participants' addresses were geocoded to ascertain neighborhood vulnerability using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index at the census tract level. We used multivariable regression models to examine associations between objective measures of neighborhood quality and indicators of structural racism and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and obesity (body mass index > 24.9) and to test psychological stress, coping, and depression as potential moderators of these relationships. RESULTS: Seventy-four percent of participating Black/African American women lived in neighborhoods in the top quartile for social vulnerability nationally. Women living in the top 10% of most socially vulnerable neighborhoods in our sample had more than a threefold greater likelihood of hypertension when compared to those living in less vulnerable neighborhoods. Objective neighborhood measures of structural racism (percentage of poverty, percentage of unemployment, percentage of residents >25 years old without a high school diploma, and percentage of residents without access to a vehicle) were significantly associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure and obesity in adjusted models. Psychological stress had a significant moderating effect on the associations between neighborhood vulnerability and cardiovascular risk. DISCUSSION: We identified important associations between structural racism, the neighborhood environment, and cardiovascular health among Black/African American women. These findings add to a critical body of evidence documenting the role of structural racism in perpetuating health inequities and highlight the need for a multifaceted approach to policy, research, and interventions to address racial health inequities.

Psicanálise, infâncias e vulnerabilidades: as crianças nos espaços da cidade / Psicoanálisis, niñecesy vulnerabilidades: los niños en los espacios de la ciudad / Psychoanalysis, childhood and vulnerability: children in the spaces of cities / Psychanalyse, enfances et vulnérabilités: les enfants dans les espaces de la ville

Este artigo tem como objetivo traçar um panorama acerca dos lugares de vulnerabilidade que as crianças têm ocupado nos cenários da pólis e identificar possíveis modos de cuidados para com elas. Trata-se de uma reflexão teórica que problematiza a maneira como as dinâmicas sociais interferem na constituição subjetiva dos sujeitos. Foram retomados alguns conceitos fundamentais para Freud, como o desamparo e o mal-estar civilizatório, refletindo sobre como estes se presentificam na formação dos laços sociais na conjuntura contemporânea das infâncias. Coube, ainda, enfatizar o processo de segregação e a desigualdade social que compõem a construção das cidades no Brasil, colocando em cena a situação das crianças nestes cenários. Finalmente, considerou-se as possibilidades de cuidado à infância, interessando à psicanálise o sujeito do inconsciente e a circulação da palavra

Este artículo tiene como objetivo hacer un panorama acerca de los sitios de vulnerabilidad en los que los niños han ocupado en los escenarios de la polis e identificar posibles maneras de cuidarlas. Dice respecto a una reflexión teórica la que problematiza la manera como las dinámicas sociales interfieren en la constitución subjetiva de los sujetos. Han sido revistos algunos conceptos basales para Freud, como el desamparo y el malestar civilizacional, reflexionando sobre cómo estos se presentificaron en la formación de los lazos sociales en la coyuntura contemporánea de las niñeces. Cabe poner énfasis todavía en el proceso de segregación y en la desigualdad social constituyentes de la construcción de las ciudades en Brasil, dando enfoque la situación de losniños en esos escenarios. Por último, se consideró las posibilidades de cuidado a la niñez, lo que toca al psicoanálisis y a la difusión de la palabra

This article aims at outlining places of vulnerability that children have been occupying in the polis scenery as well as to identify possible ways of attending children's needs. It is a theoretical reflection that approaches the different methods social dynamics interfere in the subjective constitution of subjects. Some central concepts for Freud were employed, such as helplessness and the discontent in civilization in order to analyze how they are present in the shaping of social bonds in the contemporary childhood conjuncture. It was also necessary to emphasize the process of segregation and social inequality manifested in the construction of cities in Brazil, placing a spotlight on the situation of the children living these environments. Finally, the possibilities of childhood care were considered with psychoanalysis being interested in the subject of the unconscious and the circulation of the word

Cet article vise à donner un aperçu des places de vulnérabilité que les enfants ont occupés dans les scénarios de la polis à identifier les moyens possibles de les prendre en charge. Il s'agit d'une réflexion théorique qui problématise la manière dont les dynamiques sociales interfèrent dans la constitution subjective des individus. Quelques concepts fondamentaux ont été repris pour Freud, comme l'impuissance et le malaise de civilisation, en réfléchissant sur la façon dont ils se présentent dans la formation des liens sociaux dans le contexte contemporain de l'enfance. Il a également souligné le processus de ségrégation et l'inégalité sociale qui composent la construction des villes au Brésil, en mettant en évidence la situation des enfants dans ces scénarios. Enfin, les possibilités de prise en charge de l'enfance ont été envisagées, la psychanalyse s'intéressant au sujet de l'inconscient et de la circulation de la parole

Numerical Minority Status in Middle School and Racial/Ethnic Segregation in Academic Classes.

This study examined the effects of racial/ethnic segregation (i.e., overrepresentation) in academic classes on belonging, fairness, intergroup attitudes, and achievement across middle school (n = 4,361; MageT1 = 11.33 years), and whether effects depended on numerical minority status in school and race/ethnicity. Latent growth curve models revealed that experiencing more segregation than usual predicted less belonging and fairness than usual for all youth in the numerical minority, and greater in-group preference for numerical minority Whites. Academic classroom segregation throughout middle school predicted less steep declines in in-group preference for adolescents in the numerical minority, and declines in achievement for African American numerical minority youth. Results highlight the need to treat the racial/ethnic context as a structural and dynamic construct.

Relationship of Early-Life Residence and Educational Experience to Level and Change in Cognitive Functioning: Results of the Minority Aging Research Study.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate associations of early-life residence and school segregation with cognitive change in the Minority Aging Research Study. METHODS: Four hundred ninety-eight blacks (age ~ 73.5; 75% = women) without dementia at baseline self-reported State of birth, residence at age 12, and school segregation status. Census Bureau definitions of South and Northeast/Midwest were used to categorize early-life residence. We evaluated global cognition and five cognitive domains at baseline and annually for ~7.5 years. Linear mixed effects models examined the associations of region of birth and residence at age 12 with baseline level and longitudinal change in cognition. Additional models examined school segregation experience. RESULTS: ~65% of Southern-born participants still lived in the South at age 12. Southern birth was associated with lower baseline global cognition and all cognitive domains (p-values ≤ .02) compared to Northern birth, but not cognitive change. A similar profile was seen for Southern residence at age 12. Segregation experience significantly modified associations of residence at age 12 on levels of cognition. Participants residing in the South attending a legally desegregated school demonstrated lower baseline levels of cognition (global, semantic, and working memory) than their Northeast/Midwest counterparts attending a legally desegregated or segregated school as well as their Southern counterparts attending a legally segregated school. This profile for participants attending a desegregated school in the South held for processing speed and visuospatial ability in comparisons to Northeast/Midwest counterparts, particularly those attending a legally desegregated school. CONCLUSION: Baseline cognition was poorer in individuals born and residing in the South, particularly those attending desegregated schools at age 12.

The Psychological Cost of Racial Discrimination: What is the Role of Residential Segregation?

Racial discrimination is known to harm health, but to what extent the health burden of racial discrimination is contingent on residential contexts is understudied. This study examines the moderating role of racial residential segregation in the relationship between racial discrimination and psychological distress. Nationally representative data from the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Study were merged with metropolitan-level data from the U.S. Census. Logistic regression models were used to test the independent and joint contributions of racial discrimination and residential segregation to psychological distress among Asians and Latinxs, stratified by nativity status. Higher residential segregation (measured by the interaction index) is associated with lower odds of distress among U.S.-born Asians but not among other groups. As for the moderating effect, residential segregation exacerbates the positive association between discrimination and distress among foreign-born Asians (measured by the dissimilarity index) and foreign-born Latinxs (measured by the interaction index), but not among their respective U.S.-born counterparts. Taken together, the present study highlights that strategies to mitigate the psychological burden of racial discrimination need to move beyond individual-level efforts to incorporate neighborhood-based approaches. In particular, results provide empirical support for efforts to reduce residential segregation, particularly among immigrants who are discriminated against.

Uma clínica para acolher a "Juventude Abandonada" de hoje / Una clínica para acoger la "Juventud Desamparada" de hoy / A clinic to harbor today's "Wayward Youth"

Partindo de Juventude Abandonada, de Aichhorn, Privação e Delinquência, de Winnicott, e de escritos de Freud, Lacan, Tizio, Minnicelli, Ponnou e Lacadée, propomos intervenções possíveis a fim de resgatar a subjetividade do adolescente embaraçado com seu ato delitivo. Por meio da palavra, sem ceder às pressões do consumo e da sociedade, mostramos como é possível fazer frente às lógicas segregativas do discurso dominante com sua tendência à judicialização e ao apagamento da dimensão subjetiva do jovem. Evocamos às medidas socioeducativas de exceção e de acolhimento de sujeitos antissociais os princípios da "clínica da urgência subjetiva", mas não sem perguntar: A "situação analítica" requer o desenvolvimento de determinadas estruturas, como a presença de um sintoma e o manejo da transferência, porém como realizar uma intervenção psicanaliticamente orientada sem que muitos jovens as apresentem? Como realizar a "clínica da urgência subjetiva" sem que um sintoma seja formalizado e direcionado a um suposto saber como ocorre na clínica standard? E mais: em tempos de palidez do Ideal do Eu e de declínio da imago paterna, como resgatar o lugar de referente sem que este funcione como tirano, quando massivamente presente, ou propicie o pânico, quando extensivamente ausente?

Partiendo de Juventud Desamparada, de Aichhorn, Deprivación y Delincuencia, de Winnicott, y escritos de Freud, Lacan, Tizio, Minnicelli, Ponnou y Lacadée, proponemos intervenciones posibles a fin de rescatar la subjetividad del adolescente complicada con su acto delictivo. Por medio de la palabra, sin ceder a las presiones del consumo y de la sociedad, mostramos cómo es posible hacer frente a las lógicas segregativas del discurso dominante con su tendencia a la judicialización y al borrado de la dimensión subjetiva del joven. Evocamos a las medidas socioeducativas de excepción y de acogida de sujetos antisociales los principios de la "clínica de la urgencia subjetiva", pero no sin preguntar: La "situación analítica" requiere el desarrollo de determinadas estructuras, como la presencia de un síntoma y el manejo de la transferencia, pero ¿cómo realizar una intervención psicoanalítica orientada sin que muchos jóvenes presenten el síntoma y la transferencia? ¿Cómo realizar la "clínica de la urgencia subjetiva" sin que un síntoma sea formalizado y dirigido a un supuesto saber cómo ocurre en la clínica estándar? Y más: en tiempos de palidez del Ideal del Yo y de declinación de la imago paterna, ¿cómo rescatar el lugar de referente sin que éste funcione como tirano, cuando se encuentra masivamente presente, o propicia el pánico, cuando se encuentra extensivamente ausente?

Starting from the Wayward youth, Aichhorn's, Deprivation and Delinquency, Winnicott's, and writings by Freud, Lacan, Tizio, Minnicelli, Ponnou and Lacadée, we propose possible interventions to rescue the subjectivity of the adolescent complicated by his delict act. Through the word, without giving in to the pressures of consumption and society, we show how it is possible to deal with the segregating logic of the dominant discourse with its tendency to judicialize and erase the subjective dimension of the young. We call socio-educational measures of "exception" and "reception" of antisocial subjects the principles of "subjective urgency and psychoanalytic clinic", but not without asking: The "analytical situation" requires the development of certain structures, such as the presence of a symptom and the handling of the transference, but how to carry out a psychoanalytically oriented intervention without many young people experience both symptom and transference? How to perform the "subjective urgency and psychoanalytic clinic" without nor a symptom being formalized and nor directed to a supposed knowing as it happens in the standard clinic? What is more, in times of blankness of the Ideal of the Ego and the decline of the paternal imago, how to rescue the place of reference without this functioning as a tyrant, when massively present, or provoke panic, when extensively absent?

Choice Set Formation in Residential Mobility and Its Implications for Segregation Dynamics.

We develop and estimate a statistical model of neighborhood choice that draws on insights from cognitive science and decision theory as well as qualitative studies of housing search. The model allows for a sequential decision process and the possibility that people consider a small and selective subset of all potential destinations. When combined with data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, our model reveals that affordability constraints and households' tendency toward short-distance moves lead blacks and Hispanics to have racially stratified choice sets in which their own group is disproportionately represented. We use an agent-based model to assess how racially stratified choice sets contribute to segregation outcomes. Our results show that cognitive decision strategies can amplify patterns of segregation and inequality.

Personal and Neighborhood Attributes Associated with Cervical and Colorectal Cancer Screening in an Urban African American Population.

INTRODUCTION: Assessing individual social determinants of health in primary care might be complemented by consideration of population attributes in patients' neighborhoods. We studied associations between cervical and colorectal cancer screening and neighborhood attributes among an African American population in Philadelphia. METHODS: We abstracted demographic and cancer screening information from records of patients seen during 2006 at 3 federally qualified health centers and characterized patients' census tracts of residence by using census, survey, and other data to define population metrics for poverty, racial segregation, educational attainment, social capital, neighborhood safety, and violent crime. We used generalized estimating equations to obtain adjusted relative risks of screening associated with individual and census tract attributes. RESULTS: Among 1,708 patients for whom colorectal cancer screening was recommended, screening was up to date for 41%, and among 4,995 women for whom cervical cancer screening was recommended, screening was up to date for 75%. After controlling for age, sex (for colorectal cancer screening), insurance coverage, and clinic site, people living in the most racially segregated neighborhoods were nearly 10% more likely than others to be unscreened for colorectal cancer. Other census tract population attributes were not associated with differences in screening levels for either cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The association between lower rates of colorectal cancer screening and neighborhood racial segregation is consistent with known barriers to colonoscopy among African Americans combined with effects of segregation on health-related behaviors. Recognition of the association between segregation and lower colorectal cancer screening rates might be useful in informing and targeting community outreach to improve screening.

Increased Employment for Segregated Roma May Improve Their Health: Outcomes of a Public-Private Partnership Project.

Increasing employment opportunities for segregated Roma might prevent major economic losses and improve their health. Involvement of the private sector in Roma employment, on top of intensified governmental actions, is likely to be a key to sustainable improvement, but evidence on this is scarce. Our aim was to determine the potential outcomes of such a partnership regarding increased employability and the resulting improved well-being and health. We therefore investigated a Roma employment project called Equality of Opportunity, run since 2002 by a private company, U.S. Steel Kosice, in eastern Slovakia. We conducted a multi-perspective qualitative study to obtain the perspectives of key stakeholders on the outcomes of this project. We found that they expected the employability of segregated Roma to increase in particular via improvements in their work ethic and working habits, education, skills acquisition, self-confidence, courage and social inclusion. They further expected as the main health effects of increased employability an improvement in Roma well-being and health via a stable income, better housing, crime reduction, improved hygienic standards, access to prevention and improved mental resilience. Social policies regarding segregated Roma could thus be best directed at increasing employment and at these topics in particular to increase their effects on Roma health.

Network model of conviction-driven social segregation.

To measure, predict, and prevent social segregation, it is necessary to understand the factors that cause it. While in most available descriptions space plays an essential role, one outstanding question is whether and how this phenomenon is possible in a well-mixed social network. We define and solve a simple model of segregation on networks based on discrete convictions. In our model, space does not play a role, and individuals never change their conviction, but they may choose to connect socially to other individuals based on two criteria: sharing the same conviction and individual popularity (regardless of conviction). The tradeoff between these two moves defines a parameter, analogous to the "tolerance" parameter in classical models of spatial segregation. We show numerically and analytically that this parameter determines a true phase transition (somewhat reminiscent of phase separation in a binary mixture) between a well-mixed and a segregated state. Additionally, minority convictions segregate faster and inter-specific aversion alone may lead to a segregation threshold with similar properties. Together, our results highlight the general principle that a segregation transition is possible in absence of spatial degrees of freedom, provided that conviction-based rewiring occurs on the same time scale of popularity rewirings.

Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education.

Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam is one of the indicating features of Islamic fundamentalism and, in some cases, is serving as a pull to join extremist groups. In this paper, using data from two waves of a cross-national survey, we investigate what affects European Muslims' opinions about Western governments. We find that residential segregation is associated with perceived hostility of Western governments to Islam. Further, we find that Muslims living in segregated neighbourhoods and enclaves have a higher probability of believing that Western governments are hostile to Islam. National origins of Muslim immigrants have a significant impact, with people from African countries measuring less perceived hostility than others. We also find that education is associated with perceived hostility of Western governments to Islam in a non-linear way. People with the highest and lowest levels of education tend to be less likely to believe that Western governments are hostile to Islam, relative to people with mid-level education. This non-linear effect is best explained by education's differential effects on perceptions of key world events. During the time between 2011 - before ISIS's announcement of its Caliphate in Iraq and Syria - and 2013, subsequent to that announcement, we see a sharp decrease in perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam, particularly among more educated European Muslims. We make the case that this decrease can be attributed, in some ways, to the emergence of ISIS. We discuss our findings in terms of theoretical and policy implications.

Personal networks, social media, and community cohesion in the strategies of peace-building agents in Colombia to counteract the segregation of displaced populations.

As part of the "Colombian Peace Process," victim assistance programs, actions for the reincorporation into civilian life of ex-combatants, and demobilized persons of the armed conflict have been developed as well as innovative instances of intervention in cases of posttraumatic stress. In this study, we surveyed 143 community leaders from the Department of Atlántico (Colombia), participants in a program for capacity building in rehabilitation and mediation strategies. With a mixed design in which we combine the analysis of personal networks, psychometric scales, and qualitative interviews, we describe the use that community mediators make of their personal skills, their personal network, and social media in their actions to confront social trauma and promote coexistence in the local community. The results show a significant relationship between the density of personal networks and the psychological sense of community. Paradoxically, the high social cohesion of the communities of people displaced by political violence seems to pose objective difficulties in reducing trauma. In the discussion, we indicate that the sociogeographic segregation derived from housing policies becomes an obstacle to the effective functioning of the coexistence and reintegration programs of victims and demobilized persons of the armed conflict. In this context, social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp are little used by community mediators in the development of their activities, which they perceive as reinforcing largely the dynamics of segregation of the displaced population.

Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans.

PURPOSE: Because segregation may shield blacks from discrimination as well as increase their exposure to concentrated poverty, its net impact on the mental well-being of black Americans is unclear. We investigated the intersection between segregation, neighborhood poverty, race, and psychological well-being. METHODS: Using data from the nationally representative 2008-2013 National Health Interview Survey merged with U.S. Census data, we examined the association between black-white metropolitan segregation (D-index and P-index) and psychological distress (a binary indicator based on the Kessler 6 score ≥ 13) for blacks and whites. Furthermore, we assessed whether neighborhood poverty explains and/or modifies the association. Logistic regression models were estimated separately for blacks and whites as well as for each segregation index. RESULTS: Higher D- and P-indices were associated with higher odds of psychological distress for blacks. Neighborhood poverty explained some, but not all, of the association. In models that allowed for the impact of metropolitan segregation to vary by neighborhood poverty, higher segregation was found to be detrimental for blacks who resided in high poverty neighborhoods but not for those living in low poverty neighborhoods. We found no evidence that segregation impacts the mental health of whites-either detrimentally or beneficially-regardless of neighborhood poverty level. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of segregation differs by neighborhood poverty and race. The psychological harm of structural racism, resulting in segregation and concentrated poverty, is not additive but multiplicative, reflecting a "triple jeopardy" for blacks, whereby their mental health is detrimentally impacted by the compounded effects of both neighborhood distress and racial segregation.

Relationship of Racial Residential Segregation to Newly Diagnosed Cases of HIV among Black Heterosexuals in US Metropolitan Areas, 2008-2015.

Social science and public health literature has framed residential segregation as a potent structural determinant of the higher HIV burden among black heterosexuals, but empirical evidence has been limited. The purpose of this study is to test, for the first time, the association between racial segregation and newly diagnosed heterosexually acquired HIV cases among black adults and adolescents in 95 large US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in 2008-2015. We operationalized racial segregation (the main exposure) using Massey and Denton's isolation index for black residents; the outcome was the rate of newly diagnosed HIV cases per 10,000 black adult heterosexuals. We tested the relationship of segregation to this outcome using multilevel multivariate models of longitudinal (2008-2015) MSA-level data, controlling for potential confounders and time. All covariates were lagged by 1 year and centered on baseline values. We preliminarily explored mediation of the focal relationship by inequalities in education, employment, and poverty rates. Segregation was positively associated with the outcome: a one standard deviation decrease in baseline isolation was associated with a 16.2% reduction in the rate of new HIV diagnoses; one standard deviation reduction in isolation over time was associated with 4.6% decrease in the outcome. Exploratory mediation analyses suggest that black/white socioeconomic inequality may mediate the relationship between segregation and HIV. Our study suggests that residential segregation may be a distal determinant of HIV among black heterosexuals. The findings further emphasize the need to address segregation as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce racial inequities in HIV.

Students from single-sex schools are more gender-salient and more anxious in mixed-gender situations: Results from high school and college samples.

Gender segregation exists in all walks of life. One of the most common forms of institutionalized gender segregation is perhaps single-sex schooling. Because schooling experience has important influence on students' psychosocial development, interest in gender-segregated education has been reviving over the globe. Skeptics of single-sex schooling have suggested that such schooling may increase students' gender salience (awareness of gender in categorizations), reduce opportunities for mixed-gender interactions, and increase mixed-gender anxiety, but little evidence has been found. It is critical to explore how single-sex schooling is associated with these psychosocial outcomes in adolescents and young adults because they are in the developmental stage when the desire and need to establish mixed-gender relationships increase. We report two systematic studies on gender salience, mixed-gender friendships, and mixed-gender anxiety on 2059 high school students and 456 college students from single-sex or coeducational schools. Even with demographic background controlled, results suggested higher gender salience in single-sex school students in the high school sample, and greater mixed-gender anxiety and fewer mixed-gender friendships in these students in both samples. These differences were not moderated by student gender and were similar in first-year versus senior college students. Moreover, mixed-gender friendships, though not gender salience, appeared to engage in a possibly bi-directional mediation relationship with mixed-gender anxiety that is consistent with a vicious cycle of escalating anxiety and lack of mixed-gender interaction among single-sex school students. These findings help fill the knowledge gap about the correlates of gender-segregated schooling and shed light on the precursors of later social and achievement differences between single-sex and coeducational school students.

O sujeito autista como figura da segregação / The autist as a figure of segregation / El sujeto autista como figura de la segregación

Considerando a problemática clínico-política concernente ao autismo, nosso objetivo é discutir como o sujeito autista representa uma das figuras da segregação do nosso tempo. Partimos de uma contextualização sobre a nova racionalidade tecnocientífica da medicina contemporânea e seus efeitos sobre os critérios estatísticos de diagnóstico/classificação no campo da saúde mental, para, em seguida, situarmos as questões relativas ao que vem configurando uma batalha política acerca do tratamento do autismo. Assim, observamos que o autismo atualiza a noção de criança generalizada, com a qual Lacan se referia ao sujeito-objeto da ciência, aquele cuja verdade está nas mãos dos especialistas. Concluímos que a contribuição de Lacan permanece atual, e - se em 1967, ele desenvolveu suas ideias sobre a segregação como resposta à psiquiatria da criança - interrogamos o que ele teria dito hoje, 50 anos depois, com relação ao cenário atual, ordenado em torno das políticas de saúde mental infantil

Considering the clinical-political problematic related to autism, our objective is to discuss how the autistic subject represents one of the figures of the segregation of our time. We start from a contextualization about the new techno-scientific rationality of contemporary medicine and its effects on the diagnostic criteria/ classification in the field of mental health, and then we situate the questions related to what has been forming a political battle about the treatment of autism. Thus, we observe that autism actualizes the notion of generalized child, with which Lacan referred to the subject-object of science, the one whose truth is in the hands of specialists. We conclude that Lacan's contribution remains current, and - if in 1967 he developed his ideas about segregation in response to the child's psychiatry - we question what he would have said today, 50 years later, in relation to the current scenario of mental health policies

Considerando la problemática clínico-política concerniente al autismo, nuestro objetivo es discutir cómo el sujeto autista representa una de las figuras de la segregación de nuestro tiempo. Partimos de una contextualización sobre la nueva racionalidad tecnocientífica de la medicina contemporánea y sus efectos sobre los criterios estadísticos de diagnóstico/ clasificación en el campo de la salud mental, para luego situar las cuestiones relativas a lo que viene configurando una batalla política acerca del tratamiento del autismo. Así, observamos que el autismo actualiza la noción de niño generalizado, con la que Lacan se refería al sujeto-objeto de la ciencia, aquel cuya verdad está en las manos de los especialistas. Concluimos que la contribución de Lacan sigue siendo actual, y - se en 1967, desarrolló sus ideas sobre la segregación como respuesta a la psiquiatría del niño - interrogamos lo que él habría dicho hoy, 50 años después, con relación al escenario actual, ordenado en torno de las políticas de salud mental infantil

O objeto da segregação e o campo de concentração / The object of segregation and the concentration camp / El objeto de la segregación y el campo de concentración

O isolamento de um sujeito puro é o fundamento do saber científico, segundo Lacan (1967). Deste sujeito puro está velada a estrutura que comporta a relação com o objeto a e a implicação disso, que Lacan apregoa a uma universalização do sujeito, tem ressonâncias sobre o ser falante e, também, sobre a ordem social. O preço dos avanços civilizatórios se traduz, para além do mal-estar, em efeitos de segregação. Tais efeitos permitem que se questione o estatuto assumido pelo objeto a nesse processo, que tem por contrapartida a ampliação dos processos de segregação atrelada ao futuro de mercados comuns. No velamento da divisão do sujeito procuraremos situar um encontro forjado por meio do objeto produzido pela tecnicização da ciência, sob a injunção do Discurso do Capitalismo. Desde então, avançaremos para sustentar que a matriz para tal processo poderia estar firmada historicamente nos campos de concentração. Tal percurso permite questionar a implicação do objeto a na noção de efeito de segregação.(AU)

The isolation of a pure subject is the foundation of the scientific knowledge, according to Lacan (1967/unpublished). From this pure subject is veiled the structure that contains the relation to the object a and the implication of this, that Lacan preaches to a universalization of the subject, has resonances on the speaking being, also, on the social order. The price of civilizational advances translates, to beyond malaise, in the effects of segregation. These effects allow to question the status assumed by the object a in this process, which has as counterpart the expansion of segregation processes linked to the future of common markets. In the veiling of the division of the subject, we will try to locate an encounter forged through the object produced by the technicization of science, under the injunction of the Discourse of Capitalism. Since then, we will advance to maintain that the matrix for such a process could be established historically in the concentration camps. This path allows us to question the implication of object a in the notion of segregation effect.(AU)

El aislamiento de un sujeto puro es el fundamento del saber científico, según Lacan (1967). De este sujeto puro está velada la estructura que comporta la relación con el objeto a y la implicación de eso, que Lacan pregona a una universalización del sujeto, tiene resonancias sobre el ser hablante y, también, sobre el orden social. El precio de los avances civilizatorios se traduce en, además del malestar, efectos de segregación. Tales efectos permiten que se cuestione el estatuto asumido por el objeto a en ese proceso, que tiene como contrapartida la ampliación de los procesos de segregación ligada al futuro de mercados comunes. En el velamiento de la división del sujeto procuraremos situar un encuentro forjado por medio del objeto producido por la tecnicización de la ciencia, bajo la orden del Discurso del Capitalismo. Desde entonces, avanzaremos para sostener que la matriz para tal proceso podría estar firmada históricamente en los campos de concentración. Este recorrido permite cuestionar la implicación del objeto a en la noción del efecto de segregación.(AU)