Development of a nondestructive method for underglaze painted tiles--demonstrated by the analysis of Persian objects from the nineteenth century.

The paper presents an analytical method developed for the nondestructive study of nineteenth-century Persian polychrome underglaze painted tiles. As an example, 9 tiles from French and German museum collections were investigated. Before this work was undertaken little was known about the materials used in pottery at that time, although the broad range of colors and shades, together with their brilliant glazes, made these objects stand out when compared with Iranian ceramics of the preceding periods and suggested the use of new pigments, colorants, and glaze compositions. These materials are thought to be related to provenance and as such appropriate criteria for art-historical attribution. The analytical method is based on the combination of different nondestructive spectroscopic techniques using microfocused beams such as proton-induced X-ray emission/proton-induced gamma-ray emission, X-ray fluorescence, 3D X-ray absorption near edge structure, and confocal Raman spectroscopy and also visible spectroscopy. It was established to address the specific difficulties these objects and the technique of underglaze painting raise. The exact definition of the colors observed on the tiles using the Natural Color System helped to attribute them to different colorants. It was possible to establish the presence of Cr- and U-based colorants as new materials in nineteenth-century Persian tilemaking. The difference in glaze composition (Pb, Sn, Na, and K contents) as well as the use of B and Sn were identified as a potential marker for different workshops.

Historical review: mitochondria and calcium: ups and downs of an unusual relationship.

The discovery of Ca(2+) transport by mitochondria is conventionally credited to De Luca and Engstrom, and Vasington and Murphy, who showed in 1961-1962 that Ca(2+) was taken up by isolated mitochondria using respiratory or ATP energy. However, contributions had already appeared in the 1950s showing - albeit indirectly - that isolated mitochondria bound Ca(2+) actively. Somehow, however, these contributions failed to attract the attention that they undoubtedly deserved. The 1961-1962 findings started the ball rolling, initiating a topic that was to have a peculiar oscillatory history. It went from peaks of great enthusiasm to valleys of essential neglect, and from there to a final (hopefully permanent) robust revival.