The science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (December 2015-March 2016).

The purpose of this review was to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studies on dietary salt relating to health outcomes that were published from December 2015 to March 2016. The search strategy was adapted from a previous systematic review on dietary salt and health. Overall, 13 studies were included in the review: one study assessed cardiovascular events, nine studies assessed prevalence or incidence of blood pressure or hypertension, one study assessed kidney disease, and two studies assessed other health outcomes (obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). Four studies were selected for detailed appraisal and commentary. One study met the minimum methodologic criteria and found an increased risk associated with lower sodium intake in patients with heart failure. All other studies identified in this review demonstrated positive associations between dietary salt and adverse health outcomes.

Estimativas do consumo de sódio no Brasil, revisão dos benefícios relacionados à limitação do consumo deste nutriente na Síndrome Metabólica e avaliação de impacto de intervenção no local de trabalho / Estimates of sodium consumption in Brazil, review of benefits related to limiting the consumption of this nutrient in the Metabolic Syndrome and assessment of impact of intervention at the workplace

O consumo excessivo de sódio tem se associado com vários efeitos prejudiciais à saúde, como aumento da pressão arterial (PA) e doença cardiovascular. Objetivos: Os objetivos da tese foram avaliar a disponibilidade de sódio no Brasil, analisar os efeitos de dietas com teores reduzidos de sódio em indivíduos com Síndrome Metabólica (SM) ou resistência à insulina (RI) e avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção que promoveu a redução da adição de sal aos alimentos. Sujeitos e métodos: A tese está composta de três artigos. O primeiro deles avaliou as aquisições de alimentos e bebidas realizadas pelos domicílios na Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar de 2002/2003 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. O segundo artigo revisou a literatura de forma sistemática acerca dos ensaios clínicos realizados em adultos entre anos de 2004 e 2008. E o último artigo avaliou o impacto de uma intervenção, baseada no modelo ecológico de promoção de saúde, na redução da adição de sal nos alimentos consumidos por trabalhadores de empresas da cidade de São Paulo. Resultados: A quantidade diária de sódio disponível para consumo nos domicílios brasileiros foi de 4,7 g per capita e para uma ingestão diária de 2.000 kcal. A maior parte do sódio disponível para consumo proveio do sal de cozinha e de condimentos à base desse sal (76,2 por cento). A fração proveniente de alimentos processados com adição de sal representou 9,7por cento do total de sódio no quinto inferior da distribuição da renda per capita e 25,0 por cento no quinto superior. A restrição no consumo de sódio associou-se ao aumento da RI em dois artigos e à diminuição em três outros. Em sete dos nove artigos, uma dieta com teor reduzido de sódio determinou redução da PA e em dois artigos ocorreram efeitos adversos em marcadores da SM...

The excess of sodium consumption has been associated with several adverse health effects, such as increased of blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease. Objectives: Evaluate the availability of sodium in Brazil, analyze the effects of diets with reduced sodium content in subjects with Metabolic Syndrome (MS) or insulin resistance (IR) and evaluate the impact of an intervention which promoted the reduction of adding salt to foods. Subjects and Methods: The thesis is composed of three articles. The first one assessed the food and beverage purchases made by households in the Household Budget Survey of 2002/2003, by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The second article reviewed the literature in a systematic way about clinical trials performed in adults between the years 2004 and 2008. And the last paper assessed the impact of an intervention, based on the ecological model of health promotion, in reducing the added salt to foods consumed by employees of Sao Paulo based companies. Results: The daily amount of sodium available in Brazilian households was 4.7 g daily per person for 2,000 kcal intake. Most of the sodium available for consumption comes from the salt and salt based seasonings (76.2 per cent). The fraction derived from processed foods with added salt represented 9.7 per cent of total sodium intake at the bottom of per person income distribution and 25.0 per cent at the top fifth. The restriction in sodium intake was associated with increased IR in two articles and the decrease in three others. In seven of the nine articles, the salt intake restriction had caused decreased in BP and in two articles have occurred adverse effects on markers of MS...

Situación actual de los desórdenes producidos por la deficiencia de yodo en Bolivia / sss

El motivo fundamental es la de estimar la magnitud de la deficiencia del yodo y de los desórdenes producidos por la deficiencia del yodo (DDI). De acuerdo a una encuesta realizada en 1981 por el Instituto Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición estableció que el 60.8 por ciento, el departamento más afectado es Chuquisaca con el 74 por ciento y el menos afectado el departamento de Pando con 43 por ciento. Por otra parte la información disponible en PRONALCOBO se puede afirmar que la prevalencia de los desórdenes por deficiencia del yodo en el país es inferior a 5 por ciento

Impact of the long term supply of iodized salt to the endemic goitre area.

The study was designed to assess the impact of the supplementation levels of iodine in salt supplied since the last 12 years to Gilgit and Hunza, an endemic goitre area of Pakistan. The overall prevalence of visible goitre is reduced from 61.36% to 4.68%. Results of urinary excretion of iodine (UEI) indicate severe to mild iodine deficiency among 70.41% of the randomly surveyed households. Severely deficient are 3%, moderate 29.54% and mild 37.87%, criteria of UEI being less than 2.0 micrograms/dl, 2-5 micrograms/dl and 5-10 micrograms/dl respectively. Levels of iodine supplementation in 267 iodized salt samples at production (n = 128) and consumption (n = 139) points are compared with a mean +/- SD are 70.86 +/- 29.73 ppm and 37.24 +/- 20.47 ppm respectively, representing 566.8 +/- 237.8 micrograms and 297.9 +/- 163.7 micrograms of iodine per 8.0 gram of salt. It is suggested to replace common salt with iodized salt in the goitre area to ensure the use by all households and quality control measures for iodination of salt should strictly be adhered so that uniform and consistent supply of iodine be ensured. The magnitude of contributory factors other than iodine deficiency, i.e., environmental and hereditary should be monitored and considered when levels of iodine supplementation are adjusted.

History of salt supplies in West Africa and blood pressures today.

Excess salt consumption has been implicated in the rising prevalence of essential hypertension in West Africa. It has been suggested that low supplies of salt in West African history were responsible for a genetic mutation that predisposes Blacks to high blood pressure. However, historical evidence concerning salt supplies in West Africa suggests that availability was not uniform. For instance, in Senegal and Gambia salt production has been extensive since ancient times, whereas in ancient Nigeria the population had to depend on local vegetables salts or meagre imports of the mineral. Reports that blood-pressures in Senegalese and Gambians are lower than those in Nigerians may be a reflection of historical differences in salt supply. The difference in blood pressure between members of a racial group also casts serious doubt on the concept of racial homogeneity often accepted in the medical sciences, and the relation between blood-pressure and salt availability in West Africa reveals that insights can be obtained from a study of history.