Therapeutic outcomes of one-minute application of sodium hydroxide versus phenol in the chemical cauterization of ingrown toenails.

BACKGROUND: Ingrown nails are frequently encountered in dermatology practice. The recurrence tendency of the disorder makes chemical cauterization essential during surgical procedures. In studies comparing nail matrix cauterization with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) versus phenol, phenol's application time was highly variable. OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic outcomes of matrix cauterization for a standard duration of one minute for NaOH versus phenol in stage II and III ingrown nails. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical records of patients undergoing matrix cauterization with 10% NaOH or 88% phenol were evaluated. The primary outcome measure was the lack of recurrences on long-term follow-up. The secondary outcome measures were complete healing duration, patient-reported pain scores, and adverse effects related to the procedure. RESULTS: Enrolled in this study were 62 ingrown toenail sides treated with 10% NaOH and 56 ingrown toenail sides treated with 88% phenol. The mean follow-up duration was 25.17 months. Recurrence was observed in four nail sides of the NaOH group (%6.45) and three nail sides of the phenol group (%5.35). The difference between the recurrence rates did not reach statistical significance. Patients treated with both methods were free of pain on the post-procedural tenth day. The visual analog scale pain scores and complete healing duration were similar between the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In a large group with long-term follow-up results, the short-term and long-term post-operative treatment outcomes were similar between the one-minute applications of 10% NaOH versus 88% phenol groups.

Determining the effect of ocular chemical injuries on topical drug delivery.

Ocular chemical injuries (OCIs) commonly cause ocular damage and visual loss and treatment uses topical therapies to facilitate healing and limit complications. However, the impact of chemical injury on corneal barrier function and treatment penetration is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of OCI on drug penetration and absorption. Porcine corneal explants were used to assess histological damage, electrical resistance, and the trans-corneal penetration/corneal adsorption of reference compounds (sodium fluorescein and rhodamine B) and dexamethasone. Corneal explants were injured with either 1 M sulfuric acid, or 1 M sodium hydroxide. Dexamethasone penetration was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and that of fluorescein and rhodamine using fluorescence. Dexamethasone corneal adsorption was measured using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA). Both acid and alkaline injuries reduced trans-corneal electrical resistance. NaOH injury increased hydrophilic fluorescein penetration (NaOH 8.59 ± 1.50E-05 cm.min-1 vs. Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) 1.64 ± 1.01E-06 cm.min-1) with little impact on hydrophobic rhodamine B (1 M NaOH 6.55 ± 2.45E-04 cm.min-1 vs. HBSS 4.60 ± 0.972E-04 cm.min-1) and dexamethasone penetration (1 M NaOH 3.00 ± 0.853E-04 cm.min-1 vs. HBSS 2.69 ± 0.439E-04 cm.min-1). By contrast, H2SO4 decreased trans-corneal penetration of hydrophilic fluorescein (H2SO4 1.16 ± 14.2E-07 cm.min-1) and of hydrophobic dexamethasone (H2SO4 1.88 ± 0.646E-04 cm.min-1) and rhodamine B (H2SO4 4.60 ± 1.42E-05 cm.min-1). Acid and alkaline OCI differentially disrupted the corneal epithelial barrier function. Acid injury reduced penetration of hydrophobic dexamethasone and rhodamine B as well as hydrophilic fluorescein, which may translate clinically into reduced drug penetration after OCI, while alkaline injury increased fluorescein penetration, with minimal effect on dexamethasone and rhodamine B penetration.

Effect of Topical Instillation of Pegaptanib Sodium Upon Inflammatory Corneal Neovascularization in Rabbits.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of topical instillation of pegaptanib sodium upon inflammatory angiogenesis induced in the rabbit cornea by alkaline cauterization. Methods: Inflammatory angiogenesis was induced by alkaline (sodium hydroxide) cauterization in the corneas of 29 male New Zealand rabbits. The animals were divided into 4 groups: a control group treated with 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium eye drops, a group treated with 1.0% prednisolone acetate eye drops, a group treated with 0.5% pegaptanib sodium diluted in 15 mL 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium, and a group treated with 1.0% pegaptanib sodium diluted in 15 mL 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium. After cauterization, eye drops were administered every 12 hours for 21 days. The animals were evaluated every 3 days after cauterization, and the newly formed vessels were quantified from photographs. The treatment effectiveness was analyzed with 3 parameters of antiangiogenic response: neovascularization area (NA), total vascular length (TVL), and number of blood vessels (BVN). Results: Average NA, TVL, and BVN values were significantly higher in both pegaptanib groups than in the prednisolone group. A nonstatistically significant reduction in parameters on days 18 and 21 was the minimum achieved in both pegaptanib groups. The efficacy of the treatments in relation to the control was significantly greater in the prednisolone group than in the 0.5% pegaptanib group or the 1.0% pegaptanib group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Topical instillation of 0.5% and 1.0% pegaptanib sodium diluted in 15 mL 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium had no inhibitory effect on corneal neovascularization in this rabbit model.

Tubo gástrico isoperistáltico, alternativa quirúrgica en quemadura faringoesofágica. Caso clínico / Isoperistaltic gastric tube: a surgical alternative in a pharyngoesophageal burn - a clinical case

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las quemaduras por ingesta de cáusticos en la población pediátrica continúan siendo causa de lesiones esofágicas complejas. Sin embargo, las posibilidades terapéuticas en casos severos son limitadas. Se propone un abordaje quirúrgico en el cual se obtiene mayor longitud del neoesófago, esófago isoperistáltico y mejor vascularización con el subsecuente menor riesgo de complicaciones (necrosis, estenosis, perforación). CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 16 meses de edad, quien presenta ingesta accidental de sosa cáustica que ocasiona quemadura grado IIIb que compromete desde la faringe hasta el estómago. Se realizó reemplazo esofágico con tubo gástrico isoperistáltico, con lo cual se obtuvo un neoesófago de longitud apropiada, vascularización óptima para el injerto y peristaltismo fisiológico. COMENTARIOS: El abordaje quirúrgico propuesto permite obtener un esófago con irrigación proveniente de la arteria gastroepiploica derecha, preservando irrigación de la curvatura mayor, una longitud mayor y por el posicionamiento anatómico del esófago con un peristaltismo fisiológico

INTRODUCTION: Caustic burns still cause complex esophageal lesions in the pediatric population. However, therapeutic possibilities in severe cases are limited. A surgical approach allowing for a longer neoesophagus, an isoperistaltic esophagus, and a better vascularization, with a lower risk of complications such as necrosis, stenosis, or perforation, is proposed. CLINICAL CASE: 16-month-old patient who accidentally ingested caustic soda. This caused a IIIb degree burn compromising the pharynx down to the stomach. Esophageal replacement with an isoperistaltic gastric tube was carried out, which allowed for a neoesophagus of appropriate length, an optimal vascularization for the graft, and physiological peristalsis. COMMENTS: The surgical approach proposed allows the esophagus to be irrigated from the right gastro-omental artery, thus preserving irrigation of the greater curvature. It also allows for a longer esophagus, and thanks to anatomical positioning, for physiological peristalsis

Carbon Dioxide Absorption During Inhalation Anesthesia: A Modern Practice.

CO2 absorbents were introduced into anesthesia practice in 1924 and are essential when using a circle system to minimize waste by reducing fresh gas flow to allow exhaled anesthetic agents to be rebreathed. For many years, absorbent formulations consisted of calcium hydroxide combined with strong bases like sodium and potassium hydroxide. When Sevoflurane and Desflurane were introduced, the potential for toxicity (compound A and CO, respectively) due to the interaction of these agents with absorbents became apparent. Studies demonstrated that strong bases added to calcium hydroxide were the cause of the toxicity, but that by eliminating potassium hydroxide and reducing the concentration of sodium hydroxide to <2%, compound A and CO production is no longer a concern. As a result, CO2 absorbents have been developed that contain little or no sodium hydroxide. These CO2 absorbent formulations can be used safely to minimize anesthetic waste by reducing fresh gas flow to approach closed-circuit conditions. Although absorbent formulations have been improved, practices persist that result in unnecessary waste of both anesthetic agents and absorbents. While CO2 absorbents may seem like a commodity item, differences in CO2 absorbent formulations can translate into significant performance differences, and the choice of absorbent should not be based on unit price alone. A modern practice of inhalation anesthesia utilizing a circle system to greatest effect requires reducing fresh gas flow to approach closed-circuit conditions, thoughtful selection of CO2 absorbent, and changing absorbents based on inspired CO2.

Characterization of non-linear mechanical behavior of the cornea.

The objective of this study was to evaluate which hyperelastic model could best describe the non-linear mechanical behavior of the cornea, in order to characterize the capability of the non-linear model parameters to discriminate structural changes in a damaged cornea. Porcine corneas were used, establishing two different groups: control (non-treated) and NaOH-treated (damaged) corneas (n = 8). NaOH causes a chemical burn to the corneal tissue, simulating a disease associated to structural damage of the stromal layer. Quasi-static uniaxial tensile tests were performed in nasal-temporal direction immediately after preparing corneal strips from the two groups. Three non-linear hyperelastic models (i.e. Hamilton-Zabolotskaya model, Ogden model and Mooney-Rivlin model) were fitted to the stress-strain curves obtained in the tensile tests and statistically compared. The corneas from the two groups showed a non-linear mechanical behavior that was best described by the Hamilton-Zabolotskaya model, obtaining the highest coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.95). Moreover, Hamilton-Zabolotskaya model showed the highest discriminative capability of the non-linear model parameter (Parameter A) for the tissue structural changes between the two sample groups (p = 0.0005). The present work determines the best hyperelastic model with the highest discriminative capability in description of the non-linear mechanical behavior of the cornea.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, reduces corneal damage secondary from experimental grade II alkali burns in mice.

BACKGROUND: Since recent reports have shown that (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) could be used for treating proliferative and inflammatory disorders, we explored its use for the management of corneal chemical burns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Initially, EGCG was assayed on the rabbit corneal epithelial cell line RCE1(5T5) to establish the best testing conditions, and to avoid unwanted outcomes in the experimental animals. Then, we studied its effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cell differentiation. Afterwards, we instilled EGCG in experimental grade II corneal alkali burns in mice, three times a day up to 21days, and evaluated by slit lamp examination and histological sections of corneal epithelial, corneal endothelial and stromal edema, as well as the presence of inflammatory cells and neovascularization. RESULTS: EGCG reduced cell growth and led to a decline in the proportion of proliferative cells in a concentration dependent manner. At 10µM, EGCG promoted cell differentiation, an effect not related with apoptosis or cytotoxicity. When 10µM EGCG was instilled in corneal alkali burns in mice three times a day up to 21days, EGCG significantly reduced corneal opacity and neovascularization. The improved clinical appearance of the cornea was associated to a controlled epithelial growth; epithelial morphology was similar to that observed in normal epithelium and contrasted with the hyperproliferative, desquamating epithelium observed in control burn wounds. EGCG reduced corneal, stromal and endothelial edema, and wound inflammation. CONCLUSION: This work constitutes the first evidence for the use of EGCG in the acute phase of a corneal alkali burn, representing a possible novel alternative to improve patient outcomes as an add-on therapy.

Tractional Descemet's membrane detachment after ocular alkali burns: case reports and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Descemet's membrane detachment (DMD) is a rare complication after ocular chemical injury and its pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we reported two cases of DMD with traction demonstrated on Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). CASE PRESENTATION: Two patients sustained ocular chemical injury with 50% sodium hydroxide. In both cases, AS-OCT revealed detached Descemet's membrane that was adherent to the underlying iris tissue in the inferior quadrant at 45 days and 34 days after the injury respectively. The first case received intracameral tamponade with 12% C3F8 gas and the second case received corticosteroid and sodium chloride 5% eye drops. However, DMD persisted in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: The atypical features of DMD on anterior segment optical coherence tomography in our cases suggested the presence of an inflammatory component caused adhesions and traction of iris to Descemet's membrane and prevented reattachment of DMD even with gas tamponade.

The treatment of ingrown nail: Chemical matricectomy with NAOH versus wedge resection.

Ingrown nail is a common problem seen in the dermatology clinics. The aim of this study is to compare the wedge resection method and chemical matricectomy with NaOH in terms of operation time, postoperative pain severity, postoperative drainage, recurrence rates, recovery time, and the effects of these two methods on Dermatology Quality of Life Index. This study included 60 patients. About 42 nail edges of 30 patients were treated with NaOH for chemical matricectomy and wedge resection was performed for 33 nail edges of 30 patients. Operation time for chemical matricectomy and wedge resection was an average of 7.66 ± 3.65 and 19.25 ± 5.54 min (p < .001). Recovery time was an average of 17.27 ± 14.22 days for chemical matricectomy and an average of 28.85 ± 17.03 days for wedge resection (p = .004). Recurrence was detected in 5.4% of the nail edges treated with chemical matricectomy and 3.6% of the nail edges treated with wedge resection (p = 1.000). Absence of differences for the recurrence rates between wedge resection method and chemical matricectomy method with NaOH shows that effectiveness of these approaches are similar. It seems that quite short operation and recovery times in the chemical matricectomy are the main advantage of the method.

Kastle-Meyer blood test reagents are deleterious to DNA.

The Kastle-Meyer (KM) test is a quick and easy chemical test for blood used in forensic analyses. Two practical variations of this test are the KM-rub (indirect) test and the more sensitive KM-direct test, the latter of which is performed by applying reagents directly to a suspected blood stain. This study found that sodium hydroxide present in the KM reagents eliminated the potential to generate a DNA profile when applied directly to small quantities of blood. A modified approach to the KM-rub test that increases its sensitivity is presented as a method to replace destructive KM-direct testing.

Ingesta de cáusticos alcalinos: intoxicación frecuente y prevenible, con secuelas graves / Caustic alkali intake: Frequent and preventable poisoning with serious consequences

Las sustancias cáusticas son productos químicos capaces de provocar lesiones de diferente gravedad, según sea la concentración del producto, el tiempo de contacto y la vía de ingreso. La exposición es habitual por tratarse de productos utilizados en el hogar como destapacañerías y/o limpiahornos. Los cáusticos alcalinos producen necrosis por licuefacción de los tejidos. La ingesta causa edema, ulceraciones, sangrado, placas blanquecinas e intensa actividad fibroblástica con cicatrización en tres semanas. El esófago se afecta más que el estómago, en especial cuando se trata de productos sólidos o en escamas. La secuela observada es la estenosis esofágica, la cual puede requerir desde procedimientos de dilatación hasta cirugía de reemplazo, con alta morbilidad. El objetivo del trabajo es presentar tres casos clínicos y sus complicaciones a largo plazo; recordar el manejo inicial del paciente que ingiere cáusticos alcalinos, su seguimiento multidisciplinario y resaltar las medidas de prevención para evitar este tipo de accidentes graves.

Caustic are chemical substances capable of causing different degree of lesions, according to the product concentration, the time and the route of contact. The usual exposure is because of their use as household products such as drain openers and oven cleaners. Caustic alkalis produce tissue liquefaction necrosis. Ingestion causes edema, ulceration, bleeding, whitish plaques and intense fibroblastic activity with healing in three weeks. The esophagus is more affected than the stomach, especially when solids are involved. The observed sequel is esophageal stricture, requiring treatments as dilation or replacement surgery, with high morbilidad. The aim of the paper is to report three clinical cases and their long-term complications; review the initial management of patients who ingested caustic alkali, highlighting its multidisciplinary monitoring and prevention measures to avoid such serious accidents.

Genetic Basis of Irritant Susceptibility in Health Care Workers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes involved in inflammation, skin barrier integrity, signaling/pattern recognition, and antioxidant defense with irritant susceptibility in a group of health care workers. METHODS: The 536 volunteer subjects were genotyped for selected SNPs and patch tested with three model irritants: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and benzalkonium chloride (BKC). Genotyping was performed on genomic DNA using Illumina Goldengate custom panels. RESULTS: The ACACB (rs2268387, rs16934132, rs2284685), NTRK2 (rs10868231), NTRK3 (rs1347424), IL22 (rs1179251), PLAU (rs2227564), EGFR (rs6593202), and FGF2 (rs308439) SNPs showed an association with skin response to tested irritants in different genetic models (all at P < 0.001). Functional annotations identified two SNPs in PLAU (rs2227564) and ACACB (rs2284685) genes with a potential impact on gene regulation. In addition, EGF (rs10029654), EGFR (rs12718939), CXCL12 (rs197452), and VCAM1 (rs3917018) genes showed an association with hand dermatitis (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that genetic variations in genes related to inflammation and skin homeostasis can influence responses to irritants and may explain inter-individual variation in the development of subsequent contact dermatitis.

Recalcitrant caustic burn wound and definitive treatment with medial plantar flap.

Caustic chemicals cause destruction in tissues even long after the initial exposure. This study reported a case of recurrent graft lysis encountered throughout the treatment of a sodium hydroxide burn. A caustic burn on the ankle of a patient was reconstructed with split thickness skin grafts thrice in a period of four months. The burn site healed uneventfully after each skin grafting. However, weeks after each successful graft take, even though the patient did not experience any trauma at his operated ankle, an eczematous blistering at the skin graft site was observed. Thereafter, skin grafts almost totally sloughed over time even after each successful graft take. Six months after the initial burn and recurrent skin graft lysis, the defect site was reconstructed with medial plantar flap. At the postoperative ninth month follow-up, there was no sign of the blistering or skin loss at the burn area after definitive flap surgery. Recurrent graft lysis, in a few weeks after total skin graft take is an unusual complication for most of the burn cases. Caustic burns may have a deceptively superficial appearance concealing the chemical reactions that further damage the tissue. Therefore, early surgical interventions such as deep debridement and graft surgery should be kept in mind as primary treatment options.

Avaliação in vitro do efeito de diferentes processos de alisamento químico/térmico na fibra capilar / In vitro evaluation of the straightening effect by different chemical/thermal processes in the hair fiber

A aparência dos cabelos é de fundamental importância na sociedade atual. Estando em moda, cabelos mais lisos e com menos volume, os consumidores que antes os alisavam com produtos químicos e força mecânica, passaram a utilizar um tratamento térmico, além do secador de cabelos: as piastras ("chapinhas") que atuam em valores de temperatura ao redor de 230°C. Esse procedimento ocasiona além dos danos mecânicos e químicos também dano térmico, tornando os cabelos ainda mais fragilizados. O escopo deste estudo foi avaliar o dano na fibra capilar, de amostras não tratadas e nas que receberam aplicação de alisantes/relaxantes tradicionais e alternativos. O estudo foi dividido em cinco capítulos que avaliam: aplicação dos alisantes/relaxantes com ingredientes ativos distintos; danos mecânicos, perda Protéica; análise térmica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As amostras de cabelo utilizadas em todos os estudos foram tratadas como descrito no primeiro capítulo. Foram aplicados produtos comerciais contendo os seguintes ingredientes ativos: Hidróxido de Sódio, Tioglicolato de Amônio, Hidróxido de Guanidina (reação de hidróxido de cálcio com carbonato de guanidina), formaldeído e ácido glioxílico isolado e em combinação com carbocisteína. O uso de formaldeído e ácido glioxilico em formulações de alisantes/relaxantes está proibido pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Todos os produtos aplicados alisaram os cabelos; os procedimentos que utilizaram a piastra tornaram os fios mais lisos. Os alisantes/relaxantes à base de ácido glioxilico e formaldeído reduziram de forma expressiva a tensão de ruptura dos cabelos tornando-os mais frágeis. A maior perda protéica foi observada na amostra tratada com carbocisteína (1,74 mg/g cabelo). Nos estudos de análise térmica, na fase de desidratação a amostra tratada com carbocisteína apresentou maior perda de massa (15,17%); na fase de denaturação da proteína, a tratada com hidróxido de sódio (51,06%); e na fase de eliminação do material carbonáceo, todas as amostras apresentaram perda de massa maior que a amostra não tratada; as menores temperaturas de pico foram as das amostras sem tratamento alisante (630°C) e ácido glioxílico (640°C). Observando-se as imagens de microscopia eletrônica nota-se modificação nas bordas das cutículas das amostras indicando que sofreram agressão; o hidróxido de guanidina deixou adicionalmente resíduo; as amostras tratadas com ácido glioxílico e formaldeído apresentaram a formação de filme superficial como um "envelopamento" da fibra. Os resultados sugerem que não há predominância de um procedimento mais danoso que os demais; porém os que utilizaram a piastra (alisamentos/relaxamento ácidos) acentuaram os danos

The appearance of the hair is of fundamental importance in today's society. Being in fashion, hair straight and with less volume, consumers that before straighted hair with chemicals products and mechanical strength began to use a heat treatment, in addition to hair dryers: the hot plates ("chapinhas") acting on temperature values around 230°C. This procedure causes not only mechanical and chemical damage but also thermal one, making the hair more fragile. The scope of this study was to evaluate the damage to the hair fiber, in untreated samples and these receiving straighteners/relaxers application of traditional and alternative products.The study was divided into five chapters that evaluated: application of straighteners/relaxers with different active ingredients; mechanical damage, protein loss; thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The hair samples used in all studies were treated as described in the chapter one. Commercial products containing the following active ingredients were used: Sodium Hydroxide, Ammonium Thioglycolate, Guanidine Hydroxide (calcium hydroxide reaction with guanidine carbonate), Formaldehyde and Glyoxylic Acid alone and in combination with Carbocysteine. The use of Formaldehyde andGlyoxylicAcid in straightening/relaxing formulations are prohibited by the National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance. All applied products, straight the hair samples; the procedures that used the hot plates become the hair more straight. The straightening/relaxing based on Glyoxylic Acid and Formaldehyde reduced significantly the hair break point making them more fragile. Most protein loss was observed in the sample treated with Carbocysteine (1.74mg/g hair).In the thermal analysis studies at the dewatering stage, Carbocystein treated samples showed greater weight loss(15.17%), at the protein denaturation stage this treated with Sodium Hydroxide (51.06%) and in the carbonaceous material elimination phase all samples showed mass loss greater than the untreated sample;. The lower peak temperatures were observed in the samples without treatment (630°C) and with Glyoxylic Acid (640°C). Observing the images of electron microscopy is noted the change in the cuticle aspect of the samples showing that the edges were damaged, Guanidine Hydroxide, left further residue: the samples treated with Glyoxylic Acid and Formaldehyde showed the formation of surface film as an "enveloping" fiber. The results suggest that there is not a predominance of a more harmful treatment than other, but those using hot plates(straightening/relaxing acids) emphasize the damage

Accidental contamination of a German town's drinking water with sodium hydroxide.

Case report of a very serious drinking water incident putting up to 50,000 inhabitants of a town near Bonn in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany at risk. A concentrated solution of highly alkaline water by sodium hydroxide was accidentally washed into the town's drinking water at a pumping station and increased the pH-value of the water to 12. Residents who came into contact with the contaminated water immediately had a toxic reaction. The incident was detected by complaints from customers and after that was stopped within several hours. The pipes were flushed and the customers were warned not to use the water till the all clear. After this immediate management there was an investigation and the cause of the incident was detected as an accidental release of accumulated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The lack of a network alarm system and the automatic cut-off mechanisms as deficiencies in the design of the station were rectified by the water company immediately after the incident.

Clinical and forensic signs related to chemical burns: a mechanistic approach.

This manuscript highlights and critically analyses clinical and forensic signs related to chemical burns. Signs that may lead to suspicion of a particular chemical are thoroughly discussed regarding its underlying mechanisms. Burns due to sulfuric, hydrofluoric, nitric, hydrochloric (muriatic) and acetic (including derivatives) acids, hydrogen sulphide, sodium (caustic soda) and calcium (cement) hydroxides, paraquat, burns after inflation and rupture of airbags, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine/alcohol (in preterm infants), laxatives, and vesicants (warfare agents), will be reviewed since these are the most common agents found in daily practice, for which relevant and timed information may be helpful in formulating an emergency treatment protocols and toxicological analysis.

A novel model approach for esophageal burns in rats: A comparison of three methods.

BACKGROUND: Corrosive esophageal injury causes serious clinical problems. We aimed to create a new experimental esophageal burn model using a single catheter without a surgical procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted the study with two groups of 12 male rats that fasted for 12 h before application. A modified Foley balloon catheter was inserted into the esophageal lumen. The control group was given 0.9% sodium chloride, while the experimental group was given 37.5% sodium hydroxide with the other part of the catheter. After 60s, esophagus was washed with distilled water. The killed rats were examined using histopathological methods after 28 days. RESULTS: In comparison with the histopathological changes experienced by the study groups, the control groups were observed to have no pathological changes. Basal cell degeneration, dermal edema, and a slight increase in the keratin layer and collagen density of submucosa due to stenosis were all observed in the group subjected to esophageal corrosion. CONCLUSION: A new burn model can thus, we believe, be created without the involvement of invasive laparoscopic surgery and general anesthesia. The burn in our experiment was formed in both the distal and proximal esophagus, as in other models; it can also be formed optionally in the entire esophagus.