HPLC-DAD analysis, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Solanum dolichosepalum bitter extracts and fractions

Abstract Solanum dolichosepalum is a plant with anti-infective effects. It is a healing agent and has ethnopharmacological uses. In this study, the antifungal activity of extracts and fractions of this species on C. albicans and F. oxysporum was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was measured using the ABTS and DPPH methods, and by determining the total content of phenolic compounds. An HPLC-DAD qualitative analysis was carried out to identify phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated. Inhibitory effects were found in all the extracts and fractions on the analyzed microorganisms. F. oxysporum was the microorganism most sensitive to the action of S. dolichosepalum extracts. All extracts and fractions showed antioxidant activity, with the acetone extract and the acetone fraction being those that generated the best results. The content of total phenolic compounds showed that acetone has a greater affinity with the phenolic compounds present in S. dolichosepalum. In this plant, p-Hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, ferulic, trans-cinnamic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and rosmarinic acids were found, as well as theobromine, quercetin, and luteolin. The content of total phenolic compounds was determined to be directly proportional to the inhibition of the ABTS and DPPH radicals, and the inhibition of the analyzed microorganisms. It was determined that the extracts and fractions obtained from S. dolichosepalum show antioxidant and antifungal activity.

Contact dermatitis as an adverse reaction to some topically used European herbal medicinal products - Part 3: Mentha × piperita - Solanum dulcamara.

This review focuses on contact dermatitis as an adverse effect of a selection of topically used herbal medicinal products for which the European Medicines Agency has completed an evaluation up to the end of November 2013 and for which a Community herbal monograph - now (since 2015)(†) called a European Union herbal monograph - has been produced. Part 3: Mentha × piperita L.-Solanum dulcamara L.

Actividad antimicrobiana e irritabilidad vaginal y dérmica de extractos acuosos de hojas secas de Solanum americanum Mill / Antimicrobial activity, vaginal and dermal irritability of aqueous extracts of dry leaves of Solanum americanun Mill

INTRODUCCIÓN: Solanum americanum Mill. (yerba mora) es usada de forma tradicional para el tratamiento de las úlceras en la piel, se utiliza además como antiinflamatorio y antiséptico en enfermedades de la piel y en cérvico-vaginitis. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios preclínicos que validen su uso. OBJETIVO: evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana, la irritabilidad vaginal y dérmica de 2 decocciones de hojas secas de Solanum americanum Mill. MÉTODOS: se prepararon 2 extractos acuosos de: a) hojas secas al 20 por ciento y se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana mediante el método de difusión en agar, frente a los microorganismos Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Salmonella thyphymurium; así como la irritabilidad en vagina de coneja por el método de Draize. b) hojas secas al 30 por ciento y se determinó la irritabilidad en piel por el método de Draize en conejos. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo con la decocción de hojas secas al 20 por ciento un halo de inhibición del crecimiento de 15,5 mm con el microorganismo Candida albicans, no hubo halo de inhibición con los otros microorganismos estudiados, se observó una irritabilidad vaginal mínima y no hubo eritema y edema en la piel de los animales con la decocción de hojas secas al 30 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: la decocción de hojas secas de S. americanum mostró actividad antimicrobiana frente a C. albicans y no frente a los otros microorganismos, presentó irritabilidad mínima en vagina y clasificó como no irritante en piel, por lo que pueden ser empleadas en afecciones provocadas por C. albicans en piel y en vagina(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Solanum americanum Mill (yerba mora) is used in a traditional way to treat skin ulcers, it is used also as antiinflammatory and antiseptic in skin diseases and in cervicovaginitis. However, there are few preclinical studies validating it. OBJECTIVE: To assess antimicrobial activity, vaginal and skin irritability of 2 decoctions of dry leaves of Solanum americanun Mill. METHODS: Two aqueous extracts were prepared from: a) dry leaves to 20 por ciento and antimicrobial activity was assessed by means of diffusion method in agar, versus microorganisms Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Salmonella thyphymurium; as well as irritability in rabbit vagina by Draize method. b) dry leaves to 30 por ciento, and skin irritability by Draize method in rabbits. RESULTS: Using a decoction of dry leaves to 20 por ciento, we achieved a growing inhibition halo of 15.5 mm with Candida albicans; but not inhibition using other study drugs; there was a minimal vaginal irritability and not erythema and edema in skin of animals using a decoction of dry leaves to 30 por ciento. CONCLUSIONS: Decoction of dry leaves of S. americanum showed antimicrobial activity versus C. albicans but not against other microorganism, with a minimal vaginal irritability, and was classified as non-irritant in skin; consequently, they may be used in affections provoked by C. albicans in skin and in vagina(AU)

Actividad antimicrobiana e irritabilidad vaginal y dérmica de extractos acuosos de hojas secas de Solanum americanum Mill / Antimicrobial activity, vaginal and dermal irritability of aqueous extracts of dry leaves of Solanum americanun Mill

INTRODUCCIÓN: Solanum americanum Mill. (yerba mora) es usada de forma tradicional para el tratamiento de las úlceras en la piel, se utiliza además como antiinflamatorio y antiséptico en enfermedades de la piel y en cérvico-vaginitis. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios preclínicos que validen su uso. OBJETIVO: evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana, la irritabilidad vaginal y dérmica de 2 decocciones de hojas secas de Solanum americanum Mill. MÉTODOS: se prepararon 2 extractos acuosos de: a) hojas secas al 20 por ciento y se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana mediante el método de difusión en agar, frente a los microorganismos Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Salmonella thyphymurium; así como la irritabilidad en vagina de coneja por el método de Draize. b) hojas secas al 30 por ciento y se determinó la irritabilidad en piel por el método de Draize en conejos. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo con la decocción de hojas secas al 20 por ciento un halo de inhibición del crecimiento de 15,5 mm con el microorganismo Candida albicans, no hubo halo de inhibición con los otros microorganismos estudiados, se observó una irritabilidad vaginal mínima y no hubo eritema y edema en la piel de los animales con la decocción de hojas secas al 30 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: la decocción de hojas secas de S. americanum mostró actividad antimicrobiana frente a C. albicans y no frente a los otros microorganismos, presentó irritabilidad mínima en vagina y clasificó como no irritante en piel, por lo que pueden ser empleadas en afecciones provocadas por C. albicans en piel y en vagina.

INTRODUCTION: Solanum americanum Mill (yerba mora) is used in a traditional way to treat skin ulcers, it is used also as antiinflammatory and antiseptic in skin diseases and in cervicovaginitis. However, there are few preclinical studies validating it. OBJECTIVE: To assess antimicrobial activity, vaginal and skin irritability of 2 decoctions of dry leaves of Solanum americanun Mill. METHODS: Two aqueous extracts were prepared from: a) dry leaves to 20 por ciento and antimicrobial activity was assessed by means of diffusion method in agar, versus microorganisms Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Salmonella thyphymurium; as well as irritability in rabbit vagina by Draize method. b) dry leaves to 30 por ciento, and skin irritability by Draize method in rabbits. RESULTS: Using a decoction of dry leaves to 20 por ciento, we achieved a growing inhibition halo of 15.5 mm with Candida albicans; but not inhibition using other study drugs; there was a minimal vaginal irritability and not erythema and edema in skin of animals using a decoction of dry leaves to 30 por ciento. CONCLUSIONS: Decoction of dry leaves of S. americanum showed antimicrobial activity versus C. albicans but not against other microorganism, with a minimal vaginal irritability, and was classified as non-irritant in skin; consequently, they may be used in affections provoked by C. albicans in skin and in vagina.

Reproductive alterations in male rats exposedperinatally to Solanum lycocarpum fruits / Alterações reprodutivas em ratos machos expostos perinatalmente aos frutos da Solanum lycocarpum

This work employed pregnant rats treated with Solanum lycocarpum unripe fruits (10% in diet) from gestation day (GD) 06 to post-natalday (PND) 07, for the evaluation of the sperm number, daily sperm production and epididymal sperm transit time of the male offspring at PND 60 and PND 90. No differences were observed in the daily sperm production (DSP) and sperm number in the testis of the exposed males at PND 60 and PND 90. Also, no alterations were observed in sperm transit time in the caput epididymis of the exposed males at PND 60 and PND 90. However, a reduced sperm transit time was observed in the corpus/cauda epididymis of the experimental males at PND 90. The last data may explain the reduced sperm number observed in the corpus/cauda epididymis of the experimental male rats at PND 90. These data show that the male rats exposed to S.lycocarpum fruits during gestation did not present alterations in testis sperm production and number, however the sperm transit time through epididymis was impaired, resulting in a decreased number of spermatozoa in epididymis cauda. We conclude that S. lycocarpummay cause imbalance on hypothalamus-pituitary gland axis

Ratas prenhes foram tratadas do dia 06 da gestação (GD 06) ao dia 07 pós-natal (PND 07) com frutos verdes secos e moídos da Solanum lycocarpum (10% na ração). Após nascimento das ninhadas, foi avaliado na prole masculina adulta aos 60 e 90 dias de vida, o número de espermátides e a produção espermática diária nos testículos e o tempo de trânsito espermático no epidídimo. A exposição não foi capaz de promover alterações na produção espermática diária (DSP) e no número de espermátides produzidas pelo testículo dos ratos expostos aos frutos verdes da S. lycocarpum durante a gestação e início da lactação. Não foram observadas alterações no tempo de trânsito espermático na cabeça do epidídimo, porém, foi constatado menor número de espermatozóides no corpo/cauda do epidídimo nos machos experimentais com 90 dias de vida, provavelmente resultante do menor tempo de trânsito espermático observado no corpo/cauda do epidídimo aos PND 90. Estes dados sugerem que a exposição de ratos aos frutos verdes da S. lycocarpum durante a gestação e início dalactação, não foi suficiente para promover alterações na produção mas sim no trânsito espermático, indicando possível alteração no eixo hormônio liberador das gonadotrofinas hipotálamo-hipófise-gônada

Anaphylaxis to Cyphomandra betacea Sendth (tamarillo) in an obeche wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon)--allergic patient.

BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis after the first exposure to a food allergen is uncommon unless a cross-reaction is present. OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible relationship between the fruit Cyphomandra betacea Sendth (commonly known as tamarillo) and the wood of Triplochiton scleroxylon (obeche) in a patient with allergic occupational bronchial asthma due to obeche wood who began to experience anaphylaxis episodes after eating tamarillo. METHODS: A 33-year-old carpenter exposed to obeche wood in his occupation was initially seen with rhinitis and bronchial asthma. The causal relationship of these symptoms to obeche wood exposure was investigated by means of peak flow monitoring and bronchial inhalation testing. Furthermore, the patient had 2 acute episodes of anaphylaxis a few minutes after eating salad containing tamarillo. He had never tasted tamarillo before. The allergologic study included skin prick tests, serum specific IgE determinations, bronchial challenges, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. RESULTS: Results of skin prick tests with common aeroallergens were negative. Strong skin prick test responses were obtained with obeche and tamarillo. Results of bronchial challenge testing with obeche extract were positive. In tamarillo extract, a 28-kDa band appeared as the most relevant IgE-binding antigen. A similar band of 28 kDa happens to be frequently detected in obeche-allergic patients. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of anaphylaxis to tamarillo presented in a patient allergic to obeche, which raises the question of a new cross-reactivity antigen.

Rats exposed to Solanum lycocarpum fruit in utero and during lactation: neurochemical, behavioral and histopathological effects.

Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil (Solanaceae) is a native shrub very common in the Brazilian savannah. This plant contains steroidal glycoalkaloids that can be transformed into an intermediate for steroidal drug production. In this way, it is very possible that these glycoalkaloids and its aglycone, once in the body by ingestion of S. lycocarpum fruits, may act by disrupting the endocrine system. Because its fruits may be consumed by pregnant animals in the fields, the present study determined the possible toxic effects of exposure to S. lycocarpum fruit (10% added in the diet) from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 07 in rat dams. The unripe fruits contained 0.6% of solamargine and 0.9% of solasonine. S. lycocarpum, 10% in the diet, during gestation and the beginning of lactation reduced intrauterine growth. In addition, 20% of the treated dams showed some dead pups at birth. Reduced body weight was observed from birth through adulthood in male and female offspring exposed to 10% S. lycocarpum unripe fruits. During adulthood, female offspring showed impaired sexual behavior and male offspring showed prominent degeneration of testis germinative cells, characterized by a reduced number of germ cells and vacuolation. Also, the exposed offspring showed reduced hypothalamic norepinephrine (NOR), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 3-methoxy-4-hydrophenylglycol (MHPG) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels, and reduced striatum NOR, HVA, VMA, MHPG, dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. These results suggest that the fruit may act as an estrogen, with a long-term effect, impairing the receptive lordosis behavior of female offspring and promoting testis abnormalities in male offspring at adulthood. Finally, it appears to disrupt brain organization since important central monoamine level alterations were also observed.