Talking points: Oral histories of Australian and British speech-language pathologists who qualified in the three decades after 1945.

Purpose: There has been limited academic exploration of the history of speech-language pathology (SLP). This article uses oral histories to explore the experiences reported by speech-language pathologists who began to practise in Australia and Britain, two politically related, but geographically very distant and distinct countries, in the first three decades after the Second World War.Method: Archived oral history transcripts from eight Australian and sixteen British speech-language pathologists were analysed using thematic network analysis (TNA).Result: Two global themes are reported, "personal stories" and "professional stories". Transcripts revealed the ways in which participants negotiated the social and cultural expectations of their time and place and how they developed professional identity and autonomy as their careers progressed. While there were many commonalities, there were both between- and within-group differences in the ways the two cohorts reported the details of their career progression.Conclusion: This article offers a picture of the challenges and experiences of Australian and British speech-language pathologists in the second half of the twentieth century. It highlights some of the changes over time and forms the basis for comparison with current working practices in the two countries.

Speech-language therapists with Ph.D. in Brazil: profile from 1976 to 2017. / Fonoaudiólogos Doutores no Brasil: perfil da formação no período de 1976 a 2017.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association of variables gender, year of the thesis defense, type and location of the teaching institution, the thesis subject and the program in which the thesis was developed. METHODS: Data were collected through consultation of the Lattes Platform of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (1976-2017). Filters were activated to follow the inclusion criteria: is Brazilians with a degree in Speech-Language Therapy, and also with a PhD degree. The established variables were recorded in the STATA/IC 14.2 software, and a descriptive analysis of the data and trend of them were performed. RESULTS: Most of the 1,125 subjects who composed the sample were female, graduated in a public higher education institution, located in the Southeast region, and defended their thesis in a Program related to ​​Health Sciences, or in Speech-language therapy. CONCLUSION: The profile found is similar to the profile of previous studies, and it shows the significant growth of speech-language therapists with PhD degrees in research activities and qualified scientific production.

OBJETIVO: investigar, no grupo de fonoaudiólogos brasileiros titulados doutores, as variáveis sexo, ano de defesa da tese, tipo e localização da instituição de ensino, inserção do programa em que a tese foi desenvolvida e temática da mesma. MÉTODO: os dados foram levantados por meio de consulta à Plataforma Lattes do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico − CNPq (1976-2017). Filtros foram acionados para seguir os critérios de inclusão: ter formação em Fonoaudiologia, ser brasileiro e ter se titulado doutor. As variáveis estabelecidas foram registradas no programa STATA/IC 14.2 e foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados e da tendência de crescimento do número de teses. RESULTADOS: dentre os 1.125 profissionais que compuseram a amostra, a maioria era do sexo feminino, titulou-se em instituição de ensino superior pública, localizada na região Sudeste, e defendeu temática em Programa pertencente à área de Ciências da Saúde, sobre Linguagem e Audiologia. CONCLUSÃO: o perfil encontrado se assemelha a levantamentos realizados anteriormente e evidencia o contínuo crescimento significativo de fonoaudiólogos doutores, fato que garante a inserção do fonoaudiólogo em atividades de pesquisa e produção científica qualificada.

Fonoaudiólogos Doutores no Brasil: perfil da formação no período de 1976 a 2017 / Speech-language therapists with Ph.D. in Brazil: profile from 1976 to 2017

RESUMO Objetivo investigar, no grupo de fonoaudiólogos brasileiros titulados doutores, as variáveis sexo, ano de defesa da tese, tipo e localização da instituição de ensino, inserção do programa em que a tese foi desenvolvida e temática da mesma. Método os dados foram levantados por meio de consulta à Plataforma Lattes do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico − CNPq (1976-2017). Filtros foram acionados para seguir os critérios de inclusão: ter formação em Fonoaudiologia, ser brasileiro e ter se titulado doutor. As variáveis estabelecidas foram registradas no programa STATA/IC 14.2 e foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados e da tendência de crescimento do número de teses. Resultados dentre os 1.125 profissionais que compuseram a amostra, a maioria era do sexo feminino, titulou-se em instituição de ensino superior pública, localizada na região Sudeste, e defendeu temática em Programa pertencente à área de Ciências da Saúde, sobre Linguagem e Audiologia. Conclusão o perfil encontrado se assemelha a levantamentos realizados anteriormente e evidencia o contínuo crescimento significativo de fonoaudiólogos doutores, fato que garante a inserção do fonoaudiólogo em atividades de pesquisa e produção científica qualificada.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the association of variables gender, year of the thesis defense, type and location of the teaching institution, the thesis subject and the program in which the thesis was developed. Methods Data were collected through consultation of the Lattes Platform of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (1976-2017). Filters were activated to follow the inclusion criteria: is Brazilians with a degree in Speech-Language Therapy, and also with a PhD degree. The established variables were recorded in the STATA/IC 14.2 software, and a descriptive analysis of the data and trend of them were performed. Results Most of the 1,125 subjects who composed the sample were female, graduated in a public higher education institution, located in the Southeast region, and defended their thesis in a Program related to ​​Health Sciences, or in Speech-language therapy. Conclusion The profile found is similar to the profile of previous studies, and it shows the significant growth of speech-language therapists with PhD degrees in research activities and qualified scientific production.

Content analysis of the professional journal of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, III: 1966-2015-into the 21st century.

BACKGROUND: Following content analyses of the first 30 years of the UK speech and language therapy professional body's journal, this study was conducted to survey the published work of the speech (and language) therapy profession over the last 50 years and trace key changes and themes. AIM: To understand better the development of the UK speech and language therapy profession over the last 50 years. METHODS & PROCEDURES: All volumes of the professional journal of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists published between 1966 and 2015 (British Journal of Communication Disorders, European Journal of Communication Disorders and International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders) were examined using content analysis. The content was compared with that of the same journal as it appeared from 1935 to 1965. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: The journal has shown a trend towards more multi-authored and international papers, and a formalization of research methodologies. The volume of papers has increased considerably. Topic areas have expanded, but retain many of the areas of study found in earlier issues of the journal. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The journal and its articles reflect the growing complexity of conditions being researched by speech and language therapists and their professional colleagues and give an indication of the developing evidence base for intervention and the diverse routes which speech and language therapy practice has taken over the last 50 years.

Content analysis of the professional journal of the College of Speech Therapists II: coming of age and growing maturity, 1946-65.

BACKGROUND: Following a content analysis of the first 10 years of the UK professional journal Speech, this study was conducted to survey the published work of the speech (and language) therapy profession in the 20 years following the unification of two separate professional bodies into the College of Speech Therapists. AIM: To understand better the development of the speech (and language) therapy profession in the UK in order to support the development of an online history of the speech and language therapy profession in the UK. METHODS & PROCEDURES: The 40 issues of the professional journal of the College of Speech Therapists published between 1946 and 1965 (Speech and later Speech Pathology and Therapy) were examined using content analysis and the content compared with that of the same journal as it appeared from 1935 to the end of the Second World War (1945). OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Many aspects of the journal and its authored papers were retained from the earlier years, for example, the range of authors' professions, their location mainly in the UK, their number of contributions and the length of papers. Changes and developments included the balance of original to republished papers, the description and discussion of new professional issues, and an extended range of client groups/disorders. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The journal and its articles reflect the growing maturity of the newly unified profession of speech therapy and give an indication both of the expanding depth of knowledge available to speech therapists and of the rapidly increasing breadth of their work over this period.

Voice therapy: From the past to the present from a phoniatrician's perspective (Voice of Experience Keynote, PEVOC 2013, Prague).

The roots of voice therapy can be traced back to the professional use of the voice in antiquity. During the Baroque period, aspects of the singers' voice came to the fore, and in the beginning of the twentieth century, physiologic and medical perspectives concentrating on the peripheral areas of phonation were introduced. In parallel, holistic approaches stressed psychological and behavioral conditions. A vast amount of specific methods and strategies has been developed, but so far there has been no clear evidence revealing which of the approaches provides the best efficacy. According to the experience of the author, rather than the method itself, it is the clinician using the methods who makes the difference. The general guide-line for the choice of an appropriate treatment should be the Hippocratic imperative: primum nil nocere--first do no harm.

Theory and practice in action: the contributions of Michael Perkins to clinical linguistics.

This article reviews the scholarly contributions of Michael R. Perkins in the discipline of clinical linguistics and provides some indication of the reasons that he has been so successful. Three primary attributes were described through an analysis of his publications.

Avances principales de la audiología actual. Previsión de futuro / Major advances in current audiology. A view of the future

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A dialogue among various cultures and its manifestation in stuttering therapy.

UNLABELLED: This paper presents a historical retrospective of the evolution of the clinical aspects of stuttering, and refers to social, cultural, political, and economic variables that might have exerted an influence on this evolution, particularly in relation to the authors' experience in Israel. The retrospective commences in the early decades of the 20th century, when speech and language pathology did not exist as a profession, and presents the major approaches to therapy in children and adults employed by clinicians throughout the century. We focused on the impact of the change that occurred in religious society vis-à-vis stuttering on the various aspects of stuttering therapy and research. The Israeli Stuttering Organization - AMBI - is discussed in order to explore the possible influence of social, cultural, and political variables. In addition, we devoted special attention to the changes that occurred in the therapist-client relationship since they are indicative of the change in the nature of the treatment. We elaborated on the need for dialogue as a major component in the therapy and as an important contributor to a successful outcome. The dialogue is also discussed in terms of Eastern philosophy. Future developments in the understanding of stuttering and its implications for therapy are presented and discussed. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will be able to: (1) summarize the history of the clinical development of stuttering and explore the possible influence of social, cultural, political, and economic variables particularly in relation to Israel; (2) provide a new definition of stuttering; and (3) contrast the model of a dialogue as opposed to a monologue and explain its use in the therapist-client relationship.

Advancing description and explanation in clinical linguistics: a legacy of Martin J. Ball.

This article asserts the importance of explication of order and disorder in language as a privileged objective of clinical linguistics and service delivery and reviews the contributions of Martin Ball in advancing this agenda.

The birth and growth of a scientific journal.

Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics (CLP) and its namesake field have accomplished a great deal in the last quarter of a century. The success of the journal parallels the growth and vitality of the field it represents. The markers of journal achievement are several, including increased number of journal pages published annually; greater diversity of topics related to the core mission of the journal; expanding cross-language coverage; and healthy interactions among editors, reviewers and contributors; and - for better or worse - journal impact factors. A journal is in a competitive dynamic with other journals that share its general domain of scholarship, which is a major reason why an apparent imbalance may emerge in the topic content of any particular journal. The content of a journal is determined by the nature and number of submitted manuscripts. As far as linguistic content goes, CLP's centre of gravity appears to have been mostly in phonology and phonetics, but certainly not to the exclusion of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The clinical scope is broad, both in terms of concepts and types of disorder. CLP has secured its place among journals in the field, and it is an outlet of choice for many researchers throughout the world.

Clinical linguistics: its past, present and future.

Historiography is a growing area of research within the discipline of linguistics, but so far the subfield of clinical linguistics has received virtually no systematic attention. This article attempts to rectify this by tracing the development of the discipline from its pre-scientific days up to the present time. As part of this, I include the results of a survey of articles published in Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics between 1987 and 2008 which shows, for example, a consistent primary focus on phonetics and phonology at the expense of grammar, semantics and pragmatics. I also trace the gradual broadening of the discipline from its roots in structural linguistics to its current reciprocal relationship with speech and language pathology and a range of other academic disciplines. Finally, I consider the scope of clinical linguistic research in 2011 and assess how the discipline seems likely develop in the future.