The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a classic neuroimmune pathway, consisting of the vagus nerve, acetylcholine (ACh)-the pivotal neurotransmitter of the vagus nerve-and its receptors. This pathway can activate and regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as suppress cytokine release, thereby playing an anti-inflammatory role, and widely involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases; recent studies have demonstrated that the CAP may be a new target for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress with the view of figuring out the role of the cholinergic pathway and how it interacts with inflammatory reactions in several autoimmune rheumatic diseases, and many advances are results from a wide range of experiments performed in vitro and in vivo.

Impact of Janus Kinase Inhibition on the Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthropathies.

Many immune cells and effector molecules (e.g. cytokines, Interferons, growth factors) utilize different combinations of Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) molecules to transduce signals from the cell surface to the nucleus, where they regulate transcription. This pathway is basically involved in almost all inflammatory diseases and also in the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 cascade, which is an essential part of the pathogenesis of spondyloarthropathies (SpA). Upon evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments indicating disease-modifying effects of JAK inhibition in inflammatory joint disease, numerous inhibitors of the JAK/STAT pathway (= JAKinibs) with different selectivity against the four members of the JAK family [JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2)] were developed. Trials in rheumatoid arthritis were successful with respect to efficacy and safety, and currently, three JAKinibs are approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the European Union. Although new treatment options (anti-IL-23, anti-IL-17, and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors) have become available for spondyloarthritis and especially psoriatic arthritis (PsA) within the last years, most of them are biologics and do not address all disease manifestations equally. Therefore, multiple trials were initiated to evaluate JAKinibs in PsA and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). A trial of Tofacitinib (OPAL) was successful in PsA and has led to the inclusion of JAKinibs into the treatment algorithm. Currently many trials with JAKinibs are ongoing for PsA and axSpA, with one phase III trial of upadacitinib (selective JAK1 inhibitor) showing good therapeutic response in active radiographic axSpA.

Epidemiological survey and risk factor analysis of dialysis-related amyloidosis including destructive spondyloarthropathy, dialysis amyloid arthropathy, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

The RDT population, initially at 215 patients, exceeded 300,000 in 2011, with a total of 329,609 patients at the end of December 2016. In our Institute, the number of patients with destructive spondylosis is increasing with the increase in the number of dialysis patients in Japan. We had 14 Cases in the 1990s, and then 82 cases in the 2000s and have already had 131 cases in the 2010s. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) such as destructive spondyloarthropathy (DSA), dialysis amyloid arthropathy (DAA), and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). In addition, another purpose was to examine the risk factors of the DRA. DAA made its own assessment on radiographs based on stage. Survey items were patient's basic data, laboratory data and X-ray view. Patient's basic data included such as sex, age, height, and weight and RDT-related factors such as kidney disease that led to RDT, age at start of RDT, RDT history, medical history (past and present), and history of surgery. The frequency of DRA was examined by medical history and radiological examination in 199 dialysis patients who obtained informed consent. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of DRA, and risk factors of DRA were investigated from the medical history, basic data of patients, and blood tests. Of the 199 patients on regular dialysis therapy, 41 (20.6%) showed DRA. Based on the X-ray images, 21 patients (10.6%) showed DSA, while 22 patients (11.1%) showed DAA. Sixteen patients (8.0%) had CTS, determined through a history of surgery. Regarding overlap of conditions, 14 had both DSA and DAA, 3 had both DSA and CTS, and 2 had both DAA and CTS. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the cause of disease in Chronic glomerulonephritis and Diabetic Nephropathy, age at the start of RDT, period of RDT, body weight, blood platelet count, and blood Ca level. When multivariate analysis was performed on these items, statistical differences were recognized only during the dialysis period. In conclusion, long dialysis period was a risk factor for DRA.

Surgical management of a complex case of Charcot arthropathy of the spine: a case report.

Introduction: The authors present a case of a 55-year-old male with T10 complete paraplegia diagnosed with Charcot arthropathy of the spine (CAS). Case presentation: He presented to an outside institution with vomiting and productive cough with subsequent computed tomography (CT) and MRI imaging revealing L5 osteomyelitis and a paraspinal abscess. Given the patient's inability to remain in good posture in his wheelchair he underwent a multilevel vertebrectomy and thoracolumbar fusion. Due to multiple co-morbidities, surgical recovery was complex, ultimately requiring revision circumferential fixation. Discussion: CAS is an uncommon, long-term complication of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Surgical management is often complex and associated with significant complications. Currently, a consensus on CAS prevention, specific surgical fixation techniques and post-surgical nursing care management is lacking. In this case report we provide our experience in the management of a complex case of CAS to aid in decision making for future neurosurgeons who encounter this sequela of traumatic SCI.

Obturator Intraneural Ganglion Cysts: Joint Connected and Underdiagnosed.

BACKGROUND: Intraneural ganglion cysts of the obturator nerve are rare. Our aim is to review cases of obturator intraneural ganglion cysts at our institution and those reported in the literature. METHODS: We reviewed all cases evaluated by the senior author. A literature search was performed using the PubMed database and Google Scholar with the following terms: "obturator cyst," "obturator intraneural ganglion cyst," and "obturator intraneural ganglia." All cases underwent a retrospective review. Patient demographic data, including age, sex, and presenting signs and symptoms were recorded. Imaging studies were re-evaluated by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists experienced in the diagnosis of intraneural ganglion cysts. RESULTS: We identified 2 cases of obturator intraneural ganglia at our institution; both were connected to the hip joint. We found 4 cases that were clearly diagnosed as intraneural ganglia in the literature, of which only 1 was recognized by the original authors as being joint connected, but based on our reinterpretation, 3 of 4 were joint connected. An additional 9 cases identified in the literature did not definitely report the nerve-cyst relationship, but based on our reinterpretation, were believed to be intraneural; 8 were joint connected. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that obturator intraneural ganglion cysts adhere to the principles of the unifying articular theory. They arise from the anteromedial hip joint and extend into an articular branch and can reach the parent obturator nerve. Surgery should address the hip disease and/or the articular branch connection. Not appreciating the pathoanatomy of these cysts can lead to persistent or recurrent cysts.

Clinical outcomes after posterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery for destructive spondyloarthropathy in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis: A matched case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Cervical destructive spondyloarthropathy (DSA) often leads to cervical myelopathy in long-term hemodialysis patients. However, the surgical outcomes after instrumented fusion surgery for cervical DSA are still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of cervical DSA in comparison with a control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 20 undergoing long-term hemodialysis patients who underwent instrumented fusion surgery for cervical DSA between 2010 and 2016 were included in this study (DSA group). The mean age at surgery was 65 years, and there were 11 men and 9 women. The average length of hemodialysis was 23 years. The age- and sex-matched control group consisted of 20 patients (degenerative conditions). The Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, recovery rate, complications, and loss of correction of fused level were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Two of the 20 patients died due to perioperative complications. More than 1 year of follow-up data after surgery was available for 18 patients. The mean JOA score significantly increased from 5.4 before surgery to 9.7 at 1 year after surgery and 8.3 at the final follow-up (mean: 33.2 ± 21.3 months, P = 0.019). There were no significant differences in the mean recovery rate (41% vs. 37%, P = 0.44) between the DSA group and control group. Loss of correction of more than 5°was significantly higher in the DSA group (44% vs. 10%, P = 0.027). The rate of pseudarthrosis (17% vs. 5%, P = 0.328) and adjacent segment disease (22% vs. 10%, P = 0.17) tended to be higher in the DSA group. DISCUSSION: The clinical outcomes showed significant recovery in both groups. Therefore, posterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery was effective for treating cervical DSA.

Enthesitis: Much More Than Focal Insertion Point Inflammation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recognition of the importance of enthesitis as the pivotal pathological process underpinning spondyloarthropathies (SpA) has increased in recent years. Thus, we summarized the current knowledge on the pathogenic role of enthesitis on SpA shown by both animal models and human studies in vivo. RECENT FINDINGS: Experimental models have shown several SpA-like diseases that commence at entheses and are linked to nail disease as well as dactylitis, two important entheseal-associated conditions in humans. Frequently, enthesitis is not the primary outcome measure in studies of peripheral PsA and SpA although arguably it is the key parameter being indirectly assessed in spinal disease in ankylosing spondylitis. The use of different agents including JAK, IL-17, and IL-23 inhibitors contributes significantly to our understanding of enthesitis in terms of involved immune pathways. Enthesitis and enthesis organ inflammation may be the primary pathological process underlying SpA associated skeletal inflammation. Emergent studies are beginning to elucidate the molecular basis for this type of joint inflammatory response.

Spondyloarthritis: Matrix Metalloproteinasesas Biomarkers of Pathogenesis and Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitors.

The term spondyloarthritis (SpA) is used to describe a group of multifactorial chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by a predisposing genetic background and clinical manifestations typically involving the sacroiliac joint. The absence of pathognomonic clinical and/or laboratory findings generally results in a delay in diagnosis and, consequently, in treatment. In addition, 20-40% of SpA patients are non-responders to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapies. Given these considerations, it is important to identify biomarkers that can facilitate the diagnosis and assessment of disease activity. As inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of SpA, inflammatory mediators have been investigated as potential biomarkers for diagnosing the disease and predicting response to therapy. Some investigators have focused their attention on the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are known to be markers of synovial inflammation that is generated in the joint in reaction to inflammatory stimuli. Several studies have been carried out to verify if serum MMPs levels could be useful to diagnose SpA, to assess disease severity, and to predict response to TNF inhibitor therapy. The current review focuses on MMPs' role in SpA pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic implications.

Radiographic changes of cervical destructive spondyloarthropathy in long-term hemodialysis patients: A 9-year longitudinal observational study.

Analyses of radiographic changes and clinical symptom of destructive spondyloarthropathy (DSA) on consecutive 42 patients managed with long-term hemodialysis were performed to elucidate radiographic changes of DSA and the factors that influence to the destructive changes. Patients underwent plain radiographs of the cervical spine with 9 years interval. Grading of radiological feature from lateral view was classified into grade 0 to grade 3. Clinical symptom was evaluated using modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scoring system for cervical myelopathy (mJOA score). Destructive changes were observed in 3 patients at the first examination, and those were observed in 15 patients 9 years after the first examination. There is no statistically significant difference between the duration of hemodialysis and the grade. The mean age at the onset of hemodialysis, however, was significantly higher in patients of grade 2 and 3 than those of grade 1. Older patients with long-term hemodialysis had destructive changes. Destructive changes commonly observed in lower cervical spine. The average numbers of the involved disc level were 1.6 in grade 2 and 1.0 in grade 3. Clinical symptoms were varied in each grade and there was no statistically significant difference in total mJOA score among these grades. J. Med. Invest. 64: 68-73, February, 2017.

A clinical staging score to measure the severity of dialysis-related amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing effort to prevent dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) has been hampered by lack of any way to measure DRA's severity. Yet, such measurement is essential for assessing the effect of DRA treatment. Accordingly, we developed a scoring system focused on the physical manifestations of DRA. METHODS: Forty-four patients on maintenance hemodialysis with DRA, and 96 without it, were enrolled. The SF-36v2 Health Survey ascertained whether patients experienced general bodily pain and/or physical dysfunction with any attendant specific pain (dysfunction). If so, the association of those conditions with a finding of DRA was analyzed-including laboratory and radiographic data-and a scoring system reflecting the extent of that dysfunction was devised using the significant variables in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Both dysfunction and general bodily pain were severe in patients with DRA. Presence of polyarthralgia, trigger finger, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), and dialysis-related spondyloarthropathy (DRS) were associated with that dysfunction after appropriate adjustments. The new scoring system used those four variables in the model, with a 3 given for polyarthralgia and DRS, and 2 for trigger finger and CTS (possible range 0-10). Based on the physical functioning score of SF-36v2, we categorized A-score into three stages: mild (A-score 3-4), moderate (5-7), and severe (8-10). The corresponding area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve for diagnosis of DRA was 0.9345 when we set the cutoff value as 4. CONCLUSION: This validated scoring system for quantitatively estimating the severity of DRA can serve as A useful measure in clinical practice.

Different Contributions of CDKAL1, KIF21B, and LRRK2/MUC19 Polymorphisms to SAPHO Syndrome, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy.

OBJECTIVES: Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and seronegative spondyloarthropathy (SPA) are autoimmune diseases of unknown etiology, which share some clinical manifestations in common. Previous family-based investigations support genetic contributions to the susceptibility of these diseases. The current study evaluated whether three previously reported AS-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs6908425 T>C in CDKAL1, rs11584383 T>C near KIF21B, and rs11175593 C>T near LRRK2/MUC19, have any genetic overlap across multiple autoimmune diseases including SAPHO syndrome, RA, AS, and SPA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was obtained from 71 SAPHO, 125 RA, 67 AS, and 35 SPA Han Chinese patients, as well as 104 healthy controls. SNPs were genotyped by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Genotype and allele frequencies were analyzed using chi-square test. RESULTS: rs6908425 T>C in CDKAL1 was significantly different between SAPHO cases and healthy controls (odds ratios = 2.056, 95% confidence intervals: 1.211-3.490; p = 0.007), but no SNPs were associated with the risk of developing RA, AS, or SPA (p > 0.05). Analysis of genotype distributions showed similar results. A significant difference was only found in the genotype frequency of rs6908425 in SAPHO cases (p = 0.004); no significant differences were detected among patients with RA, AS, and SPA (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that rs6908425 in CDKAL1 is associated with the risk of developing SAPHO in Han Chinese populations. People who carry the risk allele T of rs6908425 might be more prone to developing SAPHO syndrome.

Surgical Management for Destructive Atlantoaxial Spondyloarthropathy in Long-Term Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: Atlantoaxial spondyloarthropathy most often results from rheumatoid arthritis, cancer metastasis, or basilar invagination. Dialysis-related spondyloarthropathy is a rare cause of spinal deformity and cervical myelopathy at the atlantoaxial joint. We report 2 patients on long-term hemodialysis who presented with atlantoaxial spondyloarthropathy. CASE DESCRIPTION: Two patients with end-stage renal failure presented with a history of progressively worsening neck pain, motion limitation, and gait disturbance. In both patients, radiologic findings showed a bone-destroying soft tissue mass lateral to C1 and C2, compressing the spinal cord and causing atlantoaxial instability. We performed a C1 laminectomy and C12 transarticular screw fixation and biopsied the osteolytic mass. The neck pain, hand numbness, and gait disturbance improved. CONCLUSIONS: Although the surgical management of these patients involves many challenges, appropriate decompression and fusion surgery is an effective treatment option.

Prognosis and adjacent segment disease after lumbar spinal fusion surgery for destructive spondyloarthropathy in long-term hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar destructive spondyloarthropathy (DSA) is a serious complication in long-term hemodialysis patients. There have not been many reports regarding the surgical management for lumbar DSA. In addition, the adjacent segment pathology after lumbar fusion surgery for DSA is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical outcome and occurrence of adjacent segmental disease (ASD) after lumbar instrumented fusion surgery for DSA in long-term hemodialysis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 36 long-term hemodialysis patients who underwent lumbar instrumented fusion surgery for DSA were included in this study. The mean age at surgery was 65 years. The mean follow-up period was 4 years. Symptomatic ASD was defined as symptomatic spinal stenosis or back pain with radiographic ASD. The Japanese Orthopedic Association score (JOA score), recovery rate (Hirabayashi method), complications, and reoperation were reviewed. RESULTS: The mean JOA score significantly increased from 13.5 before surgery to 21.3 at the final follow-up. The mean recovery rate was 51.4%. Six of the 36 patients died within 1 year after index surgery. One patient died due to perioperative complication. Symptomatic ASD occurred in 43% (13 of 30) of the cases. Of these 13 cases, 5 had adjacent segment disc degeneration and 8 had adjacent segment spinal stenosis. Three cases (10%) required reoperation due to proximal ASD. Multi-level fusion surgery increased the risk of ASD compared with single-level fusion surgery (59% vs. 23%). The recovery rate was significantly lower in the ASD group than the non-ASD group (38% vs. 61%). DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated that symptomatic ASD occurred in 43% of patients after surgery for lumbar DSA. A high mortality rate and complication rate were observed in long-term hemodialysis patients. Therefore, care should be taken for preoperative planning for surgical management of DSA.

Rampant infections of bone marrow stem cell niches as triggers for spondyloarthropathies and rheumatoid arthritis.

Tropheryma Whipplei can induce rheumatism mimicking SpA or RA, but even more rampant bacterial/viral infections in epiphyseal bones could also contribute to the onset of RA and SpA. Indeed, as bone marrow stem cell niches are enriched in Tregs and myeloid derived suppressor cells, these areas are favourable for the persistence of quiescent viruses and/or dormant bacteria. This review focuses on the possibility that such silent infections of bone marrow stem cell niches might contribute to the pathogenesis of SpA and RA, at least during their onset. Some infections can affect the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, which can transmit these pathogens to their progeny. Transient but repeated revivals of viruses or dormant bacteria could promote the conversion of marrow regulatory T cells into effector phenotypes, leading to autoimmunity in the epiphyseal bone marrow, entheses and adjacent synovium. This scenario would also fit the flares of rheumatic disorders and explain why some joints or enthuses can be severely involved whereas their neighbours remain intact. The efficiency of anti-TNF drugs does not rule out a role of persistent infections in SpA and RA. These drugs do not affect chlamydial clearance, or the reactivation of latent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in mice or Epstein-Barr virus in humans. Anti-TNF might even prevent, rather than foster, the revival of dormant bacteria and viruses in marrow stem cell niches. Indeed, anti-TNF enhance the maturation of the immunosuppressive immature myeloid cells around stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophages, thus restoring immune responses in these areas.

Espondiloartropatía juvenil: una visión desde la pediatría / Juvenile spondyloarthropathy: a view from pediatrics

La espondiloartropatía juvenil (EAPj) representa un grupo de artropatías crónicas que se inician en la infancia y que corresponden a entidades cuyas clasificaciones se han modificado en el transcurso de las décadas. Las clasificaciones actuales las incluyen sólo parcialmente. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen compromiso articular periférico asimétrico, entesis, sacroilíaco y menos frecuentemente de columna han permitido agruparlas en cinco categorías entre el que se encuentra la forma anquilosante juvenil relacionada con HLA B27 (+), el prototipo de EAPj y que podría representar a la forma de inicio de espondiloartropatía anquilosante del adulto. Los recientes avances en los estudios genéticos, en la patogenia, el desarrollo de mejores técnicas de imagenología tales como la ecografía musculo-esquelética y resonancia magnética aplicada a la Reumatología pediátrica podrían contribuir a generar criterios de clasificación de manera tal que faciliten la comunicación científica con los Reumatólogos de adultos. Un diagnóstico precoz, la aplicación de medidas de actividad de la enfermedad validadas y el oportuno manejo terapéutico obtendrán un pronóstico más favorable. Los resultados terapéuticos en EAPj presentan evidencia limitada aún requiriéndose mayor tiempo de evolución para obtener resultados a largo plazo.

Juvenile spondyloarthropathy (EAPj) represents a heterogeneous group of juvenile articular inflammatory entities and their classification have been changed during the last decades. The current classifications include only partially. The clinical manifestations of diseases involves peripheral joints, enthesis, sacroiliac and less frequently spine and they are classified in five specific subgroups among which is the juvenile ankylosing HLA B27 (+); the EAPj’s prototype and that may represent one of ankylosing spondyloarthropathy adult diseases. Recently, novel insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and development of the imaging techniques such as muscle-skeletal ultrasound and magnetic resonance applied to pediatric rheumatology could be contributing to new classification criteria in order to facilitate the scientific communication with Rheumatologist of adult patients. An early diagnosis a validated measures of disease activity and treatment can change the course and outcome of disease.

Th22 Cells Contribution in Immunopathogenesis of Rheumatic Diseases.

Newly identified T helper cell 22 (Th22) is a subset of CD4+T cells with specific properties apart from other known CD4+ T cell subsets with distinguished gene expression and function. Th22 cells are characterized by production of a distinct profile of effector cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-22, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The levels of Th22 and related cytokine IL-22 are increased in various autoimmune diseases and positively associated with some rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, behcet's disease, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. In summary, IL-22 and Th22 cells play a significant and complicated role in inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases, therefore, targeting IL-22 or Th22 have unique and attractive advantages due to the fact that Th22 subset is recently identified and its associated research is extremely limited. This review discusses the role of Th22 and its cytokine IL-22 in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatic disease.

Intestinal Flora Modification of Arthritis Pattern in Spondyloarthropathy.

BACKGROUND: The reactive form of spondyloarthropathy appears inducible by exposure to agents of infectious diarrhea, but do those organisms represent the tip of the iceberg, as indicated by renewed interest in gastrointestinal flora? Prevalence of spondyloarthropathy (20% of chimpanzees [Pan] and 28% of gorillas) is independent of subspecies and species, respectively. However, there are major differences in arthritis patterns, a characteristic shared with humans. OBJECTIVES: Do patterns of arthritis correlate with gastrointestinal flora? Could such associated modifications be in the form of disease induction or represent protective effectors (at least against the extent of peripheral arthritis)? METHODS: The skeletons of 2 chimpanzee subspecies (79 Pan troglodytes troglodytes and 26 Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and 2 gorilla species (99 Gorilla gorilla and 38 Gorilla beringei) adults were examined, and arthritis pattern noted. Feces of Eastern (P. schweinfurthii and G. beringei) and Western (great apes collected in their normal ranges) apes were assessed for 16S rRNA c and its character. RESULTS: Patterns of arthritis recognized on examination of skeletons showed geographic variation in skeletal distribution. East African apes (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii and G. beringei) had pauciarticular arthritis and frequent sacroiliac disease, whereas West African apes (P. troglodytes troglodytes and G. gorilla) had polyarticular peripheral joint disease with minimal sacroiliac involvement. DNA evidence revealed that Corynebactericeae were prominently represented in great apes with polyarticular disease, whereas Dietzia and Bifidobacterium exposure correlated with reduced peripheral joint arthritis distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Suggestions of a protective effect (in this case, limiting extent of peripheral arthritis, but not the disease itself) offered by these organisms are well represented by documented effects in other diseases (eg, tuberculosis) in the zoologic record. Perhaps it is this disease-modifying character that reduces the extent of the peripheral erosive disease, while increasing propensity to axial (sacroiliac) disease. A potential role for probiotic organisms in management of arthritis in humans is suggested, as has been documented for tuberculosis, gastrointestinal disorders, and food allergies.

MRI of inflammatory spondyloarthropathy following traumatic cauda equina syndrome.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Spondyloarthropathy has been described radiographically in patients following paralysis from spinal cord trauma. Onset of these findings after cauda equina syndrome have not been reported previously. Furthermore, the magnetic resonance documentation of its early evolution has not been recorded. PURPOSE: We report a case of early-onset spondyloarthropathy shown by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a patient with cauda equina syndrome due to bilateral sacral insufficiency fractures. STUDY DESIGN: Unique case study review, one case. METHODS: Review of the clinical case notes and imaging including initial and subsequent MR imaging. RESULTS: The initial MRI of the lumbosacral spine showed bilateral sacral insufficiency fractures with a kyphotic deformity. The vertebral bodies were normal on the initial computed tomography and MRI studies, which did not reveal pre-existing features of sacroiliitis. The second MRI performed 5 months later clearly showed spondylitis at multiple vertebral levels with partial resolution 18 months post injury. CONCLUSION: Spondyloarthropathy in patients with paralysis due to spinal cord injury is well documented in the English language literature, but until now this has not been demonstrated by MRI. It is a rare complication of traumatic cauda equina syndrome that commences soon after the traumatic event and can resolve spontaneously.