ABSTRACT
In order to, understand the development of the National Health Service, we need to look at the state of orthodontics in the country prior to its introduction in 1948. This article considers the various factors which contributed to orthodontics' development in the NHS. The progress of this specialty is described together with comments on its future in the NHS.
Subject(s)
Orthodontics/history , State Medicine/history , Certification/history , Forecasting , General Practice, Dental/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Orthodontics/education , Stainless Steel/history , United KingdomABSTRACT
From 1956 to the present has been a period of surgical expansion into the middle ear for correction of deafness. This article follows the evolution of microscopic implants designed to replace all or part of the ossicular chain, and the use of biocompatible materials of plastic, metal, and ceramics to form prosthetic devices.
Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials/history , Ossicular Prosthesis/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Polyethylenes/history , Polytetrafluoroethylene/history , Prosthesis Design/history , Stainless Steel/historyABSTRACT
In summary, implants are highly successful because encapsulation occurs around the implant without rejection and no other fixation is necessary. There is relatively no shortening or instability of the toe, such as a floppy toe. This seems to prevent painful stiff pseudoarthrosis or arthritis because it acts as a spacer to prevent narrowing of the joint and allows for movement. It prevents a short first toe and prevents any undesired cosmetic results, as it provides the joint with a pain-free range of motion, allowing it to become more mobile and stable. Also, ulnar implants have been used with the same indications and contraindications. The most important consideration about implant surgery is that these implants, that is, the Silastic and the Swanson design, are nonabsorbable. They will not cause tissue reaction and the fibrous encapsulation forms all that is necessary to encapsulate the implant itself; therefore, there is very little bony rejection. From recent literature and through professional experience, it has been proved that implants act primarily as a spacer. They provide a pain-free range of motion but not as well as desired. Implants provide stability to the joint, which is of the utmost importance. The Silastic implants have stood the test of time in most cases. However, the search for better biomaterials, better results, and better functions is never ending. There is a great need for continued research into this field. Podiatry must continue to maintain, contribute, and improve this research.
