ABSTRACT
In erythromycin-resistant bacteria, the N6 position of A2058 in 23S rRNA is mono- or dimethylated by Erm family methyltransferases. This modification results in cross-resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B. Most inhibitors of Erm methyltransferases developed up-to-date target the cofactor-binding pocket, resulting in a lack of selectivity whereas inhibitors that bind the substrate-binding pocket demonstrate low in vitro activity. In this study, a molecular docking approach followed by biochemical screening was applied to search for inhibitors targeting both cofactor- and substrate-binding pockets of ErmC' methyltransferase. Based on the results of the molecular docking-based virtual screening of the clean-leads subset of the ZINC database, 29 compounds were chosen for experimental verification. Among them inhibitor 28 (ZINC code 32747906), with an IC50 of 100⯵M, decreased the minimal inhibitory concentration of erythromycin in the Escherichia coli strain overexpressing ErmC'. Docking analysis of 28 to the ErmC' structure and the competitive ligand binding assay revealed a non-competitive model of inhibition. Inhibitor 28 served as a template for similarity-based virtual screening, which resulted in the identification of two derivatives 3s (ZINC code 62022572) and 4s (ZINC code 49032257) with an IC50 of 116⯵M and 110⯵M, respectively. Our results provide a basis for the development of inhibitors against the Erm-family of enzymes.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Lincosamides/pharmacology , Macrolides/pharmacology , Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Streptogramin Group B/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Lincosamides/chemistry , Macrolides/chemistry , Methyltransferases/metabolism , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Streptogramin Group B/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The streptogramin antibiotics were discovered over 40 years ago but are only now emerging as important therapeutic agents for the treatment of infection caused by a variety of bacteria. The streptogramins consist of mixtures of two structurally distinct compounds, type A and type B, which are separately bacteriostatic, but bactericidal in appropriate ratios. These antibiotics act at the level of inhibition of translation through binding to the bacterial ribosome. Resistance to streptogramins occurs through a number of mechanisms including target modification, efflux, and enzyme catalyzed antibiotic modification. This review describes the current understanding of streptogramin function and resistance with emphasis on molecular mechanism and epidemiology.
