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2.
An. psicol ; 39(3): 384-394, Oct-Dic, 2023. tab
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-224940

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: evaluar el uso de sustancias y la salud mental de los camioneros brasileños, y cómo estos impactan en sus comportamientos re-lacionados con la conducción. Métodos: estudiotransversal realizado con 235 camioneros en Brasil. Resultados: Los conductores que condujeron des-pués de beber eran fumadores, sufrieron agresiones y experimentaron an-siedad. Las fallas en la conducción se asociaron con la conducción después de beber y han sufrido agresiones. Los errores se asociaron con la altera-ción del sueño y la participación en accidentes que tuvieron víctimas. Las infracciones fueron mayores entre quienes condujeron después de beber, consumieron drogas, tenían ansiedad y problemas de sueño. Conclusión: El uso de sustancias, la salud mental, la somnolencia y la violencia están inter-relacionados para los camioneros brasileños.(AU)


Objective: to evaluate the substance use and mental health of Bra-zilian truck drivers, how these impact on their driving-related behaviors.Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with 235 truck drivers in Brazil. Results: The drivers who drove after drinking were smokers, suffered as-saults and experienced anxiety. Lapses in driving were associated with driv-ing after drinking and have suffered assaults. Errors were associated with impaired sleep and being involved in accidents that had victims. Violations were greater amongst those who drove after drinking, used drugs, had anx-iety and impaired sleep. Conclusion: Substance use, mental health, drowsi-ness and violence are interrelated for Brazilian truck drivers.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Alcohol Drinking , Substance Abuse, Oral , Tobacco Use , Sleep Wake Disorders , Sleepiness , Automobile Driving , Brazil , Mental Health , Cross-Sectional Studies , Substance-Related Disorders
3.
Metas enferm ; 26(7): 49-56, Sept. 2023. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-224704

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: analizar la autopercepción de la salud mental y el consumo de drogas lícitas en jóvenes de una universidad pública de México.Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 308 jóvenes universitarios de Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche (México). Para la recogida de los datos se utilizó un formulario ad hoc de datos personales e historial del consumo de drogas lícitas y el Cuestionario de Salud General (GHQ-12). Se realizaron análisis bivariante y se aplicaron test de contraste de hipótesis (Chi cuadrado y U de Man Whitney).Resultados: la media de la puntuación global del GHQ fue 14,02. El 81,8% había consumido alcohol y el 49,4% tabaco alguna vez en la vida. El 53,9% presentaba ausencia de psicopatología. La presencia era mayor en las mujeres que en los hombres (10,9% frente a 4,5%; p= 0,038). Los valores promedio delGHQ-12 fueron más altos en quienes habían consumido alcohol alguna vez en su vida (14,3; p= 0,037) y en el último año (14,09; p= 0,04), y en quienes habían fumado alguna vez en su vida (15,22; p= 0,048) o en el último año (14,88; p= 0,043).Conclusión: existen diferencias significativas de la autopercepción de la salud mental y el consumo de drogas lícitas, reportándose puntuaciones mayores en jóvenes que han consumido alcohol y tabaco alguna vez en la vida y en último año. Los resultados ayudan a comprender la magnitud del fenómeno en este grupo poblacional y que puede ser un factor determinante para el estado de salud biológico, psicológico y social, por lo que se requiere un abordaje integral.(AU)


Objective: to analyse the self-perception of mental health and use of legal drugs in young students from a public university in Mexico. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 308 young university students from Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche (Mexico). An ad hoc form about personal details and history of use of legal drugs was used for data collection, as well as the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Bivariate analysis was conducted, and hypothesis tests (Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U).Results: the overall mean score in the GHQ was 14.02; 81.8% of them had consumed alcohol and 49% had smoked at some point in their lives, while 53.9% presented lack of psychopathology. Presence was higher in women than in men (10.9% vs. 4.5%; p= 0.038). The average values of GHQ-12 were higher among those who had consumed alcohol at some point in their lives (14.3; p= 0.037) and during the past year (14.09; p= 0.04), and in those who had smoked at some point in their lives (15.22; p= 0.048) or during the past year (14.88; p= 0.043).Conclusion: there are significant differences in the self-perception of mental health and use of legal drugs, with higher scores reported among young persons who have consumed alcohol and smoked at some point in their lives and during the past year. Results help to understand the extent of the phenomenon in this population group, and that this can be a determining factor for the biologic, psychological and social health status; therefore, an integral approach is required.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Students/psychology , Substance Abuse, Oral , Illicit Drugs , Mental Health , Self Concept , Alcoholic Beverages , Student Health , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico , Tobacco Use , Underage Drinking
4.
Article in English, Portuguese | BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-1551796

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: analisar o consumo de substâncias psicoativas por médicos de um hospital de alta complexidade do estado do Piauí. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 90 profissionais. A coleta dos dados ocorreu entre dezembro de 2018 e julho de 2019, por meio de questionário semiestruturado, composto por variáveis sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e relacionadas à saúde e ao consumo de substâncias psicoativas, além dos instrumentos Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test e o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, odds ratio, teste de qui-quadrado e teste de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: Dentre as substâncias psicoativas mais consumidas, destacou-se o álcool (94%). Dentre as ilícitas, verificou-se o uso de maconha (97,6%) e inalantes (97,6%). Quanto às motivações para o consumo de substâncias psicoativas, o uso recreativo (57,7%) e para relaxamento (26,6%) foram mais prevalentes; em relação ao contexto, predominou o uso para descanso (48,8%). De modo geral, os participantes apresentaram baixo risco para o consumo de substâncias psicoativas. Conclusão: O comportamento de risco identificado direciona a atenção para demandas de cuidado em saúde mental. Assim, emerge a necessidade de fortalecer o círculo de proteção em saúde do trabalhador voltado ao enfrentamento da problemática


Aim: to analyze the consumption of psychoactive substances by physicians at a high complexity hospital in the state of Piauí. Method: cross-sectional study carried out with 90 professionals. Data collection took place between December 2018 and July 2019, through a semi -structured questionnaire, composed of sociodemographic, occupational and health -related variables and psychoactive substance consumption, as well the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, odds ratio, chisquare test and Pearson correlation test. Results: Among the most consumed psychoactive substances, the alcohol presented highlighted (94,0%). Among the illicit, we identified use of marijuana (97,6%) and inhalants (97,6%). Regarding the motivations for the consumption of psychoactive substances, recreational use (57,7%) and relaxation (26,6%) were more prevalent; as for the context, use for rest predominated (48.8%). In general, participants showed a low risk for the consumption of psychoactive substances. Conclusion: Identified risk behaviors direct attention to the demands of mental health care. Therefore, the need to strengthen the workers' health protection circle arises, focused on facing this problem


Objetivo: analizar el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por médicos de un hospital de alta complejidad en el estado de Piauí. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 90 profesionales. La recolección de datos se realizó entre diciembre de 2018 y julio de 2019, a través de un cuestionario semiestructurado, compuesto por variables sociodemográficas, laborales, de salud y consumo de psicotrópicos, además del Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test y el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva, razón de momios, prueba de chicuadrado y correlación de Pearson. Resultados: Entre las sustancias psicoactivas más consumidas el alcohol mostró destacado (94,0%). Entre los ilícitos, estaba el uso de marihuana (97,6%) e inhalables (97,6%). Con respecto a las motivaciones para el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, prevalecieron: uso recreativo (57,7%) y relajación (26,6%); en cuanto al contexto, predominó el uso para el descanso (48,8%). En general, los participantes mostraron un riesgo bajo para el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Conclusión: Las conductas de riesgo identificadas orientan la atención a las demandas de cuidado en salud mental. Por lo tanto, surge la necesidad de fortalecer el círculo de protección de la salud de los trabajadores, centrado en enfrentar esto.


Subject(s)
Physicians , Psychotropic Drugs , Occupational Health , Substance Abuse, Oral
5.
Rev. esp. drogodepend ; 48(4): 16-37, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-229506

ABSTRACT

El chemsex, una actividad recreativa y ocasional para la mayoría de los hombres gais,bisexuales y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (GBHSH) que lo practican, se ha asociado aconsecuencias negativas en distintas esferas de la salud. Sin embargo, apenas existe evidencia sobre lapreocupación por el consumo de drogas entre usuarios de chemsex. Objetivos: Estimar la proporciónde hombres GBHSH usuarios de chemsex preocupados por su consumo de drogas e identificar susprincipales determinantes, así como las drogas asociadas a mayor preocupación. Materiales y métodos:Se realizó un estudio online entre mayo y julio de 2020, en el que se analizaron 779 hombres GBHSHque habían participado en sesiones de chemsex en los últimos 12 meses. Se estimó la prevalencia depreocupación por consumo de drogas y se realizó un análisis multivariante para identificar los factoresasociados mediante regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: La preocupación porconsumo de drogas en los últimos 12 meses (31,6%) se asoció de forma independiente con: tenermenos de 40 años, haber pagado dinero a cambio de sexo, el consumo de las drogas más asociadascon la práctica del chemsex, así como con el consumo regular y la inyección de drogas en cualquiercircunstancia. Metanfetamina y mefedrona fueron las drogas que más preocuparon a los usuariosde chemsex. Conclusión: Se evidencia la necesidad de implementar medidas dirigidas a identificar yfavorecer el acceso de los usuarios de chemsex preocupados por su consumo de drogas a los recursossociosanitarios. Asimismo, es importante incrementar la conciencia acerca de los riesgos asociados alconsumo de drogas en esta población, especialmente entre los usuarios con patrones potencialmenteproblemáticos como el uso regular o inyectado de drogas. (AU)


Chemsex, a recreational and occasional activity for the majority of gay, bisexual, and othermen who have sex with men (GBMSM) who engage in it, has been associated with negative consequences in various health spheres. However, there is scarce evidence regarding concerns about drug useamong chemsex users. Objectives: To estimate the proportion of GBMSM engaged in chemsex who areconcerned about their drug use and identify its main determinants, as well as the drugs associated withgreater concern. Materials and Methods: An online study was conducted between May and July 2020,analyzing 779 GBMSM engaged in chemsex sessions in the last 12 months. The prevalence of concernabout drug use was estimated, and a multivariate analysis was performed to identify associated factorsusing Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: Concern about drug use in the last 12 months(31.6%) was independently associated with being under 40 years old, having paid for sex, the use ofdrugs most associated with chemsex practice, as well as regular drug use and drug injection in any circumstance. Methamphetamine and mephedrone were the drugs that most concerned chemsex users.Conclusion: These results show the need to implement measures aimed at identifying and promotingthe access of chemsex users concerned about their drug use to social and health resources. Likewise, itis important to increase awareness about the risks associated with drug use in this population, especiallyamong users with potentially problematic patterns such as regular or injecting drug use. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Substance Abuse, Oral , Homosexuality , Coitus , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Sexual and Gender Minorities
6.
Washington, D.C.; Organisation panaméricaine de la Santé; 2022-11-16. (OPS/NMH/MH/21-0022).
in French | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-56721

ABSTRACT

Cette fiche d’information d’une page fournit une explication concise des répercussions de la consommation d’alcool sur le sommeil des gens. La consommation d’alcool peut affecter la qualité et la durée du sommeil, supprimer le sommeil paradoxal et aggraver les symptômes de l’apnée du sommeil et de l’insomnie. En particulier, la fiche d’information met en évidence le cercle vicieux des troubles liés à la consommation d’alcool et des troubles du sommeil, souligne le lien entre le fait de bien dormir et la santé globale et exhorte les gens à demander de l’aide si leur consommation d’alcool nuit à leur sommeil. Enfin, il offre cinq conseils simples pour aider les gens à améliorer leur sommeil.


Subject(s)
Noncommunicable Diseases , Alcohol Drinking , Mental Health , Substance Abuse, Oral , Risk Factors , Alcoholic Beverages , Sleep, REM , Sleep Apnea Syndromes , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
7.
Ghana Medical Journal ; 56(3): 176-184, )2022. Figures, Tables
Article in English | AIM (Africa) | ID: biblio-1398774

ABSTRACT

Objectives: To estimate patient treatment cost of oral diseases in Ghana Design: A cross-sectional study design using cost-of-illness analysis was employed Setting: The study was conducted at the dental unit of the University of Ghana Hospital, Legon Participants: About185 patients attending the dental unit of the hospital were selected Interventions: None Main outcome measures: Direct medical and non-medical costs, indirect costs, and intangible costs of treatment of oral conditions Results: The estimated average cost of treatment for oral diseases was US$ 35.75. The total cost was US$ 6,614.11, with the direct and indirect costs constituting 94.5% and 5.5%, respectively of the total cost. Direct medical costs constituted 86.9%, while direct non-medical costs constituted 13.1% of the total direct cost. The richer socio-economic group had the highest cost per quintile, with a mean of US$ 46.69. The intangible cost described was highest for pain (47.1%), followed by difficulty in eating (40.8%) and sleeping (34.6%) for both men and women. Conclusion: The costs of oral diseases are huge and cannot be overlooked. Oral diseases also pose significant productivity losses to patients


Subject(s)
Direct Service Costs , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Disease , Analysis of Situation , Substance Abuse, Oral , Health Services Accessibility , Statistics as Topic , Ghana
8.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 25(3): 173-181, 2022. tab.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1437047

ABSTRACT

The lifestyle is the result of a set of behavior patterns or sociocultural habits acquired over the years that determines the state of physical, mental and social health of people. The aim was to analyze the habit of consuming tobacco, alcohol and other illegal drugs in the acquired healthy lifestyle. Descriptive, epidemiological and cross-sectional study in 788 participants aged 22 to 77 years (49.5% men; 50.5% women) selected by non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. Subscale 4 Tobacco, alcohol and other drug consumption habits was used. of the Acquired Healthy Lifestyle Assessment Scale. The following classifications on consumption habits were made: a) tobacco (non-smoker, mild, moderate, high and very high risk), b) alcohol (no risk, prudent consumption, low, moderate and high risk), c) drugs (never, almost never, with some frequency, quite frequently and very frequently) and d) global (not at all healthy, unhealthy, tending towards health and healthy). The results showed that 27% of the participants need to improve their lifestyle by eliminating (or reducing) drug use, acquiring healthier habits. Regarding the differences according to sex, men, compared to women, presented a higher prevalence of unhealthy habits, especially alcohol. In relation to the differences according to the age group, the participants from 49 to 55 years old presented the highest prevalence of habits in the unhealthy or unhealthy levels, while the group from 56 to 72 years old showed the healthiest levels in relation to the habit of drug use.


El objetivo fue analizar el hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas ilegales en el estilo de vida saludable adquirido. Estudio descriptivo, epidemiológico y transversal en 788 participantes de 22 a 77 años de edad (49,5% varones; 50,5% mujeres) seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se empleó la sub-escala 4. Hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas de la Escala de Valoración del Estilo de Vida Saludable Adquirido. Se realizaron las siguientes clasificaciones sobre el hábito de consumo: a) tabaco (no fumador, leve, moderado, alto y muy alto riesgo), b) alcohol (ningún riesgo, consumo prudente, bajo, moderado y alto riesgo), c) drogas (nunca, casi nunca, con alguna frecuencia, con bastante frecuencia y con mucha frecuencia) y d) global (nada saludable, poco saludable, tendente hacia la salud y saludable). Los resultados mostraron que el 27% de los participantes necesita mejorar su estilo de vida eliminando (o reduciendo) el consumo de drogas, adquiriendo hábitos más saludables. Con respecto a las diferencias según sexo, los varones, en comparación con las mujeres, presentaron una mayor prevalencia de hábitos no saludables, sobre todo, de alcohol. En relación a las diferencias según el grupo de edad, los participantes de 49 a 55 años presentaron la mayor prevalencia de hábitos en los niveles poco o nada saludables, mientras que el grupo de 56 a 72 años mostró los niveles más saludables en relación al hábito de consumo de drogas.


Subject(s)
Healthy Lifestyle , Spain , Alcohol Drinking , Tobacco Use , Substance Abuse, Oral
9.
Washington, D.C.; PAHO; 2021-10-08. (PAHO/NMH/MH/21-0007).
Non-conventional in English | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-54970

ABSTRACT

Protecting health workers’ mental health is an essential and permanent component in the management of health systems and services, something that has been forcefully demonstrated by the pandemic of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This publication contains a series of general considerations, cross-cutting actions, and measures for protecting the health workers' well-being and mental health.


Subject(s)
Noncommunicable Diseases , Mental Health , Health Systems , Health Personnel , Delivery of Health Care , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections , Coronavirus , Substance Abuse, Oral
10.
Washington, D.C.; PAHO; 2021-10-04. (PAHO/NMH/MH/21-0022).
in English | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-54950

ABSTRACT

This one-page fact sheet provides a concise explanation of the impacts of alcohol consumption on people’s sleep. Alcohol consumption can affect the quality and duration of sleep, suppress REM sleep, and worsen the symptoms of sleep apnea and insomnia. In particular, the fact sheet highlights the vicious circle of alcohol use disorders and disturbed sleep, stresses the link between sleeping well and overall health, and urges people to seek help if their drinking is interfering with their sleep. Last, it offers five simple tips to help people improve their sleep.


Subject(s)
Noncommunicable Diseases , Alcohol Drinking , Mental Health , Substance Abuse, Oral , Risk Factors , Alcoholic Beverages , Sleep , Sleep, REM , Sleep Apnea Syndromes , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
11.
Rev. enferm. neurol ; 20(1): 39-44, ene.-abr. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-1349036

ABSTRACT

Introducción: el consumo de sustancias adictivas por los adolescentes constituye un creciente problema a nivel mundial. Ecuador tiene los reportes más elevados con respecto a otros países de Sudamérica. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de riesgo y la dependencia asociados con el consumo de sustancias en los adolescentes. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal en una muestra no probabilística, intencional de 431 adolescentes de las Unidades Educativas de la Provincia Santa Elena de 2018 al 2020 donde se aplicó la prueba de detección de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sustancias. Resultados: las sustancias psicotrópicas más utilizada son las bebidas alcohólicas en 60,2 %; existe predominio del inicio de consumo de sustancias entre los 14 y 18 años de edad y el 4.4 % revelan haber presentado inconvenientes en su salud por el consumo de estas sustancias. Conclusión: existe un bajo nivel de percepción del riesgo de los adolescentes en relación al consumo de sustancias lo que señala la necesidad de reforzar el conocimiento del daño potencial que ocasionan en este grupo vulnerable


Introduction: the consumption of addictive substances by adolescents constitutes a growing problem worldwide. Ecuador has the highest reports compared to other countries in South America. Objective: to determine the level of perception of risk of adolescents in relation to the consumption of addictive substances. Material and methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study in a non-probabilistic, intentional sample of 431 adolescents. Results: the most used psychotropic substances are alcoholic beverages in 60.2%. There is a predominance of the onset of substance use between 14 and 18 years of age and 4.4% reveal having presented health problems due to the consumption of these substances. Conclusion: there is a low level of perception of the risk of adolescents in relation to the consumption of substances, which indicates the need to reinforce the knowledge of the potential harm they cause in this vulnerable group.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adolescent , Substance Abuse, Oral , Pharmaceutical Preparations
12.
Rev. cuba. salud pública ; 47(1): e1832, ene.-mar. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1289564

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La prevención del consumo de drogas en el ámbito escolar es una prioridad en la política nacional de reducción de la demanda de drogas como elemento esencial para orientar la toma de decisiones. Objetivo: Determinar la salud percibida, la autoeficacia y la actitud hacia el consumo de drogas de los niños de 8 a 12 años que asisten a colegios de una localidad de Bogotá. Método: Investigación cuantitativa descriptiva, realizada a 467 niños y niñas de 8 a 12 años de seis colegios de una localidad de Bogotá. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Instrumento de autoeficacia percibida de Albert Bandura, el Instrumento Kidscreen 27 y el cuestionario de actitud hacia el consumo de drogas. Resultados: Se evidencia contacto con cigarrillo y alcohol desde los 8 años con diferencias significativas según edad y sexo. Al parecer los niños entran en primer contacto con el alcohol, mientras que las niñas lo hacen con el cigarrillo. Los que han tenido contacto con el alcohol y tabaco refirieron menores niveles de autoeficacia y salud percibida. Conclusión: El contacto con alcohol y tabaco se da en edades tempranas, con una importante proporción de consumo de alcohol alguna vez en la vida entre los 8 y 12 años, lo que hace necesario ampliar la investigación de consumo en este grupo de edad desde una perspectiva de género. Los programas de prevención del consumo de drogas se deben articular de manera transversal con el sector salud, el educativo y el familiar, de modo que en ellos se involucren padres y profesores(AU)


Introduction: The prevention of drug use in the school setting is a priority in the national drug demand reduction policy as an essential element to guide decision-making. Objective: To determine the perceived health, self-efficacy and attitude towards drug use in children aged 8 to 12 years who attend schools in a town in Bogotá. Method: A descriptive quantitative research was carried out on 467 boys and girls aged 8 to 12 from six schools in a town in Bogotá. A sociodemographic questionnaire, Albert Bandura's Perceived Self-Efficacy Instrument, the Kidscreen Instrument 27 and the questionnaire on attitude towards drug use were applied. Results: Contact with cigarettes and alcohol is evident from the age of 8 with significant differences according to age and sex. Boys seem to come first into contact with alcohol, while girls do so with cigarettes. Those who have had contact with alcohol and tobacco reported lower levels of self-efficacy and perceived health. Conclusion: Contact with alcohol and tobacco occurs at early ages, with a significant proportion of alcohol consumption, sometime in life, between 8 and 12 years old, which makes it necessary to expand the research on consumption in this age group from a gender perspective. Drug use prevention programs must be articulated in a transversal way with the health, education and family sectors, so that parents and teachers are involved in them(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Quality of Life , Alcohol Drinking/prevention & control , Tobacco Use/prevention & control , Substance Abuse, Oral/prevention & control , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Colombia
13.
AAPS J ; 23(1): 22, 2021 01 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33417072

ABSTRACT

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a short-chain fatty acid present endogenously in the brain and used therapeutically for the treatment of narcolepsy, as sodium oxybate, and for alcohol abuse/withdrawal. GHB is better known however as a drug of abuse and is commonly referred to as the "date-rape drug"; current use in popular culture includes recreational "chemsex," due to its properties of euphoria, loss of inhibition, amnesia, and drowsiness. Due to the steep concentration-effect curve for GHB, overdoses occur commonly and symptoms include sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. GHB binds to both GHB and GABAB receptors in the brain, with pharmacological/toxicological effects mainly due to GABAB agonist effects. The pharmacokinetics of GHB are complex and include nonlinear absorption, metabolism, tissue uptake, and renal elimination processes. GHB is a substrate for monocarboxylate transporters, including both sodium-dependent transporters (SMCT1, 2; SLC5A8; SLC5A12) and proton-dependent transporters (MCT1-4; SLC16A1, 7, 8, and 3), which represent significant determinants of absorption, renal reabsorption, and brain and tissue uptake. This review will provide current information of the pharmacology, therapeutic effects, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of GHB, as well as therapeutic strategies for the treatment of overdoses. Graphical abstract.


Subject(s)
Drug Overdose/therapy , Hydroxybutyrates/pharmacokinetics , Sodium Oxybate/pharmacokinetics , Substance Abuse, Oral/therapy , Alcoholism/complications , Alcoholism/drug therapy , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Overdose/etiology , Humans , Hydroxybutyrates/administration & dosage , Hydroxybutyrates/toxicity , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Narcolepsy/drug therapy , Sodium Oxybate/administration & dosage , Sodium Oxybate/toxicity , Substance Abuse, Oral/etiology , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/drug therapy
14.
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf ; 29(9): 1189-1193, 2020 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32602152

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Memantine is a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist currently used for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. Although the risk of memantine abuse is very low, other NMDA receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine and ketamine, are well known to drug users. The purpose of this study was to collect data on social networks in order to identify unexpected forms of memantine abuse. METHOD: A Google Trends search was used to highlight reddit.com as a major source of social discussions about memantine. Self-reported users experiences posted on reddit.com were recorded and sorted using representative keywords. RESULTS: From 2010 to November 2019, 307 topics citing memantine were identified on reddit.com and 136 users experiences extracted from the topics were recorded. The main use identified was "self-medication" based on off-label uses of memantine such as anxiety, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 87 reports), followed by nootropic (42) and recreational (39) uses. The average reported doses for acute and chronic uses were 156 ± 110 mg and 23 ± 24 mg respectively. For chronic use, the average duration was 15 ± 29 weeks. Most chronic users (77 out of 100) reported at least one side effect. CONCLUSION: Memantine misuse seems to be a growing phenomenon. Beyond expected use for recreational purpose; the main uses identified on reddit.com were not reported in the medical literature. Off-label uses and nootropic purposes seemed to be key features of memantine misuse.


Subject(s)
Memantine/administration & dosage , Online Social Networking , Prescription Drug Misuse/statistics & numerical data , Self Medication/statistics & numerical data , Self Report/statistics & numerical data , Anxiety/drug therapy , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Depression/drug therapy , Humans , Internet/statistics & numerical data , Memantine/adverse effects , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/drug therapy , Substance Abuse, Oral/epidemiology
15.
SMAD, Rev. eletrônica saúde mental alcool drog ; 16(2): 66-74, abr.-jun. 2020. ilus
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals, LILACS | ID: biblio-1127300

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: discorrer sobre o pré-natal realizado por enfermeiros na Atenção Primária à Saúde a gestantes usuárias de substâncias psicoativas. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado em seis Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde em um município de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com nove enfermeiros que realizavam consultas de pré-natal. A técnica de análise do conteúdo foi utilizada para o tratamento dos dados. RESULTADOS: dificuldades com a adesão das gestantes ao pré-natal e sua participação em grupos educativos. Os enfermeiros também identificaram as substâncias psicoativas mais utilizadas pelas gestantes e relataram abordar os malefícios do uso das substâncias, a fim de estimularem a decisão pela reduçÃO. CONCLUSÃO: o interesse das gestantes pelo tratamento foi pequeno e resultou na baixa adesão aos programas oferecidos na Atenção Primária, o que se revelou um problema de saúde pública, que requer práticas reorientadas de atenção a esta clientela.


OBJECTIVE: to discuss prenatal care performed by nurses in Primary Health Care for pregnant women who use psychoactive substances. METHOD: a descriptive-exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out in six Primary Health Care Units in a city in Minas Gerais. Data collection took place through semi-structured interviews with nine nurses who performed prenatal consultations. The content analysis technique was used for data treatment. RESULTS: difficulties with pregnant women's adherence to prenatal care and their participation in educational groups. Nurses also identified the psychoactive substances most used by pregnant women and reported addressing the harms of substance use, to encourage the choice to reduce use. CONCLUSION: the pregnant women's concern about treatment was poor and resulted in low adherence to the programs offered in Primary Care, which proved to be a public health problem, which requires reoriented care practices for this clientele.


OBJETIVO: discurrir sobre o prenatal realizado por enfermeros en la Atención Primaria a la Salud a embarazadas usuarias de substancias psicoactivas. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo exploratorio, de abordaje cualitativo, realizado en seis Unidades de Atención Primaria a la Salud en un municipio de Minas Gerais. La recogida de datos ocurrió por medio de entrevista semiestructurada con nueve enfermeros que realizaban consultas de prenatal. La técnica de análisis del contenido fue utilizada para el tratamiento de los datos. RESULTADOS: dificultades con la adhesión de las embarazadas al prenatal y su participación en grupos educativos. Los enfermeros también identificaron las sustancias psicoactivas más utilizadas por las embarazadas y relataron abordar los daños del uso de las sustancias, a fin de estimular la decisión por la reducción. CONCLUSIÓN: el interés de las embarazadas por el tratamiento fue pequeño y resultó en baja adhesión a los programas ofrecidos en la Atención Primaria, lo que se reveló un problema de salud pública, el que requiere prácticas reorientadas de atención a esta clientela.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Prenatal Care , Primary Health Care , Alcohol Drinking , Illicit Drugs , Substance Abuse, Oral , Nurses , Nursing Care
16.
Psicol. ciênc. prof ; 40: e192955, jan.-maio 2020. tab
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals, LILACS | ID: biblio-1143544

ABSTRACT

Resumo As percepções dos profissionais de saúde que atendem mulheres usuárias de crack podem auxiliar no aprimoramento dos atendimentos. Assim, este estudo objetivou compreender essas percepções. Se trata de um estudo qualitativo, com 33 participantes divididos em três grupos focais submetidos à análise temática. Estabeleceram-se dois eixos centrais: a) usuárias de crack e b) serviços de saúde. Posteriormente, identificaram-se oito temas e seis subtemas. No primeiro eixo destacaram-se: características das usuárias, ausência de rede de apoio, violência, estigma de gênero, prostituição e comorbidades clínicas. No segundo ressaltaram-se as dificuldades na articulação entre os serviços e questões a serem aprimoradas, como: prevenção na atenção básica, motivação dos profissionais, serviços específicos para mulheres, especificidades da gestação e combate ao estigma. A partir dos resultados, foram identificados e discutidos os desafios e as potencialidades que se dão nos atendimentos de mulheres usuárias de crack.


Abstract The perceptions of health professionals that serve crack-using women can help in the improvement of health care. Thus, this study verified such perceptions via a qualitative study with 33 participants, divided into three focus groups subjected to thematic analysis. Two a priori central axes were defined: 1) crack-using women, and 2) health services. Subsequently, eight themes and six subthemes were identified. Axis 1) showed: characteristics of the users, lack of support network, violence, gender stigma, prostitution and clinical comorbidities. In axis 2), there were challenges in articulating services and issues to be improved, such as prevention in primary care, motivation of professionals, specific services for women, specific aspects of gestation and stigma. The results allowed to identify and discuss the potentialities and challenges in providing healthcare services to crack-using women.


Resumen Las percepciones de los profesionales de la salud que atienden a mujeres usuarias de crack pueden auxiliar en el perfeccionamiento de las atenciones. Este estudio objetivó comprender las percepciones de profesionales de la salud sobre atenciones a las usuarias de crack. Es un estudio cualitativo, con 33 participantes, divididos en tres grupos focales sometidos al análisis temático. Dos ejes centrales se establecieron a priori: 1) mujeres usuarias de crack; y 2) servicios de salud. Posteriormente, se identificaron ocho temas y seis subtemas. En el primer eje se destacaron: las características de las usuarias, la ausencia de la red de apoyo, la violencia, el estigma de género, la prostitución y las comorbilidades clínicas. En el segundo eje, se resalta las dificultades en la articulación entre los servicios y también cuestiones a ser mejoradas, como: prevención en la atención básica, motivación de los profesionales, servicios específicos para mujeres, especificidades de la gestación y combate al estigma. A partir de los resultados fue posible identificar y discutir las potencialidades y desafíos en las atenciones de mujeres usuarias de crack.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Women , Public Health , Crack Cocaine , Health Personnel , Substance-Related Disorders , Health Services , Perception , Primary Health Care , Societies , Violence , Health , Delivery of Health Care , Disease Prevention , Substance Abuse, Oral
17.
Eur J Cancer Prev ; 29(3): 270-278, 2020 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32134400

ABSTRACT

Aims of this population-based cohort study was to compare the overall and site-specific cancer incidence in individuals with alcohol or drug use disorders with incidence of the general population, and to estimate excess cancer risk in a subgroup of individuals who have hepatitis C virus or HIV infection. The study included 4373 residents of Reggio Emilia province diagnosed with alcohol or drug use disorders during the period from 1 January 1985 to 31 December 2014. All newly diagnosed cancers registered from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2014 were taken into account to calculate the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of cancers of any site and of site-specific cancers. SIR of cancer at any site was 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-1.9). Anogenital cancers were associated with the highest excess risk (SIR=11.9; 95% CI 4.9-28.5), followed by oesophageal (SIR=9.5; 95% CI 3.6-25.3) and cervical cancer (SIR=8.6; 95% CI 2.8-26.7). Excess risk of all cancer sites, except for breast cancer, was observed among individuals with alcohol use disorders and of all cancer sites, except breast and kidney cancers, among individuals with drug use disorders. Among hepatitis C virus-positive individuals, cancer at any site risk was 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-3.1) and among HIV-infected individuals it was 3.3 (95% CI 1.8-5.7). Individuals with alcohol and drug use disorders face a higher risk of various cancers. Effective interventions to prevent or reduce the harm of substance abuse and risky behaviours in this population are warranted.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism/epidemiology , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology , Substance Abuse, Oral/epidemiology , Adult , Alcoholism/complications , Female , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/complications , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Humans , Incidence , Italy/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/etiology , Neoplasms/prevention & control , Registries/statistics & numerical data , Risk Factors , Risk Reduction Behavior , Substance Abuse Treatment Centers/statistics & numerical data , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications , Substance Abuse, Oral/complications , Young Adult
18.
Addict Biol ; 25(6): e12828, 2020 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31489746

ABSTRACT

A significant portion of prescription opioid users self-administer orally rather than intravenously. Animal models of opioid addiction have demonstrated that intravenous cues are sufficient to cause drug seeking. However, intravenous models may not characterize oral users, and the preference to self-administer orally appears to be partially influenced by the user's sex. Our objectives were to determine whether oral opioid-associated cues are sufficient for relapse and whether sex differences exist in relapse susceptibility. Mice orally self-administered escalating doses of oxycodone under postprandial (prefed) or non-postprandial (no prefeeding) conditions. Both sexes demonstrated cue-induced reinstatement following abstinence. In separate mice, we found that oral oxycodone cues were sufficient to reinstate extinguished oral oxycodone-seeking behavior following abstinence without prior postprandial or water self-administration training. During self-administration, we incidentally found that female mice earned significantly more mg/kg oxycodone than male mice. Follow-up studies indicated sex differences in psychomotor stimulation and plasma oxycodone/oxymorphone following oral oxycodone administration. In addition, gonadal studies were performed in which we found divergent responses where ovariectomy-enhanced and orchiectomy-suppressed oral self-administration. While the suppressive effects of orchiectomy were identified across doses and postprandial conditions, the enhancing effects of ovariectomy were selective to non-postprandial conditions. These studies establish that (a) oral drug cues are sufficient to cause reinstatement that is independent of prandial conditions and water-seeking behavior, (b) earned oral oxycodone is larger in female mice compared with male mice potentially through differences in psychomotor stimulation and drug metabolism, and (c) gonadectomy produces divergent effects on oral oxycodone self-administration between sexes.


Subject(s)
Drug-Seeking Behavior , Opioid-Related Disorders/psychology , Oxycodone/administration & dosage , Substance Abuse, Oral/psychology , Administration, Oral , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Cues , Female , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Oxycodone/blood , Self Administration , Sex Factors
19.
BMJ Case Rep ; 12(9)2019 Sep 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31537605

ABSTRACT

A 26-year-old Caucasian man with no medical history, except years of oral and intravenous drug abuse, presented with fatigue, shortness of breath, epistaxis and uncontrolled hypertension. He was pale with skin ecchymosis over his thighs and was anaemic, with severe renal failure and metabolic acidosis. Following initial clinical stabilisation of the patient, a renal biopsy was obtained, which showed vascular and glomerular changes consistent with thrombotic microangiopathic injury and advanced glomerulosclerosis. He was treated with antihypertensives and required haemodialysis. He admitted using 'crystal meth' regularly for many years, which is likely responsible for his renal failure. We present the case to illustrate methamphetamine-induced renal disease leading to end-stage renal disease and to bring awareness among practising clinicians, ancillary healthcare workers and public health professionals of this often undervalued cause of renal failure, which can be prevented.


Subject(s)
Kidney Failure, Chronic/chemically induced , Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology , Methamphetamine/adverse effects , Acidosis/complications , Adult , Disease Progression , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Male , Substance Abuse, Intravenous , Substance Abuse, Oral
20.
Rev. ecuat. med. Eugenio Espejo ; 7(11): 1-6, septiembre 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1022400

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: " Determinar cómo influye el consumo de drogas en el Rendimiento Académico en los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Parroquia de Puellaro en la comunidad de Aloguincho ". OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS: Identificar el nivel de consumo de drogas por parte de los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa " Jose Mejía del Valle" perteneciente la Parroquia de Puellaro en la comunidad de Aloguincho . Verificar el nivel de rendimiento Académico en los estudiantes y su relación con el consumo de drogas en los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa "Jose Mejía del Valle ". Proponer un programa de prevención de drogas para los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa "Jose Mejía del Valle " MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la población de los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa "Jose Mejía del Valle ubicado al Noroccidente de la Provincia de Pichincha. Fuente de información Primaria. Se estudiaron 122 personas que acudieron a clases ordinariamente entre el 2018 al 2019. Se identifico el riesgo de desarrollar un bajo rendimiento escolar por el consumo de drogas tanto licitas como ilícitas mediante de aplicación de la encuesta validada por la generación interactiva de Iberoamérica. Se realizó el análisis con el programa EPI INFO 7, para obtener un análisis uni y bivariado, se obtuvo porcentajes de las variables cuantitativas y se realizó la búsqueda de una relación utilizando el test exacto de Fisher. RESULTADOS: El tamaño de la muestra fue de 122 estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa "Jose Mejía del Valle ", perteneciente a la Parroquia de Puellaro en la comunidad de Aloguincho, en el ciclo escolar 2018 -2019, de los cuales encontramos el 51% (n= 62) de sexo masculino; la edad media de la población estudiada fue de 14.5 años +/- DS 13,08 años. De los datos demográficos encontramos que el 100 % (n= 122) de la población no ha tenido deserción escolar. Según el tipo de droga que mas conoce se encuentran todas incluyendo las licitas e ilícitas con un 31% (n=38), con respecto a las secuelas del consumo de drogas hay un conocimiento del 37% (n=46). Sobre el interés de recibir charlas de prevención sobre el consumo de drogas la población en estudio tiene un moderado interés del 43% (n=53) lo que significa la importancia de las mismas.Sobre la principal causa del consumo de las drogas tenemos múltiples variantes como la curiosidad, falta de comunicación intrafamiliar, baja autoestima y ser aceptado en un grupo de amigos con un 33% (n=40) que está en relación a las estadísticas mundiales. El signo físico causado por el consumo fue los ojos rojos con un 54,9% (n=67) que es orientativo para pesquisa de consumo en edades tempranas. Con respecto a las alteraciones en el rendimiento académico por consumo la inasistencia a clases tiene un 42.6% (n=52) y su mayor problema social fue el consumo de drogas en un 54% (n=66) a diferencia de otros estudios donde se indico a la pobreza como el principal problema social. Según los lugares donde más se consume la droga nos llama la atención que es en los espacios de entretenimiento como las fiestas en un 40.98% (n=50) y no asi en lugares abiertos ( parques ) como era la tendencia en zonas urbanas. CONCLUSIÓN: La variable consumo de drogas si se relaciona estadísticamente con el rendimiento académico en los estudiantes de octavo año. Existe una necesidad de implementar charlas preventivas sobre el consumo de drogas en toda la población y con mayor énfasis en los estudiantes de octavo año de educación básica por los cambios que experimentan en la malla curricular. El 42.6% de las inasistencias en esta etapa escolar nos indica que puede deberse a problemas de consumo y es cuando debemos actuar en prevención. Los cambios físicos experimentados por el consumo como ojos rojos, cambios en el comportamiento, rechazo a las normas establecidas son alarmas de consumo de drogas en los estudiantes. Llama la atención que atención que los espacios de entretenimiento como las fiestas en un 40.98% (n=50) son los lugares de consumo y no así en lugares abiertos ( parques ) como se era la tendencia en zonas urbanas.


Subject(s)
Tobacco Use Disorder , Alcoholism , Substance Abuse, Oral , Adolescent
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