Developing practical strategies to reduce addiction-related stigma and discrimination in public addiction treatment centers: a mixed-methods study protocol.

BACKGROUND: People with substance use disorders (SUDs) have restricted engagement with health-care facilities and describe repeated experiences of stigma, discrimination, and mistreatment when receiving care at health-care and public addiction treatment centers (PATCs). The purpose of the current study is to design practical cultural-based strategies to reduce addiction-related stigma and discrimination at PATCs. METHODS/DESIGN: The present study will use a mixed-methods design with an explanatory sequential approach. Phase 1 of the study will combine a cluster sampling technique combined with a cross-sectional survey of Patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) in Mazandaran, Iran. A total of three hundred and sixty individuals with SUDs will be selected to assess their experiences of stigma and factors predicting stigma. Phase 2 will involve qualitative study aimed at exploring participants' perceptions regarding the aspects and determinants of their stigma experience. The participants will include two groups: people with SUDs and staff/health-care providers at PATCs. Participants for Phase 2 will be purposively sampled from those involved in Phase 1.Qualitative data will be collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions and analyzed using content analysis with a conventional approach. Phase 3 will focus on the development of new strategies to reduce the experiences of stigma among people with SUDs at PATCs. These strategies will be formulated based on the findings derived from the qualitative and quantitative data obtained in Phases 1 and 2, a comprehensive review of the literature, and expert opinions gathered using the nominal group technique. DISCUSSION: This is one of the few studies conducted within the domain of stigma pertaining to individuals who use drugs within the context of Iranian culture employing a mixed-methods approach, this study aims to develop culturally sensitive strategies to reduce such problems from the perspective of Iranian people who use drugs. It is anticipated that the study will yield evidence-based insights and provide practical strategies to reduce the stigma and discrimination experienced by people who use drugs at PATCs. Such outcomes are important for informing policymaking and designing healthcare interventions tailored to the needs of individuals grappling with substance dependency.

The factors affecting substance abuse relapse based on theory of planned behavior in male addicts covered by addiction treatment centers in Southern Iran.

BACKGROUND: Given the destructive nature of addiction and its relapse after quitting, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting substance abuse relapse based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in male addicts covered by addiction treatment centers in Shiraz, Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 male addicts covered by addiction treatment centers in Shiraz, Iran, in 2021-2022. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software through descriptive statistical methods, linear regression, and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: 190 people (47.50%) were aged 31-40 years, 265 people (66.25%) were married, 224 people (56%) lived with their spouses, and 192 people (48 percent) had their first use at the age of 16-20. The substance respondents used were methamphetamine (59.5%), heroin (53%), opium (48%), and alcohol (40%). 138 people (34.5%) had their first place of consumption at friends' houses (Tables 1 and 2). 342 people (85.5%) had a history of relapse, and 172 people (50.29%) had 1-5 relapses. Marital status, occupation, and income were among the demographic risk factors, and addicted friends and close relatives were among the behavioral risk factors for drug relapse among people with a history of relapse. Personal desire and the insistence of friends were also among the individual and interpersonal factors of drug use among participants. The regression results showed that the constructs of awareness, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention were predictors of drug relapse among addicts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The current study's findings indicate that among the behavioral risk factors for drug relapse in individuals with a history of relapse are addicted friends and close relatives, while marital status, occupation, and income are among the demographic risk variables. Among the individual and interpersonal factors influencing drug usage among participants were personal desire and friends' insistence. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the TPB's structures might be used to predict drug relapse in addicts.

Examining facilitative services for entry into substance use disorder treatment: A cluster analysis of treatment facilities.

OBJECTIVES: We examined services to facilitate access to entering substance use disorder (SUD) treatment among a national sample of SUD treatment facilities. METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) 2020. Facilities were included in the sample based on criteria such as SUD treatment provision and being in the U.S. Cluster analysis was conducted using variables including ownership, levels of care, and whether facilities provide services or accept payment options aimed at reducing treatment barriers. National and state-level data on the percentage of facilities in each cluster were presented. RESULTS: Among N = 15,788 SUD treatment facilities four distinct clusters were identified: Cluster 1 consisted of for-profit and government outpatient facilities with high proportions of services to reduce barriers (22.2%). Cluster 2, comprised of non-profit outpatient facilities, offered the most comprehensive array of services to minimize barriers to treatment among all four clusters (25.2%). Cluster 3 included facilities with diverse ownership and care levels and provided a moderate to high degree of services aimed at reducing entry barriers to treatment (26.0%). Cluster 4 was primarily for-profit outpatient facilities with a low proportion of these services (26.6%). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed facility-level groupings with different services to reduce barriers to SUD treatment across various clusters of SUD treatment facilities. While some facilities offered extensive services, others provided fewer. Differences in cluster distributions point to possible facilitators to treatment access for some persons seeking admission to specific treatment facilities. Efforts should be made to ensure that individuals seeking SUD treatment can access these services, and facilities should be adequately equipped to meet their diverse needs.

Sociodemographic and treatment-related determinants of recent substance use among adults with comorbid substance misuse and psychotic disorders discharged from substance use treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Rates of alcohol and illicit substance use are higher among persons with psychotic disorders relative to the general population. The adverse health and psychological effects of substance use behaviors disproportionately impact persons with psychotic disorders. Prior research has shown that persons with psychotic disorders experience increased difficulty in reducing substance use behaviors, and interventions targeting substance use behavior change among this population have demonstrated limited effectiveness. One reason for this is that little is known about the factors that influence substance use and behavior change among this population. To address these disparities, the present study investigated sociodemographic and treatment-related factors of substance use recurrence among persons with psychotic disorders who received substance use treatment services. METHODS: Data came from the 2015-2018 Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharges (TEDS-D). TEDS-D collects annual data on adolescent and adult discharges from state-certified substance use treatment centers in the United States. The study conducted all analyses with a subsample of 1956 adult discharges with a psychotic disorder who received services from an outpatient substance use treatment center for at least one month. χ2 tests of independence and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations of sociodemographic and treatment-related characteristics with substance use recurrence while in treatment (α < 0.05 analyses). The study presents results from multivariable logistic regression models as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Those who were age 50 or older, were referred to treatment by the criminal justice system, and attended substance use self-help groups had lower odds of substance use recurrence while in treatment. Sex, educational attainment, employment status, living situation, type of substance use, and treatment history were not significantly associated with substance use recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: In designing treatment services, providers should consider whether focusing on sociodemographic, including cultural, factors can affect more positive substance use behavior change and other desired treatment outcomes among those with psychotic disorders and comorbid substance misuse. Further study is needed to identify these factors among specific subpopulations of those with psychotic disorders and substance misuse.

Critical incidents in Colorado's opioid treatment programs: A comparison of the COVID-19 pandemic to previous years.

INTRODUCTION: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) guidance allowed opioid treatment programs (OTPs) greater flexibility to provide take-home medication doses to patients. This study aims to characterize trends in the rates of critical incidents-safety events occurring in OTPs that are reportable to regulatory entities-across all Colorado OTPs during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of critical incidents (CIs) for patients enrolled in Colorado OTPs between the years 2017 to 2022, as recorded in Colorado Behavioral Health Administration's (BHA) Opioid Treatment Program Critical Incident Repository Dataset. March 15, 2020 was considered the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado, so only incidents which occurred from March 15-December 31 of each year were included. CI rate per 100 patients was calculated by dividing CI annual count between March 15-December 31 by the census of enrolled patients at the calendar midpoint of this period, which is August 7. Means comparison tests assessed differences in CI rates. RESULTS: OTP patient enrollment in Colorado increased from 4377 in 2017 to 7327 in 2022. Overall, Medication Diversion accounted for 70 % of CIs, followed by Death (14 %), and Other (5 %). There was a significant increase in the overall rate of CIs from 2017 to 2022 (1.1 % to 3.4 %). The average post-COVID CI rate was higher than pre-COVID (4.0 % vs. 2.4 %). There was no difference, however, in the post-COVID rate of CIs when exclusively compared to 2019 (4.0 % vs. 4.1 %). Post-pandemic years had significantly more CIs per month than pre-pandemic years (27.6 ± 5.6 vs 15.8 ± 3.5). There was no difference in mean monthly CIs between 2019 and post-pandemic (28.5 ± 5.3 vs 27.6 ± 5.6). CONCLUSIONS: There was no increase in the rate of reportable CIs in Colorado OTPs following the SAMHSA COVID-19 guidance increasing take-home doses when comparing 2019 to post-pandemic years. The notable increase in CI incidence occurred from 2018 to 2019, predating the pandemic. These data offer a measure of reassurance for the safety of increased take-home methadone doses. There should be further consideration of how a greater number of take-home doses might benefit both patients and OTPs.

Associations between smoking and pain in early recovery in residential substance use treatment-seekers.

INTRODUCTION: A growing literature indicates bidirectional associations between pain and tobacco use. Cigarette smokers are at increased risk for chronic pain, and observational and experimental studies indicate that pain increases motivation to smoke. Tobacco use disorder frequently co-occurs with other substance use disorders, which are also associated with chronic pain vulnerability. Despite evidence that pain significantly predicts smoking and relapse, associations between smoking history/trajectory and changes in pain over the course of treatment have not been characterized. The objective of the study was to determine the association between in-treatment smoking trajectory, pack-years (i.e., number of cigarette packs smoked per day multiplied by smoking duration), pain-related interference in daily activities, and pain intensity over the course of residential treatment. METHODS: In this study, 280 adult smokers in a residential SUD treatment center in North Central Florida completed questionnaires assessing cigarette use, pain intensity, and pain interference at treatment entry and discharge (Mean = 80.3 days, SD = 25.6). Most participants were diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (66.1 %). Opioid (27.9 %) and cannabis use disorders (29.6 %) were also common. Participants were grouped by whether their smoking increased (n = 36), decreased (n = 46), or stayed the same (n = 133) from entry to discharge. RESULTS: Analyses indicated a positive association between pack-years and pain intensity at both baseline (r = 0.185, p = 0.018) and discharge (r = 0.184, p = 0.019). Smoking trajectory was associated with pack-years, with those decreasing smoking having greater pack-years than those sustaining or increasing use [F(2,136) = 8.62, p < 0.01, η2p = 0.114]. Mixed general linear models indicated pain intensity [F(1,274) = 44.15, p < 0.0001, η2p = 0.138] and interference in day-to-day activities [F(1,276) = 31.79, p < 0.0001, η2p = 0.103] decreased significantly over time. However, there was no main effect of smoking trajectory on pain intensity [F(2,212) = 2.051, p = 0.131, η2p = 0.019] or of smoking trajectory by time interaction [F(2, 212) = 1.228, p = 0.295, η2p = 0.011]. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, findings provide evidence that smoking behavior influences pain within the context of residential substance use treatment. Given that pain is associated with urge to use substances and risk of return to use, more consistent and rigorous assessment of pain and proactive pain management is likely to enhance substance use treatment outcomes among people who smoke.

The effectiveness of court-mandated compulsory treatment in promoting abstinence among people with substance use disorders in Iran.

BACKGROUND: In Iran, people living with substance use disorders who engage in public drug use may be subjected to court-mandated treatment in compulsory drug detention and rehabilitation centers (CDDRC). This study aims to assess residential CDDRC's effectiveness in promoting sustained abstinence among people who use drugs (PWUD) in Kerman, Iran. METHODS: Between October 1, 2021, and September 30, 2022, 1,083 adult male PWUD with a diagnosis of substance use disorders and a history of engagement in public drug use were admitted to the CDDRC in Kerman. They were followed-up for 12 months after discharge. The relationship between baseline variables and abstinence, assessed using rapid urine tests, was examined using crude logistic regression models. RESULTS: Most PWUD were 30 or older (n = 876, 80.9 %) and had a history of previous CDDRC admission (n = 638, 58.9 %). At the end of the 12-month follow-up, only 2.6 % (95 % confidence intervals: 1.7-3.7) were abstinent. Individuals with limited education (Odds ratio [OR] = 3.43; 1.50-7.95) and those with a prior history of admission to the CDDRC (OR = 3.73; 1.55-9.89) had increased odds of relapse. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of CDDRC in promoting abstinence among the participants was minimal. This highlights the necessity of reassessing support and investment in these interventions and considering more evidence-informed alternative approaches in Iran.

Beneficios de la atención telefónica durante la pandemia covid19 en la adherencia terapéutica en pacientes con alcoholismo y otras adicciones / Advantages of telephone assistance on adherence to treatment in patients with alcohol and other addictions during the Covid19 pandemic

La pandemia por covid19 ha generado muchas publicaciones acerca de su influencia en el tratamiento y evolución de personas con un trastorno por uso de sustancias, con resultados contradictorios, a veces basadas en datos y otras en inferencias indirectas de otros datos. En este trabajo se estudia la adherencia y tasas de abstinencia de pacientes que inician tratamiento en una Unidad de Conductas Adictivas durante la pandemia, respecto a otros que acudieron el año previo y comparando los que hicieron visita presencial o telefónica. Los resultados indicaron mejor adherencia al mes de seguimiento en los pacientes del periodo covid19 y en los que fueron atendidos telefónicamente. A los 3 y 12 meses se mantuvo una mejor adherencia, aunque no significativa estadísticamente. Respecto a la abstinencia, el pequeño tamaño de la muestra dificultó obtener diferencias significativas. Se concluye que la pandemia, aunque ha significado una disminución del número de inicios de tratamientos por consumo de sustancias, también ha repercutido en una mayor adherencia a corto y medio plazo. La atención telefónica puede jugar un papel importante y positivo en este aspecto, complementario a otros recursos e intervenciones. (AU)

The Covid19 pandemic has led to many publications about its influence on the treatment and evolution of individuals with a substance use disorder, leading to contradictory results. In this study, the adherence and abstinence rates of patients who started treatment in an Addictive Behavior Unit during the pandemic are analyzed, compared with others who attended the previous year and comparing those who were attended in person or by phone. The results indicate that during the Covid19 period, patients had greater adherence to treatment after one month of follow up and when attended to by phone. At 3 and 12 months, greater adherence was maintained, although it was not statistically significant. Regarding abstinence, the small sample size made it difficult to obtain significant differences. The conclusion is that, despite a quantitative decrease in the number of patients beginning drug treatment, in qualitative terms the pandemic led to greater adherence in the short and medium term. Telephone attention can play an important and positive role at this point, complementary to other resources and interventions. (AU)

HIV Prevention Services in Residential Substance Use Disorder Treatment Facilities in the United States.

Residential substance use disorder treatment is designed to treat more severe substance use disorders. Considering the strong association between substance use and HIV, providing HIV prevention services during residential substance use disorder treatment is imperative. However, not all treatment facilities offer the same services, and differences in residential substance use disorder treatment facilities providing HIV prevention services might stem from facility-level characteristics. Using 3 years (2018-2020) of cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services, we examined which treatment facility characteristics were associated with having HIV prevention services. Using a logistic regression model with HIV prevention services as the outcome, we found that facilities that were accredited, engaged in community outreach, and offered assistance with housing and transportation were more likely to provide HIV prevention services. Furthermore, facilities in the Midwest and West were less likely to provide HIV prevention services than those in the South.

Adolescentes usuarios de sustancias ingresados en tratamiento: Características y factores asociados a la duración del tratamiento / Substance-using adolescents admitted to inpatient treatment: Characteristics and factors associated with length of time in treatment

Los estudios sobre adolescentes ingresados para tratamiento de uso de sustancias son limitados. Analizamos las características de adolescentes ingresados para tratamiento en un hospital psiquiátrico en Brasil y los factores asociados con la duración de su tratamiento. Métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo. Analizamos los registros electrónicos de tratamiento de 172 jóvenes (hasta los 17 años de edad) ingresados para tratamiento por uso de sustancias en el Hospital Lacan en Brasil. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes era 15,18 años (SD = 1,39). La muestra era mayoritariamente masculina (68,60%), cuyo ingreso fue involuntario (80,81%), sin escolarizar (89,82%), involucrada en el sistema de justicia penal (59,88%) y proveniente de una familia con problemas relacionados con el uso de sustancias (74,67%). La readmisión como paciente a tratamiento por problemas de uso de sustancias era frecuente. Como media, los adolescentes estuvieron ingresados para tratamiento durante 3 meses. La duración del tratamiento estaba asociada con: admisión involuntaria al tratamiento, reingreso hospitalario para tratamiento, solicitudes de alta del tratamiento por parte de familiares/cuidadores, nivel de estudios, abandono escolar debido a conducta agresiva, y uso de cocaína. Conclusión: Los hallazgos destacan los perfiles complejos de los adolescentes ingresados para tratamiento por el uso de sustancias en Brasil. Es necesaria una colaboración entre los sistemas de salud mental, educación y servicios de justicia para tratar el uso de sustancias entre adolescentes. (AU)

Studies of adolescents receiving inpatient substance use treatment remain limited. We explored the characteristics of adolescents who received substance use treatment as inpatients in a psychiatric hospital in Brazil and factors associated with length of time in this treatment. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed. Electronic treatment records of 172 young people (aged 17 and below) receiving substance use treatment at Hospital Lacan in Brazil were analysed. Results: The mean age of participants was 15.18 years (SD = 1.39). The sample was characterised as predominately male (68.60%), who entered treatment involuntarily (80.81%), were out of school (89.82%), were involved with the criminal justice system (59.88%) and came from a family with substance use problems (74.67%). Re-admission to inpatient treatment for substance use problems was common. On average, adolescents received inpatient treatment for 3 months. Length of time in treatment was associated with: involuntary admission to treatment, re-admission to inpatient treatment, requests of discharge from treatment by a relative/caretaker, education level, leaving school due to aggressive behaviours and cocaine use. Conclusion: Findings highlight the complex profiles of adolescents receiving substance use treatment in Brazil. Cross-system collaboration between mental health, educational and justice services are needed to treat adolescents’ substanceuse. (AU)

Drugs and alcohol Use patterns among those seeking care in urban rehabilitation centres before and during early months of COVID-19 in Uganda.

Introduction: There is a rise in alcohol and other drug (AOD) abuse in the country but details of the practice are scanty. This paper provides characteristics of clients in the rehabilitation centres, their AOD related practices before and early months of COVID-19, and correlates of repeat treatment. Methods: The study was conducted in 10 rehabilitation centres in Kampala Metropolitan area. Characterization of AOD clients involved descriptive analysis while comparison of AOD related practices pre-and during COVID-19 lockdown was carried out using interrupted time series analysis. Modified Poisson regression model was used to analyse the repeat treatment. Results: The clients were mostly male (85%), single (57%) and had attained secondary education (84%). Nearly a third of them (29%) were unemployed while 68% were aged between 15-34 years. The commonest substances used were alcohol (52%), cannabis (19%), cocaine (13%) and opioids (8%). The commonest sources of substances were street dealers (52%) and friends (37%). COVID-19 did not change the pattern of AOD use except for Opioids. Repeat treatment was associated with being male, seeking care in private facilities, being casual labourer/self-employed. Conclusion: Intervention programs should target the educated, the unemployed, young men, their friends, street drug dealers and AOD hotspots.

Serviço infantojuvenil para usuários de drogas: clientela e atendimento / Child and youth service for drug users: clientele and service

O estudo intenta conhecer o perfil de crianças e adolescentes atendidos em serviço comunitário para usuários de drogas e analisar as características do atendimento oferecido. Estudo quantitativo, descritivo-exploratório, com análise descritiva dos dados de 115 prontuários de um CAPSi especializado em drogas. Foi utilizada frequência válida, devido aos dados não informados. A maioria era de homens (78,2%) com idade média de 14,7 anos (dp = 1,98). Mais da metade não frequentava a escola (54,2%) e 33,7% residia com a mãe. Em 81,9% dos prontuários algum familiar fazia uso abusivo de drogas, sendo 52,9% o pai. A maconha apresentou maior prevalência e início mais precoce. O serviço dispunha de atividades que buscavam abranger diferentes necessidades, entre elas, questões escolares e familiares da clientela, justificando a proposta de um serviço comunitário especializado no cuidado a crianças e adolescentes usuários de drogas. Entretanto, observou-se como maior desafio a continuidade do atendimento no serviço.

A lógica das redes, modos de atenção e práticas de cuidado em saúde com usuários de álcool e outras drogas / The logic of networks, modes of care and practices of care in health with users of alcohol and other drugs / La lógica de redes, modos de atención y prácticas de atención en salud con usuarios de alcohol y otras drogas

Sabe-se que foi a partir da Reforma Psiquiátrica e da constituição de políticas públicas sobre drogas que o uso de álcool e outras drogas passou a ser pensado como uma questão de saúde pública. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi o de mapear e compreender as práticas de cuidado desenvolvidas através das equipes que atuam nos serviços públicos voltados às pessoas que usam álcool e outras drogas na cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul. Para a construção dos dados da pesquisa foram utilizados os seguintes procedimentos: participação nas reuniões de equipe dos serviços; realização de uma roda de conversa com cada equipe; observação participante em grupos e atividades em cada um dos serviços. Os dados foram analisados a partir da análise temática de conteúdo, sendo construídas três categorias temáticas. A primeira categoria apresenta e discute as noções de rede que surgiram nos grupos. Na segunda categoria, identificam-se e (re)descobrem-se algumas práticas de cuidado no contexto dos serviços estudados. Por fim, a terceira categoria coloca em evidência e problematiza as perspectivas de trabalho das equipes. A pesquisa possibilitou o entendimento dos serviços que ofertam cuidados aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas em Santa Cruz do Sul, assim como desafios, articulações entre os serviços e quais perspectivas estão orientando este cuidado.(AU)

It is known that from the onset of the Psychiatric Reform and the constitution of public policies about drugs the use of alcohol and other drugs was thought as a public health issue. In this perspective, the main goal of this research was to map and understand the care practices developed by the staff workers of public health system that focus on people who are alcohol and drug users in the county of Santa Cruz do Sul. To gather data for the research the following procedures took place: participation in the staff meetings; conversation meetings with each staff team; participant observation in group activities at each one of the services. The data was analyzed using a content theme analysis, three theme categories were built. The first category shows and discusses the notion of network that came up in the groups. In the second category, it is identified and (re)discovered some care-taking practices within the context of the services being studied. At last, the third category highlights and problematizes the perspectives of the work of the teams. The research allowed for the understanding of the services that offer care to alcohol and drug users of Santa Cruz do Sul, as well as the challenges, articulations between the services and which perspectives are under this care-taking practice.(AU)

És sabido que fue a partir de la Reforma Psiquiátrica y de la constituición de las políticas públicas sobre drogas que el uso del álcohol y otras drogas empezó a ser piensado como una questión de salud pública. Con esa perspectiva, el objetivo general de esta investigación ha sido de mapear y comprender las prácticas de cuidado desarolladas a través de los equipos que trabajan en los servicios públicos para las personas que son usuários de álcohol y otras drogas en la ciudad de Santa Cruz do Sul. Para la construcción de los datos de la investigación ha sido utilizados los siguientes procedimientos: participación en las reuniónes del equipos de los servicios; realización de una rueda de charla con cada uno de los equipos; observación participante en los grupos y actividades en cada uno de los servícios. Los datos fueron analisados a partir de la análise temática de contenido, con tres categorias temáticas siendo constuidas. La primera categoria presenta y discute las nociones de red que surgiram en los grupos. En la segunda categoria, identificase y (re)descobrense algunas prácticas de cuidado en el contexto de los servícios investigados. Por fin, la tercera categoria pone en prueba y problematiza las perspectivas del trabajo de los equipos. La investigación hizo posible el entendimiento de los servícios que ofrecen cuidados a los usuários de álcohol y otras drogas en Santa Cruz do Sul, así como los desafíos, articulaciones entre los servícios y cuáles perspectivas están orientando este cuidado.(AU)

Service Profiles in Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Are Treatment Facilities Consistent In Service Mix and Service Offerings?

OBJECTIVE: Substance use disorder (SUD) treatment facilities are the specialty treatment settings for individuals with SUDs and offer a variety of services for their treatment and long-term management. Despite the recommendations from evidence-based practice guidelines, individual facilities differ in terms of the number and type of services offered, resulting in gaps in service availability. The purpose of this study was to examine whether systematic differences exist among SUD treatment facilities based on the facility's service mix. METHOD: Publicly available data on SUD treatment facilities within the United States were obtained from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) for 2015-2018. Latent class analysis was used to identify the presence of different service profiles (i.e., classes of facilities) based on service mix and bivariate analysis to determine organizational characteristics associated with each profile. RESULTS: SUD treatment facilities systematically differ in service mix, and we identified three distinct service profiles--broad, high-prevalence; narrow, nonmedical; and broad, intermediate-prevalence. The distribution of facilities across the three profiles varied considerably, with a majority (90%) of facilities belonging to the broad, high-prevalence service profile, whereas 9.5% belonged to the narrow, nonmedical profile and the remainder (<1% of all facilities) to the broad, intermediate-prevalence service profile. CONCLUSIONS: The three service profiles and the distribution of facilities within each profile identified in this study highlight challenges and opportunities for practitioners and policymakers. The findings also suggest several avenues for future research in the area of policy, organizational strategy, and service delivery within SUD treatment.

Availability of Trauma-Specific Services in US Substance Use Disorder and Other Mental Health Treatment Facilities: 2015-2019.

This study assessed trends in provision of trauma-specific services, defined as dedicated programming for persons with a history of trauma, in US Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and other Mental Health (MH) facilities. Facility level data from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services and the National Mental Health Services Survey (2015-2019) were used to examine trends in provision of trauma specific-services. Trauma specific service provision trended up significantly between 2015 and 2019. In 2019, they were more commonly offered at MH facilities (49.9%) than SUD facilities (42.7%). Licensing by state SUD authorities were associated with provision of trauma-specific services at both MH (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.23, 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.18-1.47, p < .001) and SUD (AOR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.04-1.37, p = .012) facilities. The proportions of facilities that offer trauma-specific services were correlated within states (Pearson's r = .44, p = .001). State policies to implement trauma screening at public facilities were associated with higher odds of offering trauma-specific services in MH (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.04-1.64, p = .021) and SUD (AOR 1.51, 95% CI = 1.19-1.12, p = .001) facilities; whereas, state implementation of trauma-specific CBT at public facilities was associated with higher odds of this outcome only in MH facilities (AOR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.01-1.51, p = .043). Although trauma-specific services trended up significantly, fewer than half of treatment facilities offer such services nationally. Certain facility characteristics, such SUD authority certification, are associated with trauma-specific services. Variability among states in these services is linked to state policy. Increased efforts by states may be an effective point of intervention to further disseminate trauma-specific services.

Internationale normen voor de behandeling van stoornissen in het gebruik van drugs: herziene editie met opname van de resultaten van praktijktesten

De Internationale normen voor de behandeling van drugsgebruik stoornissen werden ontwikkeld door de Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie (WHO) en het Bureau voor Drugs en Criminaliteit van de Verenigde Naties (UNODC) om de lidstaten te ondersteunen bij het opzetten en uitbreiden van effectieve, empirisch onderbouwde en ethische behandeling van drugsgebruik stoornissen, met name in omgevingen met minder middelen. Ze bieden belangrijke principes voor de organisatie van behandelingsdiensten voor drugsgebruik stoornissen en beschrijven de belangrijkste componenten van behandelingssystemen, inclusief behandelingsinstellingen, modaliteiten en interventies. Daarnaast bevatten ze overwegingen voor groepen met speciale behandelings- en zorgbehoeften.

Comparison of Pain in Male Drug Rehabilitees with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Yunnan Province, China.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare pain symptoms in drug rehabilitees with or without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Yunnan Province, China. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective single-center cohort study. A total of 120 male substance users, including 65 with HIV, were enrolled after admission to the Fifth Drug Rehabilitation Center in Yunnan Province. Individuals who were >18 years of age and who had illicit drugs detected in their urine, despite not having used drugs for at least 2 months, were included. The patients evaluated their average pain intensity for the previous 4 weeks using a visual analog scale. PainDETECT questionnaire scores were used to classify pain into nociceptive and mixed component subgroups. Sleep quality was also evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale. RESULTS The prevalence and intensity of the pain symptoms were higher for the drug rehabilitees with HIV than for those without HIV. Moreover, the rehabilitees with HIV were more likely to experience neuropathic and nociceptive pain, whereas those without HIV reported only nociceptive pain. The sleep quality of the rehabilitees with HIV was also lower, regardless of the pain symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the drug rehabilitees with HIV in Yunnan Province, China, experienced more frequent and stronger pain (both nociceptive and neuropathic) than those without HIV. They also experienced poorer sleep quality, although it was unrelated to pain. Our results provide data to support clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Nível de atividade física entre usuários de substâncias psicoativas / Nivel de actividad física de los consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas / Level of physical activity among users of psychoactive substances

Objetivo: Este estudo verificou o nível de atividade física entre usuários de substâncias psicoativas. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Outras Drogas do município de Recife (Brasil). Participaram 160 indivíduos com idade 44.09±12.46 anos. Os participantes foram entrevistados por meio do questionário Global physical active questionnaire. Foi aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado de independência para verificar associação entre nível de atividade física e tipo de substância psicoativa utilizada, nível de instrução, raça/cor, sexo e tipo de moradia sendo aceito um p<0.05 como significativo. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que 51.9% dos usuários de substâncias psicoativas são fisicamente inativos. Houve associação nos domínios raça/cor da pele (p=0.039) e nível de instrução (p=0.002) com relação ao nível de atividade física. Conclusão: A partir destes dados será possível estabelecer os grupos que necessitam de maior apoio para promover estímulo à prática de exercício físico.(AU)

Objetivo: En este estudio se comprobó el nivel de actividad física de los consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal en los Centros de Alcohol y Otras Drogas Psicoactivas de Recife (Brasil). Participaron 160 personas de 44.09±12.46 años. Se entrevistó a los participantes mediante el cuestionario del Global physical active questionnaire. La prueba de chi-cuadrado de independencia se aplicó para verificar la asociación entre el nivel de actividad física y el tipo de sustancia psicoactiva utilizada, el nivel de educación, la raza/color, el sexo y el tipo de vivienda siendo aceptado um valor de p<0.05 como significativo. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el 51.9% de los consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas son físicamente inactivos. Hubo una asociación en los dominios raza/color de piel (p=0.039) y nivel de instrucción (p=0.002) con respecto al nivel de actividad física. Conclusión: A partir de estos datos será posible establecer los grupos que necesitan más apoyo para promover la práctica del ejercicio físico.(AU)

Objective: This study checked the level of physical activity among users of psychoactive substances. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Alcohol and Other Drugs Psychoactive Centers of Recife (Brazil). A total of 160 individuals aged 44.09±12.46 years participated. The participants were interviewed through the Global physical active questionnaire. The chi-square test of independence was applied to verify association between level of physical activity and type of psychoactive substance used, level of education, race/colour, sex and type of dwelling being accepted a p<0.05 as significant. Results: The results showed that 51.9% of psychoactive substance users are physically inactive. There was an association in the domains race/skin colour (p=0.039) and level of instruction (p=0.002) regarding the level of physical activity. Conclusion: From these data it will be possible to establish the groups that need more support to promote the practice of physical exercise.(AU)