ABSTRACT
In 1968, Arima et al. discovered the heptapeptide, known as surfactin, which belongs to a family of lipopeptides. Known for its ability to reduce surface tension, it also has biological activities such as antimicrobial and antiviral. Its non-ribosomal synthesis mechanism was later discovered (1991). Lipopeptides represent an important class of surfactants, which can be applied in many industrial sectors such as food, pharmaceutical, agrochemicals, detergents, and cleaning products. Currently, 75% of the surfactants used in the various industrial sectors are from the petrochemical industry. Nevertheless, there are global current demands (green chemistry concept) to replace the petrochemical products with environmentally friendly products, such as surfactants by biosurfactants. The production biosurfactants still are costly. Thus, an alternative to reduce the production costs is using agro-industrial waste as a culture medium associated with an efficient and scalable purification process. This review puts a light on the agro-industrial residues used to produce surfactin and the techniques used for its recovery.
Subject(s)
Industrial Microbiology/economics , Lipopeptides/economics , Lipopeptides/metabolism , Peptides, Cyclic/economics , Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism , Surface-Active Agents/economics , Bacteria/genetics , Bacteria/metabolism , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Industrial Microbiology/history , Industrial Microbiology/methods , Lipopeptides/genetics , Lipopeptides/history , Peptides, Cyclic/genetics , Peptides, Cyclic/history , Surface-Active Agents/history , Surface-Active Agents/metabolismSubject(s)
Pulmonary Surfactants/history , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage , Clinical Trials as Topic , History, 20th Century , Humans , Prenatal Care , Pulmonary Surfactants/administration & dosage , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/drug therapy , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/physiopathology , Surface-Active Agents/administration & dosage , Surface-Active Agents/historySubject(s)
Hyaline Membrane Disease/history , Lipids/history , Lung/chemistry , Surface-Active Agents/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Hyaline Membrane Disease/metabolism , Hyaline Membrane Disease/physiopathology , Infant , Lipids/analysis , Pediatrics/history , Periodicals as Topic/history , Surface Properties , Surface-Active Agents/chemistryABSTRACT
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was first described by Ashbaugh and colleagues in 1967. However, despite considerable efforts, early progress in treatment was slowed by lack of consistent definitions and appropriately powered clinical trials. In 1994, the American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS established criteria defining ARDS as well as acute lung injury (ALI). Additionally, the conference established research directives and international coordination of clinical studies. Current incidence of ALI in the United States is estimated at 200,000 cases per year with a mortality rate approaching 40%. Mechanical ventilation, using positive end-expiratory pressure and reduced tidal volumes and inspiratory pressures, along with improved supportive care has increased survival rates. However, to date, pharmacological therapies have failed to improve survival in multicenter clinical trials. This article focuses on clinical treatments for ALI that have been tested in phase II and III clinical trials as well as a discussion of potential future therapies.
