ABSTRACT
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related multisystem disorder characterized by altered trophoblast invasion, oxidative stress, exacerbation of systemic inflammatory response, and endothelial damage. The pathogenesis includes hypertension and mild-to-severe microangiopathy in the kidney, liver, placenta, and brain. The main mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis have been proposed to limit trophoblast invasion and increase the release of extracellular vesicles from the syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal circulation, exacerbating the systemic inflammatory response. The placenta expresses glycans as part of its development and maternal immune tolerance during gestation. The expression profile of glycans at the maternal-fetal interface may play a fundamental role in physiological pregnancy changes and disorders such as preeclampsia. It is unclear whether glycans and their lectin-like receptors are involved in the mechanisms of maternal-fetal recognition by immune cells during pregnancy homeostasis. The expression profile of glycans appears to be altered in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which could lead to alterations in the placental microenvironment and vascular endothelium in pregnancy conditions such as preeclampsia. Glycans with immunomodulatory properties at the maternal-fetal interface are altered in early-onset severe preeclampsia, implying that innate immune system components, such as NK cells, exacerbate the systemic inflammatory response observed in preeclampsia. In this article, we discuss the evidence for the role of glycans in gestational physiology and the perspective of glycobiology on the pathophysiology of hypertensive disorders in gestation.
Subject(s)
Placenta , Pre-Eclampsia , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Placenta/metabolism , Pre-Eclampsia/metabolism , Polysaccharides , Killer Cells, Natural/pathology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The impact of the pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) in low- and middle-income countries remains poorly understood. Our aim was to understand the characteristics and outcomes of PIMS-TS in Argentina. METHODS: This observational, prospective, and retrospective multicenter study enrolled patients younger than 18 years-old manifesting PIMS-TS, Kawasaki disease (KD) or Kawasaki shock syndrome (KSS) between March 2020 and May 2021. Patients were followed-up until hospital discharge or death (one case). The primary outcome was pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify variables predicting PICU admission. RESULTS: Eighty-one percent, 82%, and 14% of the 176 enrolled patients fulfilled the suspect case criteria for PIMS-TS, KD, and KSS, respectively. Temporal association with SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed in 85% of the patients and 38% were admitted to the PICU. The more common clinical manifestations were fever, abdominal pain, rash, and conjunctival injection. Lymphopenia was more common among PICU-admitted patients (87% vs. 51%, p < 0.0001), who also showed a lower platelet count and higher plasmatic levels of inflammatory and cardiac markers. Mitral valve insufficiency, left ventricular wall motion alterations, pericardial effusion, and coronary artery alterations were observed in 30%, 30%, 19.8%, and 18.6% of the patients, respectively. Days to initiation of treatment, rash, lymphopenia, and low platelet count were significant independent contributions to PICU admission. CONCLUSION: Rates of severe outcomes of PIMS-TS in the present study agreed with those observed in high-income countries. Together with other published studies, this work helps clinicians to better understand this novel clinical entity.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Lymphopenia , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome , Thrombocytopenia , Child , Humans , Adolescent , COVID-19/complications , SARS-CoV-2 , Argentina , Prospective Studies , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications , Thrombocytopenia/complications , Lymphopenia/complicationsABSTRACT
Introducción: en marzo del 2021 se registró el pico de incidencia de COVID-19 en Uruguay y un aumento de la infección en pediatría. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, el tratamiento y la evolución de una serie de menores de 15 años con SIM-Ped S hospitalizados en dos centros de salud. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de los niños hospitalizados entre el 1/3 y el 31/6 de 2021 que cumplieron los criterios diagnósticos de SIM-Ped de la OMS. Se analizan variables clínicas, paraclínicas, tratamiento y evolución. Resultados: se incluyeron 12 niños, mediana de edad 7 años (22 meses-10 años). Se presentaron complicación posinfecciosas en 8 y en el curso de la infección en 4. Las manifestaciones fueron: fiebre (media 6 días, rango 3-10), digestivas 10 y mucocutáneas 7. Se presentaron como enfermedad Kawasaki símil 5 y como shock 2. La infección por SARS CoV-2 se confirmó por PCR en 6, serología 4 y test antigénico 2. Recibieron tratamiento en cuidados moderados 8 e intensivos 4: inmunoglobulina 9, corticoides 11, heparina 7 y ácido acetilsalicílico 7. Presentaron dilatación de arterias coronarias 2, alteraciones valvulares 2, disminución de la FEVI 2 y derrame pericárdico 2. Todos evolucionaron favorablemente. Conclusiones: en estos centros, los primeros casos de SIMS-Ped S coincidieron con el pico de incidencia de COVID-19 en el país. Predominaron las formas postinfecciosas en escolares con manifestaciones digestivas. Este estudio puede contribuir al reconocimiento de esta entidad y adecuar los algoritmos nacionales de manejo.
Introduction: in March 2021, there was a peak incidence of COVID-19 and an increase in pediatric infections in Uruguay. Objective: describe the clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution of a group of children under 15 years of age with SIM-Ped S hospitalized in two health centers. Methodology: descriptive, retrospective study of children hospitalized between 3/1 and 6/31 of 2021 who met the WHO diagnostic criteria for SIM-Ped. Clinical and paraclinical variables, as well as treatment and evolution were analyzed. Results: 12 children were included, median age 7 years (22 months-10 years). Eight of them showed post-infectious complications and 4 of them had complications during the course of the infection. The manifestations were: fever (mean 6 days, range 3-10), digestive symptoms 10 and mucocutaneous 7. Five of them presented a Kawasaki-like disease and 2 of them shock. SARS CoV-2 infection was confirmed by PCR in 6 cases, serology in 4 and antigenic test in 2. Eight of them received treatment in moderate care and 4 of them in intensive care: immunoglobulin 9, corticosteroids 11, heparin 7 and acetylsalicylic acid 7. Two of them presented dilated arteries coronary , valvular alterations 2, decreased LVEF 2 and pericardial effusion 2. All progressed favorably. Conclusions: in these centers, the first cases of SIMS-Ped S coincided with the peak incidence of COVID-19 in the country. Post-infectious forms predominated in schoolchildren who showed digestive manifestations. This study may contribute to the recognition of this entity and to the adaptation of national management algorithms.
Introdução: em março de 2021, foi registrado no Uruguai um pico de incidência da COVID-19 e um aumento dos casos da infecção pediátrica. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas, tratamento e evolução de uma série de crianças menores de 15 anos com SIM-Ped S internadas em dois centros de saúde. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de crianças internadas entre 1/3 e 31/6 de 2021 que preencheram os critérios diagnósticos da OMS para o SIM-Ped. Foram analisadas variáveis clínicas e para-clinicas, tratamento e evolução. Resultados: foram incluídas 12 crianças, com idade média de 7 anos (22 meses-10 anos). Oito delas apresentaram complicações pós-infecciosas e 4 delas durante o curso da infecção. As manifestações foram: febre (média de 6 dias, intervalo 3-10), digestivas 10 e mucocutânea 7. Cinco delas apresentaram doença de Kawasaki-like e 2 delas sofreram Shock. A infecção por SARS CoV-2 foi confirmada por PCR em 6, sorologia em 4 e teste antigênico em 2. Oito delas receberam tratamento em cuidados moderados e 4 delas em cuidados intensivos: imunoglobulina 9, corticosteroides 11, heparina 7 e ácido acetilsalicílico 7. Duas delas apresentaram artérias coronárias dilatadas 2, alterações valvares 2, diminuição da FEVE 2 e derrame pericárdico 2. Todas evoluíram favoravelmente. Conclusões: nesses centros, os primeiros casos de SIMS-Ped S coincidiram com um pico de incidência de COVID-19 no país. As formas pós-infecciosas predominaram em escolares com manifestações digestivas. Este estudo pode contribuir para o reconhecimento desta entidade e adaptar algoritmos nacionais de gestão.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , COVID-19/complications , Heparin/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/therapeutic use , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/drug therapy , Digestive System Diseases/etiology , Digestive System Diseases/drug therapy , Antipyretics/therapeutic use , Fever/etiology , Fever/drug therapy , Symptom Assessment , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/etiology , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/drug therapyABSTRACT
The recently identified COVID-19-related Kawasaki-like disease has been considerad one of the phenotypes of the cardiovascular manifesta- tions of the Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS), which stands out for few respiratory symptoms and múltiple manifestations cardiovascular, the most important being dilation and eventual coronary aneurysms associated or not with cardio- genic shock. The literature is scarce, so perioperative management is challenging for the anesthesiology team. We present the case of an infant with severe cardiovascular manifestations as a result of this disease that required anesthetic interventions to perform a plethysmography and amputation of his lower extremity. The article describes the most relevant considerations in the perioperative management of patients with this pathology.
La enfermedad tipo Kawasaki relacionada a COVID-19 recientemente identificada ha sido considerada como uno de los fenotipos de las manifestaciones cardiovasculares del Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico Pediátrico asociado a SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS), que destaca por escasos síntomas respiratorios y múltiples manifestaciones cardiovasculares, siendo la más importante, la dilatación y eventuales aneurismas coronarios asociados o no a shock cardiogénico. La bibliografía es escasa, por lo que, el manejo perioperatorio es desafiante para el equipo anestesiológico. Presentamos el caso de un lactante con manifestaciones cardiovasculares severas producto de esta enfermedad que requirió intervenciones anestésicas para la realización de una pletismografía y la amputación de su extremidad inferior. El artículo describe las consideraciones más relevantes en el manejo perioperatorio de los pacientes con esta patología.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant , COVID-19/complications , Pediatric Anesthesia , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/surgery , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications , Plethysmography , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/surgery , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Perioperative Care , SARS-CoV-2 , Amputation, Surgical , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/diagnosisABSTRACT
Objetivo: describir las características de ocho pacientes pediátricos que se presentaron con síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico (MIS-C) asociado a SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso cardíaco. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de ocho pacientes con edades entre 1 y 13 años, con diagnóstico de MIS-C y compromiso cardíaco, asistidos en el CHPR. Se analiza su historia clínica, evolución y tratamiento. Resultados: los pacientes presentaron fiebre en el 100%, exantema e hiperemia conjuntival en el 88%, síntomas digestivos en el 50%, insuficiencia respiratoria en el 25% y shock en el 50%. Todos requirieron ingreso a cuidados intensivos. La alteración de la contractilidad cardíaca estuvo presente en el 63% de los pacientes, fue leve y segmentaria en el 80%, el 60% requirió soporte inotrópico por 3 días, recuperando una función normal en 7 días. La insuficiencia mitral se presentó en el 25% y el derrame pericárdico en el 38%, ambos de grado leve. Un paciente presentó dilatación de arterias coronarias con Z score < 2. El 85% de los pacientes presentó alteraciones del ECG, en el 29% se trató de alteración en la repolarización, en el 29% intervalo QTc prolongado, en el 15% bloqueo atrioventricular de 1er grado y bloqueo incompleto de rama derecha. Un paciente tuvo fibrilación auricular por 3 días con remisión espontánea a ritmo sinusal. Las troponinas estuvieron altas en el 57% de los pacientes y el ProBNP elevado en el 100%. Todos recibieron inmunoglobulinas, metilprednisolona y aspirina. Conclusiones: se presentaron ocho pacientes pediátricos con MIS-C y compromiso cardíaco, el 50% se presentó en shock, todos requirieron ingreso a cuidados intensivos. El 85% presento alteraciones en el ECG. El 63% presentó compromiso de la contractilidad sectorial y leve, se normalizó en 7 días. El 60% requirió soporte inotrópico por una media de 3 días.
Objective: describe the characteristics of 8 children who presented Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome associated with SARS-CoV2 infections (MIS-C) and cardiac involvement. Material and methods: descriptive, retrospective study of 8 patients of between 1 and 13 years of age, diagnosed with MIS-C and cardiac involvement, assisted at the Pereira Rossell Children Hospital, analysis of their medical records, evolution and treatment. Results: the patients showed: fever in 100% of the cases, rash and conjunctival hyperemia in 88%, digestive symptoms in 50%, respiratory failure in 25% and shock in 50%. All required admission to Intensive Care. Cardiac contractility alteration was present in 63% of patients, the affectation was mild and segmental in 80%, 60% required inotropic support for 3 days and recovered normal functions in 7 days. Mitral regurgitation was present in 25% of the cases and pericardial effusion in 38%, mild in both cases. One patient had dilated coronary arteries with a Z score <2. 85% of the patients presented ECG abnormalities, 29% present alteration of repolarization, 29% prolonged QTc, 15% 1st degree atrioventricular block and incomplete right bundle branch block. One patient had atrial fibrillation for 3 days with spontaneous remission to sinus rhythm. Troponins were increased in 57% of the patients and ProBNP elevated in 100%. All patients received Immunoglobulins, Methylprednisolone and Aspirin. Conclusions: we present eight pediatric patients with MIS-C and cardiac involvement, 50% suffered shock, all required admission to Intensive Care. ECG abnormalities were found in 85% of the patients. Mild and segmental contractility compromise was found in 63% of the patients and normalized in 7 days. 60% required inotropic support for a mean of 3 days.
Objetivo: descrever as características de 8 pacientes pediátricos que apresentaram Síndrome Inflamatória Multissistêmica (MIS-C) associada ao SARS-CoV-2 e comprometimento cardíaco. Material e métodos: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de oito pacientes com idade entre 1 e 13 anos, com diagnóstico de MIS-C e comprometimento cardíaco, assistidos pelo CHPR. Seu prontuário médico, evolução e tratamento são analisados. Resultados: os pacientes apresentaram febre em 100%, erupção cutânea e hiperemia conjuntival em 88%, sintomas digestivos em 50%, insuficiência respiratória em 25% e choque em 50%. Todos necessitaram de internação nos cuidados intensivos. A alteração da contratilidade cardíaca esteve presente em 63% dos pacientes, foi leve e segmentar em 80%, 60% necessitaram de suporte inotrópico por 3 dias, recuperando a função normal em 7 dias. A regurgitação mitral ocorreu em 25% dos pacientes e o derrame pericárdico em 38%, ambos de grau leve. Um paciente apresentou dilatação da artéria coronária com escore Z < 2. 85% dos pacientes apresentaram anormalidades no ECG, 29% foram alterações de repolarização, 29% intervalo QTc prolongado em bloqueio atrioventricular de 1º grau a 15% e bloqueio incompleto do ramo direito. Um paciente apresentou fibrilação atrial por 3 dias com remissão espontânea ao ritmo sinusal. As troponinas foram elevadas em 57% dos doentes e ProBNP elevado em 100%. Todos receberam imunoglobulinas, Metilprednisolona e aspirina. Conclusões: houve oito pacientes pediátricos com SMIM-C e comprometimento cardíaco, 50% em choque, todos necessitaram de internação em terapia intensiva. 85% apresentaram elevações no ECG. 63% apresentaram comprometimento setorial e de contratilidade leve, normalizados em 7 dias. 60% necessitaram de suporte inotrópico por uma média de 3 dias.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , COVID-19/complications , Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use , Heparin/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Heparin Antagonists/therapeutic use , Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
We compared cardiac findings in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and Kawasaki disease in the first 6 months of the 2020 coronavirus disease pandemic to patients with Kawasaki disease during 2016-2019. We saw a high rate of coronary aneurysms in 2020, with a similar rate of coronary involvement but greater volume and incidence of cardiac dysfunction compared with previous years.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/physiopathology , Coronary Aneurysm/physiopathology , Coronary Vessels/physiopathology , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/physiopathology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology , COVID-19/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Coronary Aneurysm/complications , Echocardiography , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin G , Infant , Los Angeles , Male , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/blood , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/complications , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with SARS-CoV-2 (MIS-C) is cha racterized by a hyperinflammatory state resulting from a cytokine storm, evidenced by alterations in laboratory blood testing and acute-phase proteins. OBJECTIVE: to describe the clinical and labora tory characteristics of patients hospitalized due to MIS-C and identify predictive markers of severity. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective study of 32 patients. The group was divided into critical and non-critical according to clinical presentation and therapy used. Clinical and laboratory aspects were studied, including complete blood count, coagulation tests, and biomarkers. RESULTS: 18/32 were males, with a median age of 6.8 years. The most frequent manifestations were cardiovascular (84.3%), digestive (84%), and mucocutaneous (59%). The group of critical patients included 15 patients, 12 were males with a median age of 8.9 years, and the non-critical group included 17 patients, 6 were males with a median age of 5.4 years. The laboratory parameters at the admission in the global group showed increased C-reactive protein, D-dimer, leukocytes, neutrophils, ferritin, and fibrinogen. In contrast, albumin and blood sodium levels were decreased. At admission, the critical group was cha racterized by presenting thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, prolonged prothrombin time, and elevated ferritin. At the time of deterioration, there was an intensification of thrombocytopenia, in creased C-reactive protein together with increased neutrophils level. CONCLUSION: The blood count, C-reactive protein, and albuminemia at admission proved to be significantly important in the identi fication of patients at risk of clinical deterioration.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , SARS-CoV-2 , Severity of Illness Index , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Biomarkers/blood , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , COVID-19/classification , Child , Clinical Deterioration , Critical Illness , Female , Ferritins/blood , Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/analysis , Fibrinogen/analysis , Humans , Leukocytes , Male , Neutrophils , Retrospective Studies , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/classification , Thrombocytopenia/bloodABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In April 2020, the pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporarily associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C) was described for the first time. MIS-C could have a severe course and may require critical care support. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, laboratory, and management characteristics of hospitalized children who meet MIS-C criteria with severe presentation in a pediatric critical pa tient unit. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive prospective study of children with severe MIS-C mana ged by treatment phases with immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone, according to their clinical response. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and imaging data were obtained. Phenotypes were classified into Kawasaki and not Kawasaki, comparing their findings. RESULTS: 20 patients were analy zed, the median age was 6 years, 60% were female, and 40% presented comorbidity. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 90% of the patients. They presented fever as the first symptom, followed by brief and early gastrointestinal symptoms (70%). 75% presented the Kawasaki phenotype. They evolved with lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, coagulation alterations, and elevated systemic and cardiac in flammatory parameters. 80% of the cases presented echocardiographic alterations and 90% shock that required critical care support. All the patients had a short and favorable evolution. All patients responded to the established therapy, but 40% required a second phase of treatment. There were no differences when comparing phenotypes. No deaths were reported. CONCLUSION: MIS-C is a new childhood disease whose presentation could be life-threatening. It requires early suspicion, immuno modulatory management, critical care support, and a multidisciplinary approach to obtain the best results and optimize its prognosis.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Blood Coagulation Disorders/etiology , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/therapy , Child , Critical Care , Female , Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/therapeutic use , Humans , Hypoalbuminemia/etiology , Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Lymphopenia/etiology , Male , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/diagnosis , Prospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Shock/etiology , Shock/therapy , Symptom Assessment , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
La pandemia ocasionada por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS) en marzo de 2020, afecta a un reducido número de pacientes pediátricos, quienes presentan, en su mayoría, compromiso respiratorio leve y evolución favorable. Sin embargo, en niños previamente sanos, comenzó a observarse un aumento de casos definidos como síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico (SIM-C) o similar a Kawasaki (Kawasaki-like) asociado a la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) (KL-C) que evolucionan al shock y requieren internación en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.Los cuadros de SIM-C y los KL-C se caracterizan por fiebre, signos de inflamación, síntomas gastrointestinales y disfunción cardiovascular; las formas graves de presentación tienen mayor incidencia de hipotensión y/o shock. En el laboratorio se observan marcadores de inflamación, hipercoagulabilidad y daño miocárdico. El tratamiento farmacológico de primera línea consiste en la administración de inmunoglobulina por vía intravenosa más ácido acetilsalicílico por vía oral.Se recomienda un abordaje multidisciplinario para un diagnóstico certero y un tratamiento temprano y eficaz para disminuir la morbimortalidad.
The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus declared by the WHO in March 11th 2020, affects a small number of pediatric patients, who mostly present mild respiratory compromise and favorable evolution.However began to be observed in previously healthy children, an increase in cases defined as "Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome" (MIS-C) or "Kawasaki-like" post-COVID 19 (KL-C) that evolve to shock and require hospitalization in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.MIS-C and KL-C are characterized by fever; signs of inflammation, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cardiovascular dysfunction, associated with sever forms of presentation with higher incidence of hypotension and/or shock. In the laboratory, markers of inflammation, hypercoagulability and myocardial damage are observed. First-line drug treatment consists of intravenous immunoglobulin plus oral acetylsalicylic acid.A multidisciplinary approach is recommended for an accurate diagnosis and an early and effective treatment, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy , COVID-19/therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Critical Care , Diagnosis, Differential , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/diagnosis , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/diagnosis , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions worldwide, leaving a global burden for long-term care of COVID-19 survivors. It is thus imperative to study post-COVID (i.e., short-term) and long-COVID (i.e., long-term) effects, specifically as local and systemic pathophysiological outcomes of other coronavirus-related diseases (such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)) were well-cataloged. We conducted a comprehensive review of adverse post-COVID health outcomes and potential long-COVID effects. We observed that such adverse outcomes were not localized. Rather, they affected different human systems, including: (i) immune system (e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndromes such as Kawasaki disease), (ii) hematological system (vascular hemostasis, blood coagulation), (iii) pulmonary system (respiratory failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pulmonary vascular damage, pulmonary fibrosis), (iv) cardiovascular system (myocardial hypertrophy, coronary artery atherosclerosis, focal myocardial fibrosis, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy), (v) gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal systems (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, acid reflux, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, lack of appetite/constipation), (vi) skeletomuscular system (immune-mediated skin diseases, psoriasis, lupus), (vii) nervous system (loss of taste/smell/hearing, headaches, spasms, convulsions, confusion, visual impairment, nerve pain, dizziness, impaired consciousness, nausea/vomiting, hemiplegia, ataxia, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage), (viii) mental health (stress, depression and anxiety). We additionally hypothesized mechanisms of action by investigating possible molecular mechanisms associated with these disease outcomes/symptoms. Overall, the COVID-19 pathology is still characterized by cytokine storm that results to endothelial inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, and multiple organ failures.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/physiopathology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology , Cardiovascular System , Diarrhea , Guillain-Barre Syndrome , Hemostasis , Humans , Immune System , Inflammation , Mental Health , Nervous System , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , ThrombosisABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with thrombotic complications in adults, but the incidence of COVID-19-related thrombosis in children and adolescents is unclear. Most children with acute COVID-19 have mild disease, but coagulopathy has been associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a postinfectious complication. We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study to determine the incidence of thrombosis in children hospitalized with COVID-19 or MIS-C and evaluate associated risk factors. We classified patients into 1 of 3 groups for analysis: COVID-19, MIS-C, or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2. Among a total of 853 admissions (COVID-19, n = 426; MIS-C, n = 138; and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2, n = 289) in 814 patients, there were 20 patients with thrombotic events (TEs; including 1 stroke). Patients with MIS-C had the highest incidence (9 [6.5%] of 138) vs COVID-19 (9 [2.1%] of 426) or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 (2 [0.7%] of 289). In patients with COVID-19 or MIS-C, a majority of TEs (89%) occurred in patients age ≥12 years. Patients age ≥12 years with MIS-C had the highest rate of thrombosis at 19% (9 of 48). Notably, 71% of TEs that were not present on admission occurred despite thromboprophylaxis. Multivariable analysis identified the following as significantly associated with thrombosis: age ≥12 years, cancer, presence of a central venous catheter, and MIS-C. In patients with COVID-19 or MIS-C, hospital mortality was 2.3% (13 of 564), but it was 28% (5 of 18) in patients with TEs. Our findings may help inform pediatric thromboprophylaxis strategies.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Thrombosis/etiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , COVID-19/diagnosis , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Thrombosis/drug therapy , Thrombosis/prevention & control , Young AdultABSTRACT
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is characterized by fever and multiorgan system dysfunction. Neurologic complications of MIS-C are not well described. We present 4 patients with MIS-C who had intracranial hypertension and discuss the unique management considerations when this occurs concurrently with significant myocardial dysfunction.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Intracranial Hypertension/etiology , Intracranial Pressure/physiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Adolescent , COVID-19/epidemiology , Child , Female , Humans , Intracranial Hypertension/physiopathology , Male , Pandemics , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Severe complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) include arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in adults and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Whether stroke is a frequent complication of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. This study aimed to determine the proportion of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 cases with ischemic stroke and the proportion of incident pediatric strokes with SARS-CoV-2 in the first 3 months of the pandemic in an international cohort. METHODS: We surveyed 61 international sites with pediatric stroke expertise. Survey questions included: numbers of hospitalized pediatric (≤ 18 years) patients with SARS-CoV-2; numbers of incident neonatal and childhood ischemic strokes; frequency of SARS-CoV-2 testing for pediatric patients with stroke; and numbers of stroke cases positive for SARS-CoV-2 from March 1 to May 31, 2020. RESULTS: Of 42 centers with SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization numbers, 8 of 971 (0.82%) pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 had ischemic strokes. Proportions of stroke cases positive for SARS-CoV-2 from March to May 2020 were: 1 of 108 with neonatal AIS (0.9%), 0 of 33 with neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT; 0%), 6 of 166 with childhood AIS (3.6%), and 1 of 54 with childhood CSVT (1.9%). However, only 30.5% of neonates and 60% of children with strokes were tested for SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, these proportions represent 2.9, 0, 6.1, and 3.0% of stroke cases tested for SARS-CoV-2. Seven of 8 patients with SARS-CoV-2 had additional established stroke risk factors. INTERPRETATION: As in adults, pediatric stroke is an infrequent complication of SARS-CoV-2, and SARS-CoV-2 was detected in only 4.6% of pediatric patients with ischemic stroke tested for the virus. However, < 50% of strokes were tested. To understand the role of SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric stroke better, SARS-CoV-2 testing should be considered in pediatric patients with stroke as the pandemic continues. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:657-665.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Ischemic Stroke/epidemiology , Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial/epidemiology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/epidemiology , Adolescent , COVID-19/complications , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Ischemic Stroke/etiology , Male , SARS-CoV-2 , Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial/etiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complicationsABSTRACT
Myocardial dysfunction and coronary artery dilation have been reported in the acute setting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Through a longitudinal echocardiographic single-center study of 15 children, we report the short-term outcomes of cardiac dysfunction and coronary artery dilation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Coronary Vessels/diagnostic imaging , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Ventricular Function, Left , Adolescent , COVID-19/diagnostic imaging , Child , Child, Preschool , Coronary Vessels/physiopathology , Echocardiography , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Inflammation , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Retrospective Studies , Systole , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To examine whether patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) demonstrated well-defined clinical features distinct from other febrile outpatients, given the difficulties of seeing acute care visits during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic and the risks associated with both over- and underdiagnosis of MIS-C. STUDY DESIGN: This case-controlled study compared patients diagnosed with and treated for MIS-C at a large urban children's hospital with patients evaluated for fever at outpatient acute care visits during the peak period of MIS-C. Symptomatology and available objective data were extracted. Comparisons were performed using t tests with corrections for multiple comparisons, and multivariable logistic regression to obtain ORs. RESULTS: We identified 44 patients with MIS-C between April 16 and June 10, 2020. During the same period, 181 pediatric patients were evaluated for febrile illnesses in participating outpatient clinics. Patients with MIS-C reported greater median maximum reported temperature height (40°C vs 38.9, P < .0001), and increased frequency of abdominal pain (OR 12.5, 95% CI [1.65-33.24]), neck pain (536.5, [2.23-129,029]), conjunctivitis (31.3, [4.6-212.8]), oral mucosal irritation (11.8, [1.4-99.4]), extremity swelling or rash (99.9, [5-1960]), and generalized rash (7.42, [1.6-33.2]). Patients with MIS-C demonstrated lower absolute lymphocyte (P < .0001) and platelet counts (P < .05) and greater C-reactive protein concentrations (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated for MIS-C due to concern for potential cardiac injury show combinations of features distinct from other febrile patients seen in outpatient clinics during the same period.
Subject(s)
Ambulatory Care , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/diagnosis , Fever/diagnosis , Fever/etiology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Adolescent , Age Factors , COVID-19/therapy , Child , Child, Preschool , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Male , Retrospective Studies , Symptom Assessment , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
INTRODUCCION: El Síndrome Inflamatorio Pediátrico Multisistémico (PIMS) ha emergido como una nueva enfermedad en niños, secundaria a infección por SARSCoV-2. Se caracteriza por presentar compromiso multiorgánico con parámetros inflamatorios elevados y manifestaciones clínicas graves, siendo el corazón el órgano más severamente comprometido. OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas y de laboratorio de 23 pacientes con diagnóstico de PIMS con compromiso cardiovascular hospitalizados en un centro único. MÉTODO: Se efectuó un estudio retrospectivo analizando los hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio junto a las manifestaciones cardiovasculares que presentaron estos pacientes. RESULTADOS: 23/29 pacientes con PIMS (78%) presentaron manifestaciones digestivas y mucocutáneas. Las manifestaciones cardiovasculares fueron: Síndrome Kawasaki y "Kawasaki like" sin compromiso coronario en 15/23 (65%) y con compromiso coronario en 3 (13%). Shock en 9 pacientes (39%), injuria miocárdica- miocarditis en 8 (35%) y derrame pericárdico en 13 (56%). Trastornos del ritmo cardíaco se observaron en 6 pacientes (26%). La terapia más utilizada fue inmunoglobulina y corticoides. 18 /23 requirieron manejo en unidades de intermedio y/o intensivo. Un 70% de los pacientes se recuperó del compromiso cardiovascular antes del alta. CONCLUSIÓN: El compromiso cardiovascular en PIMS es la complicación más frecuente de esta enfermedad, que se acompaña de manifestaciones inmunológicas y hematológicas graves lo que hace necesario un tratamiento multidisciplinario para un mejor manejo de estos pacientes.
INTRODUCTION: Pediatric Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome (PIMS) has emerged as a new disease in children, secondary to SARSCoV-2 infection. It is characterized by multi-organ involvement with elevated inflammatory parameters and severe clinical manifestations, the heart being the organ most severely involved. OBJETIVE: to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 23 patients diagnosed with PIMS with cardiovascular involvement hospitalized in a single center. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective study in which we analyzed the clinical and laboratory findings along with the cardiovascular manifestations presented by these patients. Results: 23/29 patients with PIMS and cardiovascular involvement were selected, 78% had digestive and mucocutaneous manifestations. Cardiovascular manifestations consisted of KawasakiKawasaki like syndrome without coronary involvement in 15/23 (65%) and coronary involvement in 3 (13%). Nine patients developed shock (39%), 8 (35%) myocardial injury in and 13 (56%) pericardial effusion.. Heart rhythm disorders were observed in 6 patients (26%). The main therapy was immunoglobulin and corticosteroids. 18 /23 required management in intermediate and/or intensive care unit. 70% of patients recovered from cardiovascular involvement before discharge. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular involvement in PIMS is the most frequent complication of this disease, but it is associated with severe immunological and hematological manifestations, which makes necessary a multidisciplinary treatment for a better management
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , COVID-19/complications , Coronary Aneurysm/etiology , Coronary Aneurysm/epidemiology , Echocardiography , Chile , Retrospective Studies , Age Distribution , SARS-CoV-2 , Heart Injuries/etiology , Heart Injuries/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/etiology , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Although first considered a benign infection, recent studies have disclosed severe and potentially lethal inflammatory manifestations of COVID-19 in children. We report the case of a 4-year-old child with a post-infectious multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19, with a Kawasaki-like shock and prominent neurologic features, for whom a cytokine storm and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor were well documented.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/complications , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Betacoronavirus/immunology , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/blood , COVID-19 , Child, Preschool , Cytokines/blood , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Inflammation , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/pathology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/virologyABSTRACT
Introducción: Existen enfermedades que tienen en su sustento, la respuesta inflamatoria,¿es posible identificar la diana que enmarca el efecto deletéreo de la respuesta inflamatoria? Objetivo: Analizar las expresiones de la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y sus consecuencias en la morbilidad y mortalidad. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda, fundamentalmente en SciELO, con las palabras clave: respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, daño múltiple de órganos, respuesta inflamatoria y sus combinaciones; en idioma español. Se presenta una revisión narrativa a partir del análisis de los documentos obtenidos. Desarrollo: Los mecanismos defensivos de manera no controlada, producen autoagresión del endotelio vascular. La respuesta se acompaña de fallo inmunológico sistémico y disreactividad en la respuesta inflamatoria. La lesión del endotelio vascular, el incremento del consumo de oxígeno, citocinas elevadas en la circulación, activación de la cascada de coagulación y mediadores vasoactivos tienen influencia en esta respuesta. La isquemia intestinal, secundaria al síndrome compartimental abdominal, es causante directa de la translocación bacteriana. La inflamación persistente, asociada a un intenso proceso catabólico conduce a la caquexia y la inmunosupresión. Conclusión: Son múltiples las dianas que se activan en la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, que explican su disbalance: la disfunción del endotelio vascular y la microcirculación, la disfunción mitocondrial y el estrés oxidativo, la citoprotección celular. Puede haber un punto de convergencia en la necesidad del diagnóstico temprano de esta respuesta disreactiva y en su intento de modulación oportuna(AU)
Introduction: There are diseases that have in their basics, the inflammatory response, is it possible to identify the target that frames the deleterious effect of the inflammatory response? Objective: To analyze the manifestations of the systemic inflammatory response and its consequences in morbidity and mortality. Methods: A search was performed, mainly in SciElo, with the key words: systemic inflammatory response, multiple organ damage, inflammatory response and their combinations; in Spanish language. A narrative review is presented based on the analysis of the documents obtained. Body: The defensive mechanisms in an uncontrolled way, produce self-aggression of the vascular endothelium. The response is accompanied by systemic immune failure and reactivity problems in the inflammatory response. Vascular endothelial injury, increased oxygen consumption, elevated cytokines in the circulation, activation of the coagulation cascade and vasoactive mediators have an influence on this response. Intestinal ischemia, secondary to abdominal compartment syndrome, is a direct cause of bacterial translocation. Persistent inflammation, associated with an intense catabolic process, leads to cachexia and immunosuppression. Conclusion: There are multiple targets that are activated in the systemic inflammatory response, which explain their imbalance: vascular endothelial dysfunction and microcirculation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, cell cytoprotection. There may be a point of convergence in the need for early diagnosis of this dis-reactive response and in its attempt at timely modulation(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Endothelium, Vascular , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Aggression , Inflammation , Ischemia , MicrocirculationABSTRACT
Background: Sepsis is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates. Objective: To identify the risk factors for neonatal sepsis in a neonatal unit from March to October, 2016. Methods: Case-control study. The factors analyzed were: a) neonatal factors such as: type of delivery, sex, birth weight, gestational age, criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome, type of sepsis (early or late) and blood culture result; B) invasive methods such as: central catheterization, total parenteral nutrition, umbilical catheterization and mechanical ventilation; C) maternal factors such as: number of prenatal controls, infection during pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes, maternal age and maternal fever. Odds Ratio was used to determine association. Results: For the development of early-onset sepsis, significant risk factors were: thermodynamic imbalance, tachycardia and maternal fever. With regard to late-onset sepsis, significant associations were found for thermodynamic imbalance, umbilical catheterization, mechanical ventilation and insufficient prenatal care. Conclusions: Thermodynamic imbalance, tachycardia, mechanical ventilation, umbilical catheterization, maternal fever, and insufficient prenatal care were the probable risk factors associated with neonatal sepsis.
Introducción: la sepsis es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en neonatos. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo para sepsis neonatal en una unidad de neonatología durante los meses de marzo a octubre del año 2016. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles. Los factores analizados fueron: a) factores neonatales como: tipo de parto, sexo, peso al nacimiento, edad gestacional, criterios de síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, tipo de sepsis (temprana o tardía) y resultado de hemocultivo; b) métodos invasivos como: cateterismo central, nutrición parenteral total, cateterismo umbilical y ventilación mecánica y; c) factores maternos como: número de controles prenatales, infección durante el embarazo, ruptura prematura de membranas, edad materna y fiebre materna. Se utilizó razón de momios (RM) para determinar asociación. Resultados: para el desarrollo de sepsis temprana, los factores de riesgo significativos fueron: el desequilibrio termodinámico, la taquicardia y la fiebre materna. Respecto a la sepsis tardía se encontraron asociaciones significativas para el desequilibrio termodinámico, el uso de cateterismo umbilical, la ventilación mecánica y los controles prenatales insuficientes. Conclusión: el desequilibrio termodinámico, la taquicardia, la ventilación mecánica, el cateterismo umbilical, la fiebre materna y los controles prenatales insuficientes fueron los probables factores de riesgo significativos asociados a sepsis neonatal.