Subject(s)
Ascorbic Acid/toxicity , Hemolysis/drug effects , Acute Disease , Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage , Ascorbic Acid/urine , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/urine , Humans , Infant , Male , Tachycardia/pathology , Tachycardia/urineABSTRACT
Child neglect can be difficult to recognize. Parental substance abuse may place a child at increased risk of neglect. This report reviews 2 cases of dystonic reaction in children after accidental exposure to cocaine in their home environments. The reports are followed by a review of proposed physiologic mechanisms for cocaine-induced dystonia and a discussion on neurological symptoms that may develop after cocaine exposure. Pediatric emergency physicians should consider cocaine exposure when a child of any age presents with abnormal movements. Dystonic reaction is an uncommon, but reported, complication of cocaine exposure in the absence of other risk factors and may be the first presentation of child neglect.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse , Cocaine/adverse effects , Dystonia/chemically induced , Accidents, Home , Child , Child Abuse/diagnosis , Child, Preschool , Cocaine/urine , Cocaine-Related Disorders , Diagnosis, Differential , Dystonia/diagnosis , Dystonia/urine , Emergencies , Environmental Exposure , Humans , Male , Movement Disorders/diagnosis , Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis , Parents/psychology , Tachycardia/chemically induced , Tachycardia/diagnosis , Tachycardia/urine , Truth DisclosureSubject(s)
Epinephrine/urine , Hypertension/urine , Tachycardia/urine , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , SweatingABSTRACT
The hypothesis that receptors in the heart or pulmonary vasculature initiate a reflex that influences urine flow was derived from experiments designed to evaluate the effect of mechanical ventilation on renal function. These experiments indicated that urine flow usually decreases during positive-pressure breathing and usually increases during negative-pressure breathing. It was surmised that impulses from certain cardiopulmonary receptors affect the secretion of ADH, which in turn influences urine flow. A subsequent investigation appeared to localize the pertinent receptors to the left atrium, but the results of this particular investigation were influenced by several complication factors that have not been widely appreciated. The apparent localization of volume-regulating recpetors to the left atrium and the accumulating evidence that atrial receptors do respond to changes in atrial pressure or atrial volume triggered a myriad of further studies on the function of left receptors. Nearly all these studies employed indirect techniques that produced changes in systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics in addition to changes in left atrial pressure. Nevertheless, it often was assumed that if changes in left pressure were produced, any concomitant changes in circulating ADH or in urine flow were attributable to a reflex elicited from atrial receptors. Mush of the data obtained were interpreted as being compatible with the elft atrial volume-receptor hypothesis, but very liggle of the data pertained to left atrial receptors specifically.
