Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia.

BACKGROUND: Taenia saginata is an important zoonotic parasite, causing taeniosis in humans and cysticercosis in bovines, the latter being a significant concern for the global beef industry. Many countries in East, Southeast and South Asia are experiencing rapid economic growth, and an increasing number of people in these countries are dependent on the livestock industry. Currently, however, an overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in this region is lacking. In this review, we analysed the available literature on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis for East, Southeast and South Asia. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted, based on both published and grey literature. Articles published between 1990 and 2017 were mined for information on the occurrence, prevalence, and geographical distribution of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in East, Southeast and South Asia. RESULTS: The presence of T. saginata was described in 15 of 27 countries of the region, including Afghanistan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam. The only country that reported an absence of T. saginata is Japan, although sporadic reports of imported cases and unconfirmed reports of autochthonous infections were identified. Nationwide surveys of taeniosis with systematic sample collection and high sample numbers were available for Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, and South Korea, although speciation of Taenia was not always performed. Regional prevalence of taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in endemic regions ranged between 0.02-42.6%, and 0.76-46.7%, respectively. However, data for bovine cysticercosis were only available for five countries (Japan, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Pakistan and Vietnam). CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate a widespread occurrence of T. saginata throughout East, Southeast and South Asia. Identification of Taenia spp. in human infections was frequently not performed, leading to gaps in knowledge about the distribution of human tapeworm infections, mainly in regions where different human Taenia species co-occur. A high prevalence of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis may reflect insufficiencies in sanitation, limited health education standards, and insufficient food safety measures. Therefore, there is a need to improve local surveillance, notification, and overall control systems.

Teniasis en una niña española / Taeniasis in a Spanish girl

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La endoscopia como técnica diagnóstica y terapéutica alternativa de la teniasis / Endoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic alternative technique of taeniasis

A pesar de su baja incidencia en países desarrollados, la teniasis gastrointestinal debería sospecharse ante todo paciente con clínica de dolor abdominal, diarrea, anemia y/o malabsorción de origen desconocido, más aún si ha estado en áreas endémicas o con malas condiciones alimentarias-higiénicas. El diagnóstico tradicional es la identificación del parásito en las heces, existiendo además métodos serológicos o inmunológicos más recientes. Se revisa a raíz de un caso diagnosticado por gastroscopia, los casos reportados en la literatura que han sido diagnosticados por endoscopia y finalmente discutiremos acerca de la endoscopia como método diagnóstico, así como la eficacia y seguridad que proporcionaría el tratamiento endoscópico dado el potencial riesgo de neurocisticercosis (AU)

Despite a low incidence in developed countries, gastrointestinal taeniasis should be suspected in patients with abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and/or malabsorption of unknown origin, even more so if they come from endemic regions or areas with poor hygienic and alimentary habits. Diagnosis is traditionally reached by identifying the parasite in stools, but more recently both serological and immunological approaches are also available. Based on a patient diagnosed by gastroscopy, a literature review was undertaken of patients diagnosed by endoscopy. We discuss endoscopy as diagnostic modality, and the effectiveness and safety that endoscopic treatment may provide in view of the potential risk for neurocysticercosis (AU)

Relevant peptides of Taenia crassiceps for the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis by immunoblot / Peptídeos relevantes de Taenia crassiceps para o diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina pelo immunoblot

Given the limited knowledge about the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis by immunoblot, the aim of this study was to assess the applicability of this test, identifying key peptides with diagnostic value. Immunoblot assays were performed using total larval antigen of Taenia crassiceps and 60 sera of positive bovines for cysticercosis (30 naturally and 30 experimentally infected with T. saginata eggs), 30 sera of negative bovines for cysticercosis and 30 sera of bovines with other diseases (fascioliasis, hydatidosis and tuberculosis). The peptides of greater diagnostic importance, in descending order of accuracy (%), were as follows: 6-8kDa (90.8%), 129-143kDa (74.2%), 99-105kDa (71.7%) and 14-19kDa (71.1%). Cross-reactions, due to fascioliasis and hydatidosis, were observed in the four intervals of peptides highlighted. The results demonstrate that the total antigen of T. crassiceps has peptides with a high diagnostic potential; therefore, the immunoblot is useful in the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis.

Tendo em vista o conhecimento limitado sobre o diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina pelo immunoblot, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicabilidade desse teste, identificando os principais peptídeos com valor diagnóstico. Foram realizados ensaios de immunoblot, utilizando antígeno total de larva de Taenia crassiceps e 60 soros de bovinos positivos para a cisticercose (30 naturalmente e 30 experimentalmente infectados com ovos de T. saginata), 30 soros de bovinos negativos para a cisticercose e 30 soros de bovinos com outras patologias (fasciolose, hidatidose e tuberculose). Os peptídeos de maior importância diagnóstica, em ordem decrescente de acurácia (%), foram os seguintes: 6-8 kDa (90,8%), 129-143 kDa (74,2%), 99-105 kDa (71,7%) e 14-19 kDa (71,1%). Reações cruzadas, em decorrência da fasciolose e hidatidose, foram observadas nos quatro intervalos de peptídeos ressaltados. Os resultados demonstram que o antígeno total de T. crassiceps possui peptídeos com alto potencial diagnóstico, sendo, portanto, o immunoblot útil no diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina.

Lesões parasitárias encontradas em bovinos abatidos para consumo humano / Parasitic lesions observed in cattle slaughtered for human consumption

During a period of 28 months (January 2011-April 2013) periodical visits were made to four cattle slaughter houses to collect samples of lesions found in cattle slaughtered for human consumption. Three hundred and three lesions were collected, 25% of which were caused by six different parasites: The metacestodes of Echinocccus granulosus (hydatid cysts), Fasciola hepatica, the metacestodes of Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis), Oesophagostomum radiatum, Eurythrema coelomaticum, and Paramphistomum cervi. Gross and microscopic aspects of the lesions caused by these worms are profusely illustrated and a detailed description of both pathological aspects, gross and microscopic, are provide in the hopes that the neophyte veterinary meat inspector can benefit from them in the task of recognition and interpretation of the significance of these lesion both to human and animal health. In regard to the two latter objectives, the life cycle, and the pathogenicity to the animal and human hosts, and the destination of the affected carcass or organ in the line of inspection are discussed for each parasite.

Durante um período de 28 meses (janeiro 2011-abril 2013) foram feitas visitas periódicas a quarto abatedouros frigoríficos de bovinos para colher lesões regularmente encontradas em bovinos abatidos para consumo humano. Trezentas e três lesões foram colhidas, 25% das quais eram causadas por seis parasitas diferentes: o metacestoide de Echinocccus granulosus (cisto hidático), Fasciola hepatica, o metacestoide de Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis), Oesophagostomum radiatum, Eurythrema coelomaticum e Paramphistomum cervi. Os aspectos macro e microscópicos causados por esses vermes são profusamente ilustrados e uma descrição macro e microscópicadas lesões é fornecida na esperança de auxiliar o inspetor de carnes iniciante na tarefa de reconhecer e interpretar o significado dessas lesões tanto para a saúde animal quanto para a saúde humana. Com respeito a esses últimos objetivos, o ciclo evolutivo, e os efeitos nos hospedeiros animal e humano, e ainda a destinação da carcaça ou órgão afetado na linha de inspeção, são discutidos para cada parasita.

Abnormal Taenia saginata tapeworms in Thailand.

Sixty-eight residents of Ban Luang and Ban Pang Kae villages, in Nan Province, northern Thailand, visited our mobile field station in September 2006 and March 2007, seeking treatment for taeniasis. After treatment, 22 cases discharged tapeworm strobila in their fecal samples and 17 scolices were recovered. Among these, 3 were morphologically abnormal, with six suckers on the scolex. To confirm the species of these tapeworms, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was used as a molecular marker. The partial COI sequences (800 bp) of the abnormal tapeworms were identical to the sequences of Taenia saginata deposited in Genbank.

A glance at Taenia saginata infection, diagnosis, vaccine, biological control and treatment.

The Taenia saginata taeniasis-cysticercosis complex is a cosmopolitan zoonosis of great medical, veterinary and economic importance where humans play an important role as the carrier of adult stage and cattle as carrier of the larval stage of the parasite. Here we reviewed aspects concerning diagnosis, vaccine development, biological control and treatment of the disease.

Prevalência de cisticercose em bovinos abatidos em matadouro-frigorífico sob inspeção federal em Minas Gerais / Measles prevalence in cattle slaughtered under sanitary inspection in Minas Gerais

Com o objetivo de pesquisar a prevalência de cisticercose foram estudados 402.177 bovinos, abatidos em matadouro-frigorífico sob inspeção federal, situado no triângulo mineiro/MG, durante os anos de 2000 a 2003. A prevalência encontrada foide 4,60 por cento, sendo a maior de 6,27 por cento no ano de 2001, e a menor, de 2,73 por cento, em 2003. A ocorrência de cisticercos degenerados(2,70 por cento) sobrepujou a de cisticercos viáveis (1,90 por cento), com exceção do ano de 2000 (2,97 por cento). Os cisticercos encontrados aolongo dos anos estavam distribuídos em maior quantidade na cabeça (55,51 por cento), seguida do coração (42,70 por cento), língua (1,10 por cento)e carcaça (0,69 por cento). Houve variação sazonal relacionada com a freqüência de animais infectados com C. bovis. Considerando-se a alta freqüência de cisticercose em nosso meio e os prejuízos relacionados com a saúde pública e o comércio de carnes,fica claro que esta zoonose é um problema grave que não pode ser desconsiderado pelo segmento político-social do país,necessitando de medidas efetivas de controle e erradicação.

Between 2000 and 2003, 402.177 slaughtered bovines from an abattoir in Minas Gerais, under sanitary inspection, wereexamined to research measles prevalence. The prevalence was 4.60 percent, being greater in 2001 (6.27 percent) and smaller in 2003(2.73 percent). The degenerate condition was predominant (2.70 percent), except for the year 2000 (2.97 percent). The cisticerci was distributed inhead (55.51 percent), heart (42.70 percent), tongue (1.10 percent) and carcass (0.69 percent). There was sazonal variation in infected animals. Due tohigh measles prevalence and the public health hazards and beef trade, it’s clear that this zoonosis it´s a concern problem thatcan´t be denay by politic-social segment and requires efective control and erradication methods.

Diferenciacão específica entre Taenia saginata e Taenia solium por ensaio de PCR e duplex-PCR / Specific discrimination between Taenia saginata and Taenia solium by one step PCR assay and duplex-PCR

Este estudo teve como objetivo a padronizacão de protocolos e a selecão de novos primers para a identificacão espécie-específica de Taenia saginata e Taenia solium através da reacão em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e duplex-PCR. Inicialmente, foram recuperadas seqüências depositadas no GenBank (acesso nº AB020399 para T. saginata e nº AB020395 para T. solium) referentes ao gene da subunidade maior do ribossomo (LSU RNAr) de tenídeos. A partir do alinhamento das seqüências, um primer genérico denominado TBR-3 (5'-ggcttgtttgaatggtttgacg- 3') foi selecionado de região conservada e, de diferentes regiões semi-conservadas, os primers específicos TBR-4 para T. saginata (5'-cgactcatgaagataaacaaggt-3') e TBR-5 (5'-cggtcgaacagaccataaatct-3') e TBR-6 (5'-gctactacacctaaattctaacc- 3') para T. solium. Os primers foram avaliados quanto à especificidade através da PCR empregando-se DNA total (DNAt) de amostras de cisticercos e proglotes dos parasitos, previamente identificadas por critérios morfológicos. O par de primers TBR-3/TBR-4 permitiu a amplificacão específica do fragmento esperado de 328 pb a partir do DNAt de T. saginata. Os pares TBR-3/TBR-5 e TBR-3/TBR-6 permitiram a amplificacão, respectivamente, dos fragmentos específicos de 310pb e 286pb a partir do DNAt de T. solium. A identidade dos produtos de PCR foi comprovada comparando-se a seqüência dos amplicons obtidos às seqüências de referência do gene LSU RNAr registrado no GenBank (nº AB020399 e nº AB020395). As reacões apresentaram sensibilidade para deteccão de até 1fg do DNAt de T. solium e 0,2fg do DNAt de T. saginata. A combinacão dos primers TBR-3/TBR-4 e TBR3/TBR-6 e o tamanho dos fragmentos gênicos obtidos permitiram o estabelecimento de ensaios de duplex-PCR, eficaz na deteccão simultânea do DNA de T. saginata e T. solium em sistema único de reacão. Os primers utilizados não geraram qualquer produto de amplificacão cruzada quando testados com DNAt de Taenia hydatigena, Taenia taeniaeformis, Hymenolepis diminuta, Anoplocephala magna, Paranoplocephala mamillana e Moniezia expansa, nem frente ao DNAt dos hospedeiros Homo sapiens, Bos taurus e Sus scrofa.

Cysticercosis/taeniasis in Asia and the Pacific.

Three taeniid tapeworms infect humans in Asia and the Pacific: Taenia solim, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica. Although there is continuing debate about the definition of a new species, phylogenetic analyses of these parasites have provided multiple lines of evidence that T. asiatica is an independent species and the sister species of T. saginata. Here we review briefly the morphology, pathology, molecular biology, distribution and control options of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Asia and the Pacific and comment on the potential role which dogs may play in the transmission of T. solium. Special attention is focused on Indonesia: taeniasis caused by T. asiatica in North Sumatra, taeniasis/cysticercosis of T. solium and taeniasis of T. saginata in Bali, and taeniasis/cysticercosis of T. solium in Papua (formerly Irian Jaya). Issues relating to the spread of taeniasis/cysticercosis caused by T. solium in Papua New Guinea are highlighted, since serological evidence suggests that cysticercosis occurs among the local residents. The use of modern techniques for detection of taeniasis in humans and cysticercosis in humans, pigs and dogs, with the possible adoption of new control measures will provide a better understanding of the epidemiology of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Asia and the Pacific and lead to improved control of zoonotic and simultaneously meat-borne disease transmission.