The evaluation of the training, "the approach to epilepsy and epileptic seizure," which was given to teachers in Türkiye.

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder among humans after headaches. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 50-65 million individuals were diagnosed with epilepsy throughout the world, and around two million new cases of epilepsy are added to this figure every year. METHODS: Designed as descriptive and cross-sectional research, this study was performed on 132 elementary school teachers. Training on epilepsy and epileptic seizure was given to teachers. The pretest and posttest research data were collected with the face-to-face interview method. In this process, the epilepsy knowledge scale was used as well as a survey form that had questions designed to find out about teachers' personal characteristics. The Statistical Package for Social Science 25.0 was utilized in the statistical analysis of research data. In the research, the statistical significance was identified if the p-value was below.05 (p < .05). RESULTS: Of all teachers participating in the study, 59.1% were female, 90.2% were married, and 47.7% witnessed an epilepsy seizure before. The mean of teachers' pretest epilepsy knowledge scores was 8.43 ± 4.31 points before the training while the mean of their posttest epilepsy knowledge scores was 12.65 ± 2.48 points after the training. The difference between the means of pretest and posttest scores was statistically significant (p = .000). After the training, there was a statistically significant increase in means of scores obtained by teachers from each item of the epilepsy knowledge scale (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: As there was a statistically significant improvement in levels of teachers' knowledge about both epilepsy and epileptic seizure after the training, it is recommended that the training about the approach to epilepsy and epileptic seizure be given to all teachers, and additionally, including these topics in the course curricula of universities is recommended.

Effectiveness of a school-based Life Gatekeeper Training Program on suicide prevention in China: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: With suicide as a leading cause of death, the issue of children and adolescent suicide risks is in the spotlight today. To empower teachers in primary and secondary schools to serve as gatekeepers and to ensure the safety of children and adolescents, the systematically tailored and localized Life Gatekeeper suicide prevention program was designed for Chinese schools. OBJECTIVE: With the ultimate goal of preventing child and adolescent suicide, we aim to outline a research protocol for examining outcomes of the recently created standardized school-based Life Gatekeeper program in reducing teachers' stigma, increasing their knowledge, willingness to intervene, and perceived competence. METHODS: Participants will be recruited from eligible primary and secondary schools. Cluster sampling will be used to randomly assign each school to either the intervention group or the control group. The primary outcomes are stigma against suicide, suicide literacy, perceived competence, and willingness to intervene with suicidal individuals, which will be measured using the Stigma of Suicide Scale, the Literacy of Suicide Scale, and the Willingness to Intervene Against Suicide Questionnaire, respectively. Measurements will be taken at four time points, including pre-intervention, immediately after the intervention, 6-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The current study features innovative implementation in the real world, by using a randomized controlled trial design to examine the effectiveness of a school-based gatekeeper program among primary and secondary school teachers, following a sequence of defined and refined steps. The research will also investigate the viability of a school-based gatekeeper program for primary and secondary school teachers that could be quickly and inexpensively implemented in a large number of schools.

Pupils' inclusion as a process of narrative interactions: tackling ADHD typification through MADIT methodology.

BACKGROUND: ADHD is the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder. The symptomatology makes the management of ADHD particularly demanding in school, so teachers' training programs have been widely implemented. Nevertheless, these interventions could lead teachers to concentrate on the dysfunctional elements of these students, exposing them to the risk of stigmatisation. Conceptualising stigma and inclusion as narrative processes, the present study observed how teacher ADHD training texts, endorsed by the Italian government, impact on the inclusion process of students. METHODS: The research analysed a corpus of N = 31,261 text occurrences and focused on three areas: (1) ADHD as a clinical condition; (2) the impact of ADHD characteristics in the scholastic setting; (3) interventions to manage ADHD criticalities in school settings. To observe the interactive processes fostered by the narratives under scrutiny, we used Dialogic Science and MADIT methodology, since they allow us to measure the language use modalities through an index: the Dialogical Weight (dW). The value of dW ranges between 0.1 (min) and 0.9 (max) and is linked to the potential outcomes of inclusion for students with ADHD. A low dW accounts for narratives entrenched in personal beliefs presented as absolute truths, undermining inclusion of students with ADHD. In contrast, high dW signals language interaction relying on sharable elements, able to foster social unity and diminish stigma. RESULTS: The results yielded a critical discursive configuration, both in general and for the three distinct areas. We measured an overall Dialogical Weight of 0.4dW and, for the three areas (1) = 0.3dW; (2) = 0.3dW; (3) = 0.4dW. The analysed text does not maximise the triggering of inclusive interactions, as they rely on individual references and present one's narrative as the sole plausible perspective: reinforcing already existing positions and exposing to the risk of stereotyping of the pupils. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlighted how the ADHD training materials analysed, focusing on a purely informational and clinical approach, lose in effectiveness with respect to generating inclusive school settings. Finally, to promote the inclusion of these pupils, elements are offered for outlining an approach based on fostering active participation by all roles involved.

Preliminary Program Evaluation of Pocket PE 3-5™, A User-Friendly Digital Application for Teacher Skills Training and Physical Education Activities for Third- to Fifth-Grade Elementary Students.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, many classroom teachers also teach physical education (PE). However, there is a dearth of evidence- and standard-based PE programs designed to support classroom teachers to deliver PE effectively in schools. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to establish proof-of-concept for the Pocket PE 3-5 digital app in school settings with 10 third- to fifth-grade classroom teachers. We assessed fidelity of program implementation, measured via observations of PE quality. Students used wrist-worn heart rate monitors during Pocket PE 3-5 lessons to measure time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Program feasibility was primarily assessed through teacher-reported surveys of usability, satisfaction, and acceptability and exit interviews. RESULTS: Mean PE observation scores were 18.6 (SD = 1.5) on a scale of 5 to 20. On average, students spent 56.7% (SD = 13.1%) of class time engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Mean survey scores, reported on a 5-point scale, were 4.5 (SD = 0.6) for acceptability, 4.8 (SD = 0.4) for usability, and 4.7 (SD = 0.7) for satisfaction. Teachers liked how easy the app was to use but mentioned some technological challenges. CONCLUSIONS: This program evaluation study established the proof-of-concept for the Pocket PE 3-5 elementary school PE program.

Reflexões sobre o estágio em docência como instrumento formativo do professor universitário: um relato de experiência / Reflections on the teaching internship as a training instrument for university professor: an experience report / Reflexiones sobre la práctica docente como instrumento de formación del profesor universitario: un relato de experiencia

Introdução:A formação de professores é um processo dinâmico que deve ser composto por experiências práticas e teóricas no preparodo discente ao magistério. Desse modo, a compreensão das reflexões relativas ao estágio em docência assistida no âmbito do ensino superior é de suma importância para enriquecer os debates e discussões acerca do papel do estágio em docência como ferramenta formativa do professor universitário. Objetivo:Refletir sobreas experiências vivenciadas durante atividades desenvolvidas noestágio de docência assistidaea importância para a formação pedagógica no ensino superior. Metodologia:Trata-se de um relato de experiênciado estágio emdocência decorrido no segundo semestre de 2022, na disciplina de Fundamentos em epidemiologia e saúde pública do curso de Graduação em Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.Resultados: No presente estudo, foram descritas e analisadas as etapas da experiência do estágio em docência, enfocando as perspectivas, aprendizados e aspirações sob a ótica da literatura científica sobre o papel formativo do estágio para o professor universitário. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam a significânciadas contribuições dessa vivência para o crescimento acadêmico e profissional dos mestrandos. No entanto, salienta-se a necessidade de incorporar ou revisar elementos curriculares, visando promover uma integração mais aprofundada entre as dimensões teóricas e práticas no preparo dos alunos para a docência no ensino superior. Conclusões: O estágio de docência assistida representa uma ferramenta formativa de suma importância, singular e enriquecedora na construção das experiências profissionais e pessoais na formação de professores (AU).

Introduction: Teacher education is a dynamic process that must be composed of practical and theoretical experiences in preparing students to teach. Thus, understanding the reflections related to the internship in assisted teaching in higher education is of paramount importance to enrich the debates and discussions about the role of the internship in teaching as a training tool for university professors.Objective: To reflect on the experiences lived during activities developed in the assisted teaching internship and the importance for pedagogical training in higher education. Methodology: This is an experience report of the teaching internship that took place in the second half of 2022, in the subject of Fundamentals in epidemiology and public health of the Graduation course in Physiotherapy at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte.Results: In this study, we described and analyzed the stages of the teaching practicum experience, focusing on perspectives, learnings, and aspirations from the perspective of the scientific literature on the formative role of the teaching practicum for university professors. The obtained results highlight the significance of the contributions of this experience for the academic and professional growth of the participants. However, it is emphasized the need to incorporate or revise curriculum elements to promote a more profound integration of theoretical and practical dimensions in preparing students for teaching in higher education.Conclusions: The supervised teaching practicum represents a valuable, unique, and enriching formative tool in the development of professional and personal experiences in teacher education (AU).

Introducción: La formación docente es un proceso dinámico que debe estar compuesto de experiencias prácticas y teóricas en la preparación de los estudiantes para enseñar. Por lo tanto, comprender las reflexiones relacionadas con la pasantía en la docencia asistida en laeducación superior es de suma importancia para enriquecer los debates y discusiones sobre el papel de la pasantía en la docencia como herramienta de formación de profesores universitarios. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre las experiencias vividas durante las actividades desarrolladas en el internado docente asistido y la importancia para la formación pedagógica en la educación superior.Metodología: Se trata de un relato de experiencia de la pasantía docente que tuvo lugar en el segundo semestre de 2022, en la asignatura de Fundamentos en epidemiología y salud pública del curso de Graduación en Fisioterapia de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte.Resultados: En este estudio, describimos y analizamos las etapas de la experiencia de práctica docente, enfocando perspectivas, aprendizajes y aspiraciones desde la perspectiva de la literatura científica sobre el papel formativo de la práctica docente para profesoresuniversitarios. Los resultados obtenidos destacan la importancia de los aportes de esta experiencia para el crecimiento académico y profesional de los participantes. Sin embargo, se enfatiza la necesidad de incorporar o revisar elementos curriculares parapromover una integración más profunda de las dimensiones teóricas y prácticas en la preparación de los estudiantes para la docencia en la educación superior. Conclusiones: La práctica docente supervisada representa una herramienta formativa valiosa, únicay enriquecedora en el desarrollo de experiencias profesionales y personales en la formación docente (AU).

Representaciones sociales de estudiantes y profesores de educación física sobre la educación intercultural en Chile / Social representations of physical education students and teachers on intercultural education in Chile / Representações sociais de estudantes e professores de educação física sobre educação intercultural no Chile

El objeto de representación es motivo del desafío que existe por la reivindicación y reconocimiento de las características socioculturales en el sistema educativo, que históricamente ha sido invisibilizado por un sistema caracterizado por sus prácticas monoculturales. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los significados sobre la educación intercultural en Chile según las representaciones sociales de estudiantes y profesores de educación física. El método consistió en un enfoque mixto, con un diseño de estudio de casos múltiples, no experimental y transversal. Los participantes estuvieron compuestos por estudiantes y profesores de Pedagogía en Educación Física. Los resultados indican que, a pesar de que existe un porcentaje considerable de participantes que tiene experiencia laboral como profesores en contextos rurales con altos porcentajes de estudiantes indígenas, existe la necesidad de que las instituciones de educación superior formen a sus estudiantes para desenvolverse de la mejor manera en contextos rurales e indígenas. Se concluyó que, existe el desafío de que las instituciones universitarias que se sitúan en contextos de mayor prevalencia de personas indígenas descontinúen el discurso y episteme monocultural eurocéntrica, rescatando las epistemologías indígenas, para integrarlas al currículum y a los procesos de formación inicial docente. Lo anterior, con la finalidad de desarrollar un genuino diálogo de saberes desde la formación inicial docente hacia las prácticas pedagógicas de los profesores.

Representation is important for the vindication and recognition of socio-cultural characteristics in the educational system, which, historically, has been made invisible by a system characterized by its monocultural practices. The aim of this research was to analyze the meanings of intercultural education in Chile according to the social representations of physical education students and teachers. The method consisted of a mixed approach, with a non-experimental and cross-sectional multiple case study design. Participants were students and teachers in Physical Education Pedagogy. The results indicate that although there is a considerable percentage of participants who have work experience as teachers in rural contexts with high percentages of indigenous students, there is a need for higher education institutions to train their students to perform at their best in rural and indigenous contexts. It was concluded that there is a challenge for university institutions located in contexts with a higher prevalence of indigenous people to discontinue the Eurocentric monocultural discourse and episteme, rescuing indigenous epistemologies to integrate them into the curriculum and initial teacher training processes. The above, with the aim of developing a genuine dialogue of knowledge from initial teacher training to the pedagogical practices of teachers.

O objecto de representação é uma razão para o desafio que existe para a reivindicação e reconhecimento das características socioculturais no sistema educativo, que historicamente tem sido invisibilizado por um sistema caracterizado pelas suas práticas monoculturais. O objectivo da investigação era analisar os significados da educação intercultural no Chile de acordo com as representações sociais dos estudantes e professores de educação física. O método consistia numa abordagem mista, com uma concepção de estudo de casos múltiplos, não experimental e transversal. Os participantes eram compostos por estudantes e professores de Pedagogia da Educação Física. Os resultados indicam que embora exista uma percentagem considerável de participantes que têm experiência de trabalho como professores em contextos rurais com elevadas percentagens de estudantes indígenas, existe a necessidade de as instituições de ensino superior formarem os seus estudantes para terem o melhor desempenho possível em contextos rurais e indígenas. Concluiu-se que existe um desafio para as instituições universitárias localizadas em contextos com maior prevalência de povos indígenas, no sentido de descontinuar o discurso e episteme monocultural eurocêntrico, resgatando as epistemologias indígenas de modo a integrá-las no currículo e nos processos de formação inicial de professores. O acima exposto, com o objectivo de desenvolver um verdadeiro diálogo de conhecimentos desde a formação inicial de professores até às práticas pedagógicas dos professores.

Definición de la competencia didáctica del docente en la educación médica superior cubana / Defining the didactic competence of the professor within cuban higher medical education

Introducción: Los profesores encargados de la formación de los profesionales de la salud necesitan de competencia didáctica para la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Evaluarla en los profesores de ciencias médicas es básico, fundamental y decisivo para la formación de los estudiantes de salud. Objetivo: Determinar el tratamiento metacognitivo de la competencia didáctica del docente en la educación médica superior cubana. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de documentos sobre la competencia didáctica para el docente del sector de salud, a través de las bases de datos Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, Latindex, REDIB, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, Dialnet y Lilacs, en español e inglés, y sin límite de tiempo. Para la búsqueda se utilizaron las palabras: Competencia, Didáctica, combinadas con docentes del sector de salud. Luego de aplicar criterios de inclusión/exclusión se seleccionaron 25 artículos científicos con suficiente calidad y actualidad. Resultados: La competencia didáctica para los docentes del sector de salud ha sido estudiada por diferentes autores. Esta transita desde la competencia profesional del trabajador de la salud hasta su competencia pedagógica y didáctica. Se muestra la evolución conceptual y se relaciona la competencia didáctica con el desarrollo profesional continuo. Conclusiones: La sistematización realizada sobre la competencia didáctica demuestra la preocupación de los profesionales de salud por perfeccionar el proceso formativo en las universidades de ciencias médicas. Los docentes deben planificar, orientar, ejecutar y controlar las acciones con el objetivo de que sus estudiantes sean sujetos activos en su formación como profesionales de la salud(AU)

Introduction: The professors in charge of training health professionals need didactic competences for guiding the teaching-learning process. To assess such competences in medical sciences professors is basic, fundamental and decisive for the training of health students. Objective: To determine the metacognitive treatment given to the didactic competences of professors in Cuban higher medical education. Methods: A review of documents about the didactic competence for professors from the health sector was carried out in the Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, Latindex, REDIB, Virtual Health Library, Dialnet and Lilacs databases, in Spanish and English, and with no time limit. For the search, the following words were used: Competencia [Competence], Didáctica [didactic], combined with docentes del sector de salud [professors from the health sector]. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 scientific articles of sufficient quality and current relevance were selected. Results: The didactic competence for professors from the health sector has been studied by different authors. It covers from the professional competence of the health worker to his or her pedagogical and didactic competence. The conceptual evolution is shown and didactic competence is related to continuous professional development. Conclusions: The systematization carried out on didactic competence proves the health professionals' concern for improving the formative process in the universities of medical sciences. Professors should plan, guide, implement and control actions in such a way that their students are active subjects in their own training as health professionals(AU)

Implementing and evaluating a peer-coached EFL teacher professional development program.

Based on the results of a needs analysis program, already conducted in a parallel study, a need-based teacher professional development program (TPDP) was designed and implemented, which was supported by peer coaching (as a follow-up strategy) and evaluation to address the current needs of Iranian English teachers serving at public junior high schools and to offer suggestions for policy and practice. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated through various data collection methods (i.e. focus group discussions, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews) taking into account the perspectives of teachers, supervisors, and teacher educators. Besides, the possible effects of the program on students' foreign language achievement were investigated. The results of evaluations indicated that although needs-based peer-coached TPDPs were more likely to consolidate English teachers' knowledge, improve their teaching practices, and promote students' academic achievement, teacher education policy-makers and professional development (PD) designers/providers in Iran still followed more traditional approaches, keeping teachers in isolation and not allowing the exchange of ideas to take place among them. The results provide insights for and offer practical suggestions to education policy-makers and TPDP designers/providers in many developing countries including Iran to avoid future failures and discouraging outcomes due to the provision of improper TPDPs that do not take into account the actual professional needs of the teachers.

Implementation of a school-based physical activity intervention for Brazilian adolescents: a mixed-methods evaluation.

The effectiveness of physical activity interventions can be improved through examining the aspects related to their implementation. However, little such evidence has been collected, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of a school-based physical activity intervention with qualitative and quantitative data from different actors (students, teachers and parents) involved in developing the program. The program was conducted in 2017 with three main components: (i) teacher training, (ii) environmental changes and (iii) educational actions. Mixed-method evaluation was performed by an independent evaluation team using a validated indicator matrix for the implementation process, including the self-reported information of students, teachers and parents, as well as interviews with teachers. In the 3 eligible schools, 350 adolescents (51% girls) answered the implementation questionnaire, as did 45 parents (84% mothers), and 47 teachers (70% female). In the qualitative analysis, 18 teachers participated. Categorical analysis found that the intervention was considered feasible by teachers. In general, teachers had a more positive perception of the implementation than did students. The lack of engagement from the school community and parents and the busy schedule of teachers were indicated to be the main difficulties. In conclusion, despite the teachers' motivation, some barriers prevented the successful implementation of the program.

¡De repente, profesor! Caminos que recorren los enfermeros en busca de formación docente / Suddenly, teacher! Paths taken by nurses searching for teacher training / De repente, professor! Caminhos percorridos pelos enfermeiros em busca da formação docente

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the paths taken by the nurse-teachers of the Nursing technical course in search of their training for the teaching career. Method: a qualitative and cross-sectional research study, carried out with nurses who teach at the Nursing technical course of a Technical School of the Unified Health System in Ceará. The data were collected through a focus group in October 2019, and analyzed according to Bardin's thematic content analysis, with the aid of the Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Results: the paths for nurses' teacher training permeate their motivation to enter the teaching career, whose reasons are related to the difficulty finding a job in the assistance area, invitation to teach, job opportunity or existence of some need; initial performance in teaching, which emphasizes mid-level; and by training itself, which had its need confirmed and, from the participants' perspective, met through participation in institutional qualifications and personal search for specialization courses. Conclusion: the paths taken by nurse-teachers in search of their training for the teaching career are related to the reasons why they enter teaching, with their initial performance in teaching and with teacher training itself, regarding verification of their need and ways accessed for such qualification. The nurse's prior training for the teaching practice ultimately points to professional excellence and appreciation and commitment to the Unified Health System. Thus, it becomes imperative to (re)formulate policies that consider the complexity and professionality of teaching, with a view to expert teaching training and performance.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer los caminos que recorren los profesores de enfermería en el curso técnico de Enfermería en busca de su formación docente. Método: investigación cualitativa, transversal, realizada con enfermeros profesores del curso técnico de Enfermería en una Escuela Técnica del Sistema Único de Salud en Ceará. Los datos se recopilaron a través de un grupo focal, en octubre de 2019, y se analizaron de acuerdo con el análisis de contenido temático de Bardin, con el soporte del Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Resultados: los caminos para la formación del docente de enfermería pasan por su motivación para la inserción en la docencia, cuyas razones se relacionan con la dificultad de ser empleado en tareas asistenciales, invitación a enseñar, oportunidad laboral o existencia de alguna necesidad; desempeño inicial en la docencia, que enfatiza la educación secundaria; y por la formación propiamente dicha, cuya necesidad fue corroborada y, a juicio de los participantes, suplida a través de la participación en las cualificaciones institucionales y la búsqueda personal de cursos de especialización. Conclusión: los caminos que recorren los profesores de enfermería en busca de su formación docente están relacionados con las razones por las que ingresan a la docencia, con el desempeño inicial en la docencia y con la propia formación docente, en cuanto a la constatación de su necesidad y las vías de acceso para dicha cualificación. La formación previa del enfermero para la práctica docente apunta, en última instancia, a la excelencia y la valoración profesional y al compromiso con el Sistema Único de Salud, por lo que es imperativo (re) formular políticas que consideren la complejidad y profesionalidad de la docencia, con miras a la obtención de formación y actuación docente especializada.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer os caminhos percorridos pelos enfermeiros docentes do curso técnico de Enfermagem em busca da sua formação para a docência. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, transversal, realizada com enfermeiros professores do curso técnico de Enfermagem de uma Escola Técnica do Sistema Único de Saúde do Ceará. Os dados foram coletados através de grupo focal, em outubro de 2019, e analisados segundo análise de conteúdo temática de Bardin, com apoio do Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Resultados: os caminhos para a formação docente do enfermeiro perpassam pela sua motivação para inserção na docência, cujos motivos relacionam-se com a dificuldade de empregar-se na assistência, convite para lecionar, oportunidade de trabalho ou existência de alguma necessidade; atuação inicial no ensino, a qual confere ênfase ao nível médio; e pela formação propriamente, que teve sua necessidade constatada e, na visão dos participantes, suprida mediante a participação em qualificações institucionais e busca pessoal por cursos de especialização. Conclusão: os caminhos percorridos pelos enfermeiros docentes em busca da sua formação para a docência guardam relação com os motivos pelos quais ingressam no ensino, com a atuação inicial no magistério e com a própria formação docente, referente à constatação da sua necessidade e vias acessadas para tal qualificação. A formação prévia do enfermeiro para o exercício docente aponta, em última análise, para a excelência e valorização profissional e compromisso com o Sistema Único de Saúde. Assim, torna-se imperativa a (re)formulação de políticas que considerem a complexidade e profissionalidade do ensino, com vistas a uma formação e atuação docente experta.

Demonstrator training needs to be active and focused on personalized student learning in bioscience teaching laboratories.

Demonstrators spend significant time with students on a weekly basis in instructional laboratories and are well poised to offer students meaningful learning. Most often, effective demonstrator training is neglected due to time and resource restraints and it is clear more attention is needed. We hypothesized that students' learning experience in laboratories would improve if demonstrators were well trained particularly across three overlapping learning domains: subject-specific knowledge (cognitive and psychomotor), problem solving (cognitive) and group management including personalized student learning strategies (affective). We assessed both students and demonstrators on the impact of this extensive demonstrator training in 1st- and 2nd-year bioscience practical courses over two years. The results show that all students rated the demonstrators' performance higher after the extensive training. Students from both years valued the provision of problem-solving skills; however, 1st-year students placed greater value on the demonstrator's ability to address student inclusivity, whereas 2nd-year students preferred the provision of strong subject knowledge. Interestingly, demonstrators' own perception of their teaching ability was different from student feedback on their performance, which may be due to lack of reflective practice. We propose a multimodal training framework that includes inclusivity/approachability and reflection as an integral part of training. This study further suggests that demonstrator training needs to be tailored to the changing needs of students as they progress through the different levels of their degree. Our proposed framework is particularly relevant to the current pandemic which has affected young people's mental health, confidence and openness to new experiences.

Claustro docente en Medicina: dos procesos de acreditación en la Facultad Salvador Allende / Faculty in the Medical Major: two accreditation processes at Salvador Allende School

Introducción: A nivel internacional, la comunidad universitaria considera no pensar en la calidad de la educación superior como un fin disociado de la inserción concreta de la universidad en un determinado contexto social. La evaluación de la calidad aparece en la agenda de los países a mediados de la década de los años 90, como consecuencia de dos fenómenos complementarios: el incremento de la demanda y el desarrollo del sector de corte empresarial. Objetivo: Caracterizar el potencial y la producción científica del claustro docente de la carrera de Medicina de la Facultad Salvador Allende en dos procesos de evaluación externa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, retrospectivo, con carácter comparativo-descriptivo del claustro docente, durante los procesos de evaluación externa de los años 2013 y 2019, incluidos 340 y 381 profesores, respectivamente. Se utilizaron métodos descriptivos, medidas absolutas y relativas para variables cualitativas y cuantitativas, aplicada la prueba de comparación de medias en muestras independientes y pareadas. Resultados: La acreditación de 2019 mostró un incremento de profesores con categorías titular o auxiliar y grado científico. El total de los profesores principales de las disciplinas y años de la carrera ostentaban categorías superiores como máster o especialista de primer grado. Conclusiones: Se evidenció estabilidad y desarrollo del claustro docente, e insuficiente incremento de grado científico y especialista de segundo grado. Las ponencias en eventos científicos se incrementaron por profesor, así como los índices de publicación, con predominio de los grupos I y II(AU)

Introduction: Internationally, the university community considers not thinking about higher education quality as an aim dissociated from concrete university insertion in a certain social context. Quality assessment appeared on the countries' agendas in the mid-1990s, as a consequence of two complementary phenomenons: the increase in demand and the development of the business sector. Objective: To characterize scientific potential resources and production of the faculty of the medical major at Salvador Allende School in two external assessment processes. Methods: A qualitative, retrospective, comparative-descriptive study of the faculty was carried out during two external assessment processes, in 2013 and 2019, including 340 and 381 professors, respectively. Descriptive methods, as well as absolute and relative measures were used for qualitative and quantitative variables, applying the means comparison test in independent and paired samples. Results: The 2019 accreditation showed an increase in the numbers of full and auxiliary professors and a scientific degree. The whole number of the main professors of the disciplines and from the academic years of the major held higher categories, such as a master's degree, or first-degree specialist. Conclusions: Stability and development of the faculty was evidenced, as well as insufficient increase in the numbers of scientific degrees and second-degree specialists. Presentations in scientific events increased per professor, as it was for the case of publication rates, with a predominance of groups I and II(AU)

Themes in Train-the-Trainer Nutrition Education Interventions Targeting Middle School Students: A Systematic Review.

Context-appropriate nutrition education interventions targeting middle school students have the potential to promote healthy dietary patters that may help prevent unnecessary weight gain at a point in childhood development when youth experience increasing agency over their food choices. The aim of this review was to identify and synthesize themes in train-the-trainer approaches, intervention content and delivery, and youth receptivity across teacher, mentor, and peer-led nutrition education interventions that targeted middle school-age youth in urban, primarily low-income settings. A systematic, electronic literature search was conducted in seven electronic databases, PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane CENTRAL, using fixed inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 53 papers representing 39 unique interventions were selected for data extraction and quality assessment. A framework synthesis approach was used to organize the interventions into six categories and identify themes according to whether the intervention was classroom-based or out-of-school-based and whether adults, cross-age peers or same-age peers delivered the intervention. Ten of the interventions contained multiple components such that they were included in two of the categories. The review findings indicated that trainings should be interactive, include opportunities to role-play intervention scenarios and provide follow-up support throughout intervention delivery. Interventions targeting middle school youth should include positive messaging and empower youth to make healthy choices within their specific food environment context.

The effects of a preschool-based intervention for Early Childhood Education and Care teachers in promoting healthy eating and physical activity in young children: A cluster randomised controlled trial.

The need for excess weight gain prevention in disadvantaged young children is widely recognised. Early Childhood Education and Care teachers are potential key actors in early interventions to prevent overweight and obesity. This study examines the effects of a preschool-based intervention for teachers in promoting healthy eating and physical activity in young children. A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted at 41 preschools in a deprived area of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The intervention consisted of 2 programmes that were applied in succession: A Healthy Start and PLAYgrounds for TODdlers. The study period was 9 months. Primary outcomes were assessed via questionnaires and included teachers' knowledge, attitude, food/activity-related practices, and level of confidence in promoting healthy behaviours. Secondary outcomes in this study were teachers' and children's BMI (z-score), body composition, dietary intake and physical activity level. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed using linear mixed models. In total, 115 teachers and 249 children (mean age 3.0 (0.2) years) were included. A positive effect on teachers' knowledge about the Dutch dietary guidelines was found after the programme A Healthy Start (difference = 1.38; 1-sided 95% CL = 0.29; p = 0.02). This effect was not sustained at 9 months (difference = 0.34; 1-sided 95% CL = -0.76; p = 0.31). The overall intervention had a positive effect on 3 of the 5 attitude statements regarding a healthy lifestyle (difference ranged from 0.34 to 0.55) and on the practice scale Activity-related-Modelling (difference = 0.16; 1-sided 95% CL = 0.06; p = 0.01). No intervention effects were observed on food-related practice scales and the level of confidence in promoting healthy behaviours. At this stage, no effects were seen on teachers' and children's BMI (z-score). This study contributes to the professional development of Early Childhood Education and Care teachers and addresses the call for interventions to prevent overweight/obesity and to minimise health inequalities in young children.

Applying the trans-contextual model to promote sport injury prevention behaviors among secondary school students.

The current study tested the effects of an intervention based on the trans-contextual model (TCM) on secondary school PE students' sport injury prevention behavior and on theory-based motivational and social cognition mediators. Participants were PE students (N = 1168; Mage  = 13.322 ± 1.045, range = 12-16; female = 51.721%) who participated in a 3-month cluster-randomized controlled trial. Schools were randomly assigned to a treatment group, in which PE teachers received training to be more supportive of psychological needs in teaching sport injury prevention, or a control group, in which PE teachers received no training. Participants completed survey measures of TCM variables and self-reported sport injury prevention behavior at baseline and at 3-month post-intervention follow-up. The proposed TCM model exhibited adequate fit with the data, χ2  = 143.080 (df = 19), CFI = 0.956, TLI = 0.916, RMSEA = 0.078 (90% CI = 0.066-0.090), and SRMR = 0.058. We found positive, statistically significant direct intervention effects on changes in perceived psychological need support (ß = 0.064, p = 0.020). We also found positive, significant direct (ß = 0.086-0.599, p < 0.001) and indirect (ß = 0.002-0.027, p = 0.020-0.032) intervention effects on changes in TCM variables and behaviors to prevent sport injuries. Our findings support the TCM as a useful framework for building an intervention for promoting sport injury prevention behaviors among secondary school students.

Formación del docente de Enfermería en metodologías activas de aprendizajes: ¿Es necesario en los saberes? / Nursing teacher training in active learning methodologies: ¿Is it necessary for knowledge?

Introducción: La formación del docente de Enfermería tiene ante sí el reto de su profesionalización, en un mundo caracterizado por la globalización, un acelerado desarrollo de la ciencia, las tecnologías y complejos procesos de cambios que requieren de nuevas transformaciones del conocimiento; es una necesidad la actualización de saberes más avanzados en metodologías activas en el docente de enfermería como un proceso continuo y simultáneo para alcanzar multihabilidades y valores. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos fundamentales que conforman el proceso de formación del docente de Enfermería en metodologías activas de aprendizajes en las instituciones de educación superior. Material y Métodos: El presente estudio es de diseño descriptivo, con un análisis de la información de manera inductiva, se examinaron 76 textos en las bases de datos Scopus, Scielo, Eric, empleadas como fuentes de investigación. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se abordó el estudio con un total de 27 artículos. Conclusiones: Todas las profesiones, oficios se verán afectados de una manera u otra en esta crucial avanzada por lo que es imprescindible el papel de las instituciones de educación superior en la emergente implementación y enseñanza de las metodologías activas que hoy anhelan ser aplicadas de manera insoslayable en los diferentes saberes; la profesión y ciencia de Enfermería no está exenta de ello; lo que busca un proceso transformador de profesionales competentes hacia una sociedad laboral competitiva(AU)

Introduction: Nursing teacher training is a professional challenge in a world characterized by globalization, accelerated development of science and technologies and complex processes of change that require new transformations of knowledge; an updating of the most advanced knowledge in active methodologies for nursing professors as a continuous and simultaneous process to promote multi-abilities and values is a must. Objective: To describe the main aspects that make up the Nursing teacher training process in active learning methodologies in higher education centers. Material and Methods: Descriptive study with an inductive content analysis. A total of 76 bibliographies were examined in the Scopus, Scielo, and Eric databases, which were used as research sources. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study was approached with a total of 27 articles. Conclusions: All professions and experiences will be affected in one way or another in this crucial advance, so the role of higher education centers is essential in the emerging implementation and teaching of active methodologies that today yearn to be applied in an unavoidable way in the different fields of knowledge. The profession and Nursing science is not exempt from this trend and looks for a transforming process of competent professionals towards a competitive society of labor(AU)

Environmental influences and individual characteristics that affect learner-centered teaching practices.

Research-based teaching practices can improve student learning outcomes in a variety of complex educational environments. The implementation of learner-centered teaching practices in STEM can both benefit from or be constrained by different factors related to individual instructors and the teaching environment. Additionally, we know little of how the instructional climate varies across institutions and how this climate affects teaching practices. Our study sought to examine the relative importance of environmental influences and individual characteristics on learner-centered teaching practices across institutions. We also assessed differences in our study population and departmental climate for 35 US higher education institutions across the country. We found that self-efficacy in teaching and professional development exert a strong influence on faculty teaching practices in biology. While departmental climate did not emerge as a significant predictor of teaching practices, there was consistently low support for teaching, and institution size was negatively correlated with leadership and evaluation of effective teaching. We also found that intensive professional development programs, such as the Faculty Institutes for Reforming Science Teaching IV program, may prepare instructors to teach learner-centered courses in different collegial teaching climates. Our results suggest that through cultivating self-efficacy and participating in iterative professional development, instructors can implement effective teaching practices in a variety of institutional environments.

La educación alimentaria y nutricional: un estudio descriptivo en la formación del docente de Biología / Food and nutritional education: descriptive study in the training of Biology teachers

RESUMEN Introducción: el docente de Biología debe contribuir a la educación para la salud, y dentro de ella a la educación alimentaria y nutricional de los estudiantes, mediante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los contenidos relacionados con la Biología. Objetivo: describir los conocimientos y comportamientos sobre educación alimentaria y nutricional que poseen los estudiantes de la carrera de Licenciatura en Educación, especialidad Biología, en la Universidad de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los conocimientos y comportamientos sobre educación alimentaria y nutricional en 21 estudiantes de la carrera de Licenciatura en Educación, especialidad Biología, de la Universidad de Matanzas, en enero de 2020. Los métodos teóricos empleados fueron el histórico-lógico, el analítico-sintético y el inductivo-deductivo. Como método empírico se utilizó la encuesta. Resultados: los estudiantes presentan insuficientes conocimientos sobre los nutrientes que aportan diversos alimentos, y desconocimiento sobre las biomoléculas y su importancia para el correcto funcionamiento del organismo. Muestran interés por el consumo de la comida denominada chatarra, y obvian la necesidad del consumo de vegetales, frutas y viandas hervidas. Conclusiones: los estudiantes encuestados presentaron limitados conocimientos sobre alimentación y nutrición como procesos inherentes a la vida humana, que determinan la educación alimentaria y nutricional como un factor básico para evitar enfermedades que repercuten en su salud, e impiden que puedan realizar su labor educativa como docentes de Biología, líderes de la promoción de salud en la escuela y la comunidad (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the teacher who teaches Biology must make good use of the different curricular contents to contribute to health education and within it to food and nutritional education of students. Objective: to describe the knowledge and behaviors on food and nutrition education that students of the degree course of Education in Biology of the University of Matanzas have. Materials and methods: a descriptive study of the knowledge and behavior on food and nutritional education in 21 students of the degree course of Education in Biology of the University of Matanzas, in January 2020. The theoretical methods used were the historic-logical, the analytical-synthetic, and the inductive-deductive one. The survey was used as empiric method. Results: the students showed not enough knowledge on the nutrients provided by different foods, not knowing about biomolecules and their importance for the proper functioning of the body. They evidenced their preference for the consumption of the so called junk food, obviating the need of green vegetables, fruits and boiled vegetables. Conclusions: the surveyed students presented limited knowledge on food and nutrition as processes inherent to human life, which determine food and nutritional education as a basic factor to avoid diseases that affect their health. It is a constraint for carrying out an adequate educative work as Biology teachers and future leaders of health promotion at school and in the community (AU).

Revisión de guías para avanzar hacia una educación más inclusiva en los centros escolares / Review of Guidelines for moving towardsmore Inclusive Education in Schools

En los últimos años, ha habido un incremento exponencial en el número de guías, materiales e informes que se encuentran a disposición de los centros escolares para orientar su camino hacia la inclusión. Partiendo de esta realidad, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de naturaleza cualitativa cuyo objetivo principal ha consistido en una selección de guías sobre inclusión que resultan de utilidad para iniciar procesos de re­flexión-acción en la comunidad educativa. El análisis documental de contenido (de un total de 13 guías) ha permitido identificar los facilitadores/limitadores que posibilitan/ dificultan el avance de la inclusión. Asimismo, se han especificado los recursos/instru­mentos que ofrecen las guías para acompañar a los centros en el camino hacia una edu­cación más inclusiva. Los resultados recogen la importancia que tiene la formación del profesorado en la atención a la diversidad, la puesta en marcha de redes de colaboración y la reformulación de barreras en facilitadores. Las conclusiones apuntan a la necesidad de iniciar/sostener procesos de mejora para una mayor inclusión dentro y fuera de las aulas y de dar a conocer este corpus de guías a los profesionales que están en la práctica

In recent years, a growing number of guides and reports have become available for schools to guide them on their paths towards inclusion. A qualitative study has been carried out, whose main aim was to select guides on inclusion that are useful for initiating reflection-action processes within educational community. The documentary analysis (of 13 guides in all) led to the identification of the facilitators/barriers that fa­vor/hinder the advance of inclusion. Likewise, the resources/instruments offered by the guides have been specified in order to support schools on their journeys towards a more inclusive education. The results reflect the importance of teacher training in dealing with diversity, the implementation of collaborative networks and the reformulation of barri­ers into facilitators. The conclusions point to the need to initiate/sustain improvement processes for greater inclusion within and outside the classroom, and to make this cor­pus of guidance known to practitioners

The Irie Classroom Toolbox, a universal violence-prevention teacher-training programme, in Jamaican preschools: a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Violence is a leading global public health problem, and interventions in early childhood are important in the primary prevention of violence. We tested whether the Irie Classroom Toolbox, a violence-prevention teacher-training programme reduced violence against children by teachers and reduced class-wide child aggression in Jamaican preschools (catering to children aged 3-6 years). METHODS: We did a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial in 76 preschools in Kingston and St Andrew, randomly selected, using simple randomisation, from 120 eligible preschools. Inclusion criteria were two to four classes of children; at least ten children per class; and located in an urban area. We randomly assigned preschools (1:1) to either the Irie Classroom Toolbox intervention or waiting-list control that received no intervention, using a computer-generated randomisation sequence by an independent statistician masked to school identity. The Toolbox involved training teachers in classroom behaviour management and promoting child social-emotional competence. All assessors were masked to group assignment. All teachers and classrooms in the selected schools participated in the study. Within each school, we used simple randomisation to randomly select up to 12 children aged 4 years for evaluation of child outcomes. The Toolbox intervention was implemented from August to April the following year. Teacher and classroom measures were done at baseline (the summer school term; ie, May to June), post-intervention (after 8 months of intervention; ie, May to June of the following year), and 1-year follow-up (ie, May to June 2 years later). The primary outcomes were observations of violence against children (including physical violence and psychological aggression) by teachers occurring across one full school day, and class-wide child aggression occurring over five 20-min intervals on another school day, all measured at post-intervention and 1-year follow-up and analysed by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN11968472. FINDINGS: Between June 22, 2015, and April 29, 2016, (after baseline measurements were completed), we assigned 38 preschools (with 119 teachers) to the Toolbox intervention and 38 preschools (with 110 teachers) to control. 441 children in the intervention schools and 424 in the control schools were included in the evaluation. All schools were included in the post-intervention and follow-up analyses. There were fewer counts of violence against children by teachers in the intervention schools compared with control schools at post-intervention (median counts 3 [IQR 0-11] vs 15 [3-35]; effect size -67·12%, 95% CI -80·71 to -53·52, p<0·0001) and 1-year follow-up (median counts 3 [IQR 0-9] vs 6 [1-16]; effect size -53·86, 95% CI -71·08 to -36·65, p<0·0001). No differences between groups were found for class-wide child aggression at post-intervention (effect size 0·07, 95% CI -0·16 to 0·29, p=0·72) or 1-year follow-up (-0·14, -0·42 to 0·16, p=0·72). INTERPRETATION: In Jamaican preschools, the Irie Classroom Toolbox effectively reduced violence against children by teachers. The Toolbox was designed for use with undertrained teachers working in low-resource settings and should be effective with early childhood practitioners in other LMICs. Additional research is needed to further develop the Toolbox to reduce class-wide child aggression. FUNDING: Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, UK Aid, and the National Institute of Health Research.