Fairness, technology and the ethics of Paralympic sport classification.

Fairness in sport is a widely shared meritocratic norm. Its application is usually restricted to equality of opportunity to compete for victory. Paralympic sports lay down a further challenge in that equality of opportunity must be shaped by considerations of fairness, evidenced by the development of discrete competition categories to construct fair and meaningful contests. In this article, we extend these philosophical ideas to consider how Fair Equality of Opportunity might operate in the context of Paralympic sports classification. We articulate three conceptions of fairness relevant to these sports: (i) background fairness; (ii) procedural fairness; and (iii) stakes fairness. We critically review the International Paralympic Committee's Policy on Sport Equipment in relation to the first two conceptions and argue that greater clarification, theorization and rule modification is required if physical prowess, as opposed to equipment technology, is to be assured as the dominant determinant of Paralympic athletic success.

Assessing the impact of low-technology emanators alongside long-lasting insecticidal nets to control malaria.

Malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa relies on the widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) or the indoor residual spraying of insecticide. Disease transmission may be maintained even when these indoor interventions are universally used as some mosquitoes will bite in the early morning and evening when people are outside. As countries seek to eliminate malaria, they can target outdoor biting using new vector control tools such as spatial repellent emanators, which emit airborne insecticide to form a protective area around the user. Field data are used to incorporate a low-technology emanator into a mathematical model of malaria transmission to predict its public health impact across a range of scenarios. Targeting outdoor biting by repeatedly distributing emanators alongside LLINs increases the chance of elimination, but the additional benefit depends on the level of anthropophagy in the local mosquito population, emanator effectiveness and the pre-intervention proportion of mosquitoes biting outdoors. High proportions of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes diminish LLIN impact because of reduced mosquito mortality. When mosquitoes are highly anthropophagic, this reduced mortality leads to more outdoor biting and a reduced additional benefit of emanators, even if emanators are assumed to retain their effectiveness in the presence of pyrethroid resistance. Different target product profiles are examined, which show the extra epidemiological benefits of spatial repellents that induce mosquito mortality. This article is part of the theme issue 'Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.

Wood Waste and Race: The Industrialization of Biomass Energy Technologies and Environmental Justice.

In the 1980s, engineers developed new ways to use one of humanity's oldest fuel sources-wood-to create electrical power. This article uses envirotechnical analysis to examine the development of a wood-burning power plant in Flint, Michigan, and argues that when public officials began working with major energy corporations to build industrial biomass facilities in the 1980s and 1990s, new energy technologies designed to run on renewable fuels became part of an entrenched fossil fuel-based power structure that maintained deep historical inequalities. Like other examples of environmental injustice, the burdens of industrial-scale biomass power systems tended to fall on poor, nonwhite communities. By exploring the creation of the Genesee Power Station as part of an envirotechnical regime in Flint, this research seeks to develop conceptual bridges between the history of technology, environmental history, and environmental justice, and demonstrates the use of history to inform contemporary debates about sustainability.

Aspectos tecnológicos e perspectivas de desenvolvimento do cultivo de tilápia no Brasil / Technological aspects and perspectives for the development of tilapia farming in Brazil / Aspectos tecnológicos y perspectivas de desarrollo del cultivo de tilapia en Brasil

O presente estudo analisa a participação da tilápia no desenvolvimento da aquicultura no Brasil, além da situação do cultivo, produção, prospectos, avaliar a evolução da produção e tecnologia. Os resultados demonstram que a tilápia tem oferecido uma valiosa contribuição, notadamente no que diz respeito ao aumento da oferta de alimento proteico de origem animal. Portanto, o consumo de tilápias continuará a crescer mas o aumento da produção doméstica poderá pressionar para baixo os preços, fazendo as tilápias mais competitivas com outros produtos de água doce e marinho. Conclui-se que com adequado investimento, manejo e conservação dos recursos ambientais, a tilapicultura poderá tornar-se uma atividade da maior importância para o crescimento socio-econômico do Brasil. Com tremendo recurso no Brasil para o cultivo de tilápias uma das expectativas é a de que o Brasil produzirá uma significante quantidade de tilápia para a exportação em um futuro próximo e constituir uma importante atividade socio-econômica.(AU)

This study analyses the contribution of tilapia to the development of aquaculture in Brazil and the status of its farming, production, prospects, assessment of domestic farming and technology. The results demonstrate that tilapia is an economically viable activity and that it has a positive contribution to the development of fish farming. Therefore, it can be said that tilapia consumption will continue to grow; however, the increase in domestic production will likely result in downward pressure on prices, making tilapia even more competitive when compared to other freshwater and seafood products. It can be concluded that with adequate investment, management and conservation of environmental resources, tilapia can become a key factor for the socio-economic growth of the Brazil. With the enormous amount of resources in Brazil for tilapia farming, the expectation is that Brazil will be producing significant amounts of tilapia for export in the near future, thus representing a very important socio-economic activity.(AU)

El presente estudio analiza la participación de la tilapia en el desarrollo de la acuicultura en Brasil, además de la situación del cultivo, producción, prospectos, evaluar la evolución de la producción y tecnología. Los resultados demuestran que la tilapia ha ofrecido una valiosa contribución, especialmente en lo que se refiere al aumento de la oferta de alimento proteico de origen animal. Por lo tanto, el consumo de tilapias continuará creciendo, pero el aumento de la producción doméstica podrá presionar hacia abajo los precios, haciendo las tilapias más competitivas con otros productos de agua dulce y marino. Se concluye que con adecuada inversión, manejo y conservación de los recursos ambientales, la tilapicultura podrá convertirse en una actividad de la mayor importancia para el crecimiento socioeconómico de Brasil. Con mayor recurso en Brasil para el cultivo de tilapias, una de las expectativas es que él producirá una significante cantidad de tilapia para la exportación en un futuro próximo y constituirá una importante actividad socioeconómica.(AU)

Invention as a combinatorial process: evidence from US patents.

Invention has been commonly conceptualized as a search over a space of combinatorial possibilities. Despite the existence of a rich literature, spanning a variety of disciplines, elaborating on the recombinant nature of invention, we lack a formal and quantitative characterization of the combinatorial process underpinning inventive activity. Here, we use US patent records dating from 1790 to 2010 to formally characterize invention as a combinatorial process. To do this, we treat patented inventions as carriers of technologies and avail ourselves of the elaborate system of technology codes used by the United States Patent and Trademark Office to classify the technologies responsible for an invention's novelty. We find that the combinatorial inventive process exhibits an invariant rate of 'exploitation' (refinements of existing combinations of technologies) and 'exploration' (the development of new technological combinations). This combinatorial dynamic contrasts sharply with the creation of new technological capabilities-the building blocks to be combined-that has significantly slowed down. We also find that, notwithstanding the very reduced rate at which new technologies are introduced, the generation of novel technological combinations engenders a practically infinite space of technological configurations.

Redução de sódio em alimentos: panorama atual e impactos tecnológicos, sensoriais e de saúde pública / Sodium reduction in foods: current perspective and technological, sensory and public health impacts

Sodium plays an essential role in health and in the production and palatability of foods, but the current recommendations of sodium intake have been exceeded in many countries. The reduction of its intake is necessary because of public health problems, such as hypertension.Many are the available techniques and studies already developed on sodium reduction in foods; however, a single and low cost method that does not modify the consumers? acceptance to different food products has notbeen identified. This paper presents a general perspective regarding the functions of sodium in health and foods, the current intake scenario and recommendations in Brazil and other countries, and also some aspects regarding consumer perception when sodium is reduced in different foods.

O sódio tem papel fundamental na saúde e na produção e palatabilidade dos alimentos, porém as recomendações atuais do consumo diário de sódio são ultrapassadas em muitos países. A diminuição de sua ingestão se faz necessária devido a problemas de saúde pública, como a hipertensão. Muitas são as técnicas disponíveis e os estudos já realizados para a diminuição de sódio nos alimentos, todavia, ainda não se identificouum método único, de baixo custo e que não altere a aceitação dos consumidores e suas propriedades tecnológicas nos diversos produtos alimentícios. O presente trabalho apresenta um panorama geral sobre as funções do sódio na saúde e nos alimentos, cenário atual de consumo no Brasil e no mundo, recomendações em termos de redução de sódio, além de aspectos relacionados à percepção do consumidor ao se reduzir o sódio em diferentes alimentos.

Nanotecnología: presente y futuro de las ciencias de la salud visual / Nanotechnology: The Present and Future of Visual Health Science

La nanotecnología viene perfilándose como una ciencia aplicada a la industria y a la medicina. El rastreo y manipulación de materiales y procesos a escala nanométrica (la mil millonésima parte de un metro), será instrumental en la detección precisa y la intervención oportuna de una variedad de enfermedades oftalmológicas y en el diagnóstico de anomalías visuales. Vitrectomías guiadas por robot, implantes bioeléctricos en retina y nanolentes son sólo algunos de los avances prometedores en el campo de la salud visual.

Biotecnología: un pulso del progreso a la naturaleza / Biotecnology: a pulse of the progress to the nature

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Áreas emergentes en Psicología Militar / No disponible

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Anuario de ciencia y tecnologia 1999-2000

Facultad de Ingenieria; Facultad de Ciencias Geologicas; Facultad de Agronomia; Facultad de Arquitectura Urbanismo y Artes; Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales; Facultad de Medicina, facultad de Odontologia; Facultad de ciencias Farmaceuticas y Bioquimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas y Financieras; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacion; Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Politicas; Vicerrectorado; Anexos

micro empresa en la industria metal mecanica del Cusco una potencialidad en el desarrollo social / sss

El sector metal mecanico en departamento del Cusco, segun CIIU, cuenta con 246 unidades productivas, constituidas principalmente en el grupo de 37 y 38 de CIIU. El sector de caracteriza por pertenecer al nivel micro empresarial con un promedio de 4 trabajadores por empresa. La tenencia de la propiedad pertenece integramente al sector privado. En el entorno presentan una alta concentracion de competidores en el mismo sector productivo y lugar. La tecnologia desarrollada en el sector muestra niveles tradicionales y de estancamiento reflejado por el comportamiento empresarial poco agresivo y motivado tanto a nivel individual como corporativo...