Three clusters of content-audience associations in expression of racial prejudice while consuming online television news.

It is well investigated that the expression of racial prejudice is often induced by news coverage on the internet, and the exposure to media contributes to the cultivation of long-term prejudice. However, there is a lack of information regarding the immediate effects of news delivered through television or television-like media on the expression of racial prejudice. This study provides a framework for understanding such effects by focusing on content-audience associations using the logs of an "online television" service, which provides television-like content and user experiences. With these logs, we found an association between the news-watching and comment-posting behaviors. Consequently, logs relevant to two distinct forms of racism, modern and old-fashioned racism, were extracted. Using mathematical modeling, which considers the different levels of program inducements to racist expression, personal inclinations of audiences to racism, and certainty of prediction of audience behaviors, we found three associative patterns between the news programs and audiences. The relevance of the topics covered to the basic beliefs of each form of racism was characterized into three clusters: expression as a reaction to news that is directly relevant to the basic beliefs of racism with weak inducements by non-bigots, minority abuse by distorting the meanings of news content indirectly relevant to the beliefs but with strong inducements by audiences with a strong bias, and racial toxic opinions independent of the news content by clear bigots. Our findings provide implications for inhibiting the expression of online prejudice based on the characteristics of these patterns.

The ethics of using cameras in care homes.

senior researcher, Digital Imaging Research There are concerns about how cameras in care homes might intrude on residents' and staff privacy but worries about resident abuse must be recognised. This article outlines an ethical way forward and calls for a rethink about cameras that focuses less on their ability to "see" and more on their use as data-gathering tools.

Can the critically ill consent to participation in commercial television programmes? An Australian prehospital and emergency medicine perspective.

The fly-on-the-wall medical documentary is a popular television phenomenon. When patients can give appropriate consent to filming, the final product can be both educational for the public and rewarding for its subjects. However, in the dynamic world of emergency and prehospital medicine, consenting critically ill patients before filming is a significant challenge. The main barriers to gaining valid consent in the field and in the ED are limited time to inform the patient and the diminished capacity of the sick patient. Although there is an argument that involvement in a commercial film might be beneficial to several parties, including the patient, these benefits do not amount to therapeutic necessity if prior consent is not obtainable. Despite this, we still see acutely incapacitated patients featured in some television programmes. In these cases, the conventional process of consent might be being sidestepped in order to obtain permission for broadcast retrospectively. This alternative process fails to recognise that incapacitated patients require protection from an invasion of privacy that occurs when a crew is filming their resuscitations. This harm has already occurred by the time consent is sought. Ultimate responsibility for defending the patients' interests during their medical treatment rests with the medical practitioner. We argue that filming a patient without prior consent in both the prehospital and emergency environment is ethically unsound: it threatens trust in the healthcare relationship and might compromise the patient's dignity and privacy. Robust guidelines should be developed for all healthcare professionals who engage with commercial film crews.

The association between internet and television access and disordered eating in a Chinese sample.

OBJECTIVE: China has historically reported a low prevalence of eating disorders. However, the rapid social and economic development of this country as well as Western ideals widely disseminated by television and the Internet have led to distinct patterns of behavioral choices that could affect eating disorder risk. Thus, the current study explored the relation between disordered eating and media use. METHOD: Participants were females from the 2009 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (N = 1,053). Descriptive statistics were obtained and logistic regression models, stratified by age (adolescents ages 12-17 years and adults ages 18-35 years), were used to evaluate the association of media use with disordered eating. RESULTS: In adolescents, 46.8% had access to the Internet and those with access averaged one hour per day each of Internet and television use. In adults, 41.4% had access to the Internet, and those with access averaged 1 h per day of Internet use and 2 h per day of television use. Internet access was significantly associated with a subjective belief of fatness (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6, 4.9) and worry over losing control over eating (OR = 4.8, 95% CI: 2.3, 9.8) only in adults. DISCUSSION: These findings help characterize the overall pattern of media use and report of eating disorder symptoms in a large sample of female Chinese adolescents and adults. That Internet access in adults was significantly associated with disordered eating cognitions might suggest that media access negatively influences these domains; however, more granular investigations are warranted.

[The ethical approach applied to the TV series ER]. / La démarche ethique appliquée a la série Urgences.

The television series ER presents an opportunity to reflect on ethical dilemmas. This article discusses the example of an episode in which a patient suffering from an incurable disease, unable to express his views clearly, has a tracheotomy performed on him without the consent of the team or his health care proxy.

The ethics of reality medical television.

Reality medical television, an increasingly popular genre, depicts private medical moments between patients and healthcare providers. Journalists aim to educate and inform the public, while the participants in their documentaries-providers and patients-seek to heal and be healed. When journalists and healthcare providers work together at the bedside, moral problems precipitate. During the summer of 2010, ABC aired a documentary, Boston Med, featuring several Boston hospitals. We examine the ethical issues that arise when journalism and medicine intersect. We provide a framework for evaluating the potential benefits and harms of reality medical television, highlighting critical issues such as informed consent, confidentiality, and privacy.

Not a "reality" show.

The authors of the preceding articles raise legitimate questions about patient and staff rights and the unintended consequences of allowing ABC News to film inside teaching hospitals. We explain why we regard their fears as baseless and not supported by what we heard from individuals portrayed in the filming, our decade-long experience making medical documentaries, and the full un-aired context of the scenes shown in the broadcast. The authors don't and can't know what conversations we had, what documents we reviewed, and what protections we put in place in each televised scene. Finally, we hope to correct several misleading examples cited by the authors as well as their offhand mischaracterization of our program as a "reality" show.

First, do no harm.

In a television news documentary series such as Boston Med, doctors' duty to their patients may be at odds with the duty of TV journalists to their audience. If this happens, who should win out? The patients. If there is any possibility that harm is being done to patients, we must put them first, and turn off the cameras.

Watching Boston Med.

The author reflects on the ABC news documentary series Boston Med--both what it achieved, and what it could have achieved.

Presencia y representación de las personas mayores en la publicidad televisiva: el caso español / Presence and representation of older people in primetime television advertising: the Spanish case

Introducción. El giro demográfico hacia la madurez, ha generado una serie de cambios socioeconómicos y culturales que transforman el papel y la imagen pública de las personas mayores en nuestra sociedad. Los mayores se han convertido en uno de los segmentos de mercado con mayor futuro. En España apenas se encuentran trabajos que profundicen, desde el punto de vista de la comunicación, en la realidad de este nuevo mercado. Esta investigación analiza la utilización que se hace de la imagen del mayor en la publicidad televisiva, diferenciando entre los anuncios destinados al público de la tercera edad, y aquellos cuyos destinatarios no son los mayores, pero los incorporan en su contenido como actores publicitarios. Material y métodos. Análisis de contenido sobre 2.065 spots grabados en la franja horaria de máxima audiencia (de 20:30 a 22:30 horas) durante la semana del 10 al 16 de noviembre de 2008. La muestra se ha obtenido de las 5 principales cadenas de televisión españolas (TVE 1, La 2, Tele 5, Antena 3 y Cuatro). Dos evaluadores analizaron simultáneamente la misma programación obteniendo un coeficiente de fiabilidad entre jueces de 0,91. Resultados y conclusiones. En general las personas mayores aparecen poco en la publicidad española, especialmente las mujeres. Su presencia es más contundente y visible en campañas dirigidas a diferentes grupos de edad donde se les presenta con una imagen estereotipada, interesada y tradicional(AU)

Introduction. The demographic shift towards aging population generates a series of socioeconomic and cultural changes that are beginning to transform the role and public image of older people. The elderly have become one of the market segments with a greater future. This fact has attracted little scientific interest in the field of advertising communication and for this reason there is little research that is actually looking into this Spain. This research examines the use that is made of the image of the elderly in the television advertising in Spain, looking at the differences between the advertisement dedicated to the targeting people over 65, and those that are not directed at the elderly, but use older people in their content as actors or main characters in the advertisement. Material and methods. A content analysis study was conducted on a sample of 2,065 spots obtained from prime time slots (from 20:30 to 22:30 p.m.) from the five major Spanish television channels (TVE 1, La 2, Tele 5, Antena 3 and Cuatro). Two independent judges coded all the advertisements. The reliability coefficient between judges was 0.91. Results and conclusions. In general, older people, particularly women, are not very often shown in Spanish advertising. Their presence is much stronger and visible in campaigns which aim their communication strategy at different age groups. In those cases, advertising presents the elderly with a stereotyped, self-interested and traditional image(AU)