ABSTRACT
In this study, the fumigant antifungal activity of 10 Lamiaceae plant essential oils was evaluated against two phytopathogenic fungi, Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae, and Rhizoctonia solani. Among the tested essential oils, thyme white (Thymus vulgaris) and summer savory (Satureja hortensis) essential oils exhibited the strongest fumigant antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungi. We analyzed the chemical composition of two active essential oils and tested the fumigant antifungal activities of the identified compounds. Among the tested compounds, thymol and carvacrol had potent fumigant antifungal activity. We observed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in two fungi treated with thymol and carvacrol. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of fungi stained with propidium iodide showed that thymol and carvacrol disrupted fungal cell membranes. Our results indicated that ROS generated by thymol and carvacrol damaged the cell membrane of R. querqus-mongolicae and R. solani, causing cell death.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Rhizoctonia/drug effects , Satureja/chemistry , Thymus Plant/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Satureja/cytology , Satureja/metabolism , Thymus Plant/cytology , Thymus Plant/metabolismABSTRACT
Thymus moroderi Pau ex Martinez (Labiatae) was successfully cryopreserved using the droplet vitrification method. After 20 min in loading solution at room temperature, shoot tips were dehydrated with PVS2 at 0 degree C for 30 min and immersed into LN. For thawing, shoot-tips were transferred into recovery solution for 15 min. A test of different recovery media revealed that the best results were obtained when the medium was supplement with 0.275 micromolar BA.
Subject(s)
Cryopreservation/methods , Plant Shoots/cytology , Plant Shoots/growth & development , Thymus Plant/cytology , Thymus Plant/growth & development , Culture Media , Freeze Drying/methods , Temperature , WaterABSTRACT
Micromorphological, ultrastructural and morphometric investigations of the trichomes of Thymus malyi were carried out using a light microscope, a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope. Unbranched non-glandular trichomes, peltate and capitate glandular trichomes were described. The leaves of Thymus malyi bear non-glandular and glandular trichomes on both sides. Estimates of the volume density (i.e. their volume fraction per unit volume) of non-glandular trichomes were higher as compared to volume density of peltate and capitate glandular trichomes. Estimates of the number of these trichomes per area on sections showed that the capitate trichomes were the most abundant. Ultrastructural analyses of cell inner structure have shown numerous mitochondria, big nuclei and plastids with lipid globules and starch grains.
