Race and Ethnicity Have a Mixed Effect on the Treatment of Tibial Plateau Fractures.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether racial or economic disparities are associated with short-term complications and outcomes in tibial plateau fracture care. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: All New York State hospital admissions from 2000 to 2014, as recorded by the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen thousand five hundred eighteen inpatients with isolated tibial plateau fractures (OTA/AO 44), stratified in 4 groups: white, African American, Hispanic, and other. INTERVENTION: Closed treatment and operative fixation of the tibial plateau. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Hospital length of stay (LOS, days), in-hospital complications/mortality, estimated total costs, and 30-day readmission. RESULTS: There were no significant differences regarding in-hospital mortality, infection, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, or wound complications between races, even when controlling for income. There was a higher rate of nonoperatively treated fractures in the racial minority populations. Minority patients had on average 2 days longer LOS compared with whites (P < 0.001), costing on average $4000 more per hospitalization (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression found that neither race nor estimated median family income were independent risk factors for readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Although nature of initial injury, use of external fixator, comorbidity burden, age, insurance type, and LOS were independent risk factors for readmission, race and estimated median family income were not. In patients who sustained a tibial plateau fracture, race and ethnicity seemed to affect treatment choice, but once treated racial minority groups did not demonstrate worse short-term complications, including increased mortality and postoperative readmission rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Race may not affect [correct] outcomes in operatively treated tibia fractures.

BACKGROUND: A recent review of the literature found worse outcomes and longer length of stay for minorities undergoing TKAs and THAs when compared with whites. It is unclear if this association exists for the operative treatment of tibia fractures. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a difference in etiology or the rate of complications for operative treatment of tibia fractures as a function of racial heritage. Secondary objectives include definition of etiology, mechanism, and fracture location as a function of race in the urban setting, and an attempt to determine if differences in etiology or complications depend on race and fracture location for tibial plateau or shaft fractures. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted at our Level 1 urban trauma center from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2009 using ICD-9 code 823 to identify patients with tibia fractures. Charts were reviewed to confirm operative intervention, location of fracture, mechanism, demographic data, length of stay, and complications (infection, reoperation, compartment syndrome, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, death). RESULTS: There was no difference in the rate of infection within 90 days with respect to race. There also was no difference in the rate of reoperation, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, mortality, and length of stay between white patients and minority patients. Subgroup analysis showed no difference in the rate of infection for plateau or shaft fractures. Compartment syndrome was more frequent in white patients, specifically white patients with tibia shaft fractures. Minority patients were more likely to have a gunshot wound as a mechanism of injury. CONCLUSION: With the possible exception of an increased risk of compartment syndrome in white patients, there is no difference in outcomes with respect to race for operatively treated tibia fractures, regardless of fracture location. Gunshot wounds have become an increasingly prevalent mechanism of injury in minority patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, prognostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a description of levels of evidence.

Racial odds for amputation ratio in traumatic lower extremity fractures.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that black patients receive substandard care compared with white patients across healthcare settings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of race on the management (salvage vs. amputation) of traumatic lower extremity open fractures. METHODS: Data analysis was conducted using the American College of Surgeon's National Trauma Data Bank. Open tibial and fibular (OTFF) and open femoral (OFF) fractures among adults above the age of 18 were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes. Injuries were identified as amputated based on the presence of one of three types of knee amputations. Statistical analysis included logistic regression stratified for sex, age, race, mechanism of injury, severity, and insurance type. RESULTS: From the National Trauma Data Bank, 10,082 OFF and 22,479 OTFF were identified. Amputation rates were 3.1% for OFF and 4.2% for OTFF. With age stratification, the ratio of amputation odds for blacks to amputation odds for whites (i.e., the Racial Odds for Amputation Ratio [ROAR]) demonstrated a significant interaction between black and age in both the OFF (p = 0.028) and OTFF (p = 0.008) groups. In younger patients, a lower ROAR (p = 0.016) favored salvage in blacks, while the ROAR in older patients favored amputation in blacks (p = 0.013). The higher prevalence of penetrating injuries in blacks only accounted for 12.7% of the lower ROAR among younger adults. CONCLUSIONS: There exists a racial disparity in the management of lower extremity open fractures. Older blacks have greater odds of amputation that is not explained by mechanism. In contrast, younger blacks have lower odds for amputation that is only partially explained by mechanism of injury.

Quantitative fit assessment of tibial nail designs using 3D computer modelling.

Intramedullary nailing is the standard fixation method for displaced diaphyseal fractures of the tibia in adults. The bends in modern tibial nails allow for an easier insertion, enhance the 'bone-nail construct' stability, and reduce axial malalignments of the main fragments. Anecdotal clinical evidence indicates that current nail designs do not fit optimally for patients of Asian origin. The aim of this study was to develop a method to quantitatively assess the anatomical fitting of two different nail designs for Asian tibiae by utilising 3D computer modelling. We used 3D models of two different tibial nail designs (ETN (Expert Tibia Nail) and ETN-Proximal-Bend, Synthes), and 20 CT-based 3D cortex models of Japanese cadaver tibiae. With the aid of computer graphical methods, the 3D nail models were positioned inside the medullary cavity of the intact 3D tibia models. The anatomical fitting between nail and bone was assessed by the extent of the nail protrusion from the medullary cavity into the cortical bone, in a real bone this might lead to axial malalignments of the main fragments. The fitting was quantified in terms of the total surface area, and the maximum distance by which the nail was protruding into the cortex of the virtual bone model. In all 20 bone models, the total area of the nail protruding from the medullary cavity was smaller for the ETN-Proximal-Bend (average 540 mm(2)) compared to the ETN (average 1044 mm(2)). Also, the maximum distance of the nail protruding from the medullary cavity was smaller for the ETN-Proximal-Bend (average 1.2mm) compared to the ETN (average 2.7 mm). The differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) for both the total surface area and the maximum distance measurements. By utilising computer graphical methods it was possible to conduct a quantitative fit assessment of different nail designs. The ETN-Proximal-Bend shows a statistical significantly better intramedullary fit with less cortical protrusion than the original ETN. In addition to the application in implant design, the developed method could potentially be suitable for pre-operative planning enabling the surgeon to choose the most appropriate nail design for a particular patient.