Oxidative activation of the thiophene ring by hepatic enzymes. Hydroxylation and formation of electrophilic metabolites during metabolism of tienilic acid and its isomer by rat liver microsomes.

Tienilic acid (TA) is metabolized by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats in the presence of NADPH with the major formation of 5-hydroxytienilic acid (5-OHTA) which is derived from the regioselective hydroxylation of the thiophene ring of TA. During this in vitro metabolism of TA, reactive electrophilic intermediates which bind irreversibly to microsomal proteins are formed. 5-Hydroxylation of TA and activation of TA to reactive metabolites which covalently bind to proteins both required intact microsomes, NADPH and O2 and are inhibited by metyrapone and SKF 525A, indicating that they are dependent on monooxygenases using cytochromes P-450. Microsomal oxidation of an isomer of tienilic acid (TAI) bearing the aroyl substituent on position 3 (instead of 2) of the thiophene ring also leads to reactive intermediates able to bind covalently to microsomal proteins. Covalent binding of TAI, as that of TA, depends on cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases and is almost completely inhibited in the presence of sulfur containing nucleophiles such as glutathione, cysteine or cyteamine. These results show that 5-OHTA, which has been reported as the major metabolite of TA in vivo in humans, is formed by liver microsomes by a cytochrome P-450-dependent reaction. They also show that two thiophene derivatives, TA and TAI, bind to microsomal proteins after in vitro metabolic activation, TAI giving a much higher level of covalent binding than TA (about 5-fold higher) and a much higher covalent binding: stable metabolites ratio (4 instead of 0.5).

High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of ticrynafen and one of its metabolites in urine and serum.

A method is described for the extraction of ticrynafen, a new hypotensive agent, and its reduced metabolite from serum and urine. Drug-related material is extracted from biological fluids with ether under strongly acidic conditions and then back-extracted into an alkaline aqueous phase, which is subjected to high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. Separations are performed on a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer-acetonitrile. This accurate and reproducible method measures serum concentrations of ticrynafen and its reduced metabolite as low as 1.0 and 0.4 microgram/ml, respectively.