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1.
J Comp Pathol ; 167: 60-72, 2019 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30898300

ABSTRACT

Skull specimens from 836 kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis) were examined macroscopically according to predefined criteria; 559 specimens were included in this study. The study group consisted of 248 (44.4%) females, 267 (47.8%) males and 44 (7.9%) specimens of unknown sex; 128 (22.9%) skulls were from young adults and 431 (77.1%) were from adults. Of the 23,478 possible teeth, 21,883 teeth (93.2%) were present for examination, 45 (1.9%) were absent congenitally, 405 (1.7%) were acquired losses and 1,145 (4.9%) were missing artefactually. No persistent deciduous teeth were observed. Eight (0.04%) supernumerary teeth were found in seven (1.3%) specimens and 13 (0.06%) teeth from 12 (2.1%) specimens were malformed. Root number variation was present in 20.3% (403/1,984) of the present maxillary and mandibular first premolar teeth. Eleven (2.0%) foxes had lesions consistent with enamel hypoplasia and 77 (13.8%) had fenestrations in the maxillary alveolar bone. Periodontitis and attrition/abrasion affected the majority of foxes (71.6% and 90.5%, respectively). Nine-hundred and fifty-eight (4.4%) teeth were fractured, a large proportion (41.8%) of which were characterized as complicated crown fractures. Sixty-six periapical lesions from 52 (9.3%) skulls were found. A considerable portion of foxes (5.9%) showed evidence of low-grade temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Overall, kit foxes share dental pathology similar to that of the grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus).


Subject(s)
Foxes , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/veterinary , Tooth Diseases/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Animals , Female , Male
2.
PLoS One ; 13(10): e0204079, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30281623

ABSTRACT

Skulls of 1,901 Eastern Atlantic harbor seals (Phoca vitulina vitulina) were systematically studied for externally visible dental anomalies and lesions. The sample comprised 927 males and 974 female individuals, with age at death ranging between 1 week and 25 years. Most of the skulls originated from animals collected in 1988, when the population suffered from a mass mortality event caused by the phocine distemper virus (PDV). Mean age (± SD) of females (6.7 ± 6.4 years) was higher (p = 0.002) than that of males (5.9 ± 5.2 years). In 264 individuals, one or more teeth were missing either congenitally (n = 26 animals, 1.4%) or due to intravital loss (n = 238 animals, 12.5%). One male exhibited congenital absence of all teeth (anodontia). As this animal had been reported to be almost hairless, the condition was tentatively diagnosed as a case of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Males were more frequently (p = 0.002) affected by intravital tooth loss (15.0%) than females (10.2%). Supernumerary teeth were found in 3.4% of the skulls, with females (4.7%) showing hyperodontia more frequently (p < 0.001) than males (1.9%). Fifty-nine individuals (3.1%; 28 males, 31 females, p = 0.84) exhibited abnormal tooth morphology. Tooth fractures were noted in 40 seals (2.1%), with males being more frequently affected than females (p = 0.017). Periapical lesions were diagnosed in 143 skulls, with a tendency (p = 0.05) for males (8.7%) to be more frequently affected than females (6.4%). Enamel hypoplasia was not observed in the study sample. Analyzing the occurrence of dental anomalies and lesions in wild mammals can substantially contribute to an assessment of population health and thereby broaden the basis for effective species conservation and informed management decisions.


Subject(s)
Phoca/abnormalities , Tooth Abnormalities/epidemiology , Tooth Abnormalities/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/epidemiology , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Age Factors , Animals , Distemper/epidemiology , Female , Male , North Sea/epidemiology , Prevalence , Sex Factors , Skull/abnormalities
3.
J Vet Dent ; 32(1): 6-14, 2015.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26197685

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries (TDI) in dogs and cats and to evaluate the applicability of a human classification system for TDI in dogs and cats. All patients diagnosed with a TDI were identified from the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service case log and the hospital patient processing software. The study population consisted of 621 dogs and cats, in a total of 660 patient visits from 2004 to 2012, admitted for oral treatment and subsequently diagnosed with at least one TDI Medical records including diagnostic imaging studies were reviewed to group the injury according to a classification system used in humans for TDI. Patient signalment, tooth injured, and number of injuries per patient were recorded and tabulated. The overall prevalence of TDI was 26.2%. The mean +/- SD number of TDI per patient was 1.45 +/- 0.85. All 14 classes of TDI recognized by the classification system utilized in humans were identified, and all (100%) TDI identified in this study were classifiable using this system. Enamel-dentin-pulp fracture was the most common TDI (49.6%). The most commonly injured teeth were the mandibular or maxillary canine teeth (35.5%). The most common age for dogs and cats with TDI were 3-6 years (33.0%) and 7-10 years (31.3%). With a frequency of 1 in 4 animals, TDI are common and represent a significant pet health concern. Most TDI are considered severe and require timely, and sometimes immediate, treatment. The adoption and utilization of a complete classification system, such as the one used in this study, is recommended in order to improve future epidemiological study of TDI in animals.


Subject(s)
Cats/injuries , Dogs/injuries , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Tooth Socket/injuries , Animals , Dental Enamel/injuries , Dental Pulp/injuries , Dentin/injuries , Female , Male , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Tooth Fractures/classification , Tooth Fractures/epidemiology , Tooth Fractures/etiology , Tooth Fractures/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/classification , Tooth Injuries/epidemiology , Tooth Injuries/etiology , Wisconsin/epidemiology
4.
Br Dent J ; 218(7): 372, 2015 Apr 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25858724
5.
J Feline Med Surg ; 16(11): 915-27, 2014 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25344461

ABSTRACT

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Maxillofacial and traumatic dentoalveolar injuries can cause pain and inflammation, and reduce function of the mouth, impacting a cat's quality of life. Many traumatically induced feline fractures have been reported to involve the mandible or skull and, in cats with maxillofacial trauma, traumatic dentoalveolar injuries are particularly prevalent. Traumatic dentoalveolar injuries can also often be found in otherwise healthy cats. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Some traumatic dentoalveolar injuries require emergency treatment; timely recognition and managment is therefore important for achieving the optimal outcome. Multiple approaches exist for the management and repair of maxillofacial traumatic injuries. However, those for traumatic dentoalveolar injuries may be more limited. AUDIENCE: This review is aimed at feline and general practitioners, as well as veterinarians with expertise in dentistry. EVIDENCE BASE: The authors draw on their clinical experience and evidence from the literature, where appropriate, to produce an overview of foundation guidelines. It is hoped that this will serve as a stimulus for deeper consideration as to what constitutes 'best practice' principles for cats with traumatic dentoalveolar and maxillofacial injuries.


Subject(s)
Cat Diseases/surgery , Fractures, Bone/veterinary , Maxillofacial Injuries/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Animals , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Cats , Emergency Treatment/veterinary , Fractures, Bone/diagnosis , Fractures, Bone/surgery , Maxillofacial Injuries/diagnosis , Maxillofacial Injuries/surgery , Mouth , Quality of Life , Tooth Injuries/diagnosis , Tooth Injuries/surgery
6.
J Small Anim Pract ; 54(1): 9-14, 2013 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23033815

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Although not previously reported, experience suggests that dentoalveolar injury is -common among patients with maxillofacial fractures. The objective of this study was to evaluate and describe the prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries in patients identified with maxillofacial fractures. METHODS: Medical records of 43 dogs and cats diagnosed with maxillofacial fractures between 2005 and 2012 were reviewed to identify patients with concurrent dentoalveolar injury. Medical records of patients with dentoalveolar injury were abstracted for the following information: signalment (including sex, age and skull type), mechanism of maxillofacial trauma, location and number of maxillofacial fractures, dentoalveolar injury type and location and the number of dentoalveolar injury per patient. Statistical evaluation was performed to determine associations between signalment, mechanism of trauma, location and number of maxillofacial fractures and the prevalence and nature of concurrent dentoalveolar injury. RESULTS: Dentoalveolar injuries are common among patients with maxillofacial trauma. Age and mechanism of trauma are significant predictors of the presence of dentoalveolar injuries in patients with maxillofacial trauma. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings of this study serve to encourage veterinarians to fully assess the oral cavity in patients with maxillofacial fractures as dentoalveolar injuries are common and can be predicted by age and mechanism of trauma.


Subject(s)
Alveolar Process/injuries , Cats/injuries , Dogs/injuries , Maxillofacial Injuries/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Age Factors , Animals , Female , Male , Maxillary Fractures/epidemiology , Maxillary Fractures/etiology , Maxillary Fractures/veterinary , Maxillofacial Injuries/epidemiology , Maxillofacial Injuries/etiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Tooth Fractures/epidemiology , Tooth Fractures/etiology , Tooth Fractures/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/epidemiology , Tooth Injuries/etiology
7.
J Vet Dent ; 29(1): 10-8, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22792856

ABSTRACT

Medical records of cats with high-rise trauma were reviewed to document the prevalence and clinical manifestations of orofacial injury. Cats were presented over a 10-year period from January 2000 to December 2009. Signalment, weight, number of stories fallen, and survival data were recorded in 84 cats and physical examination findings were obtained from 83 cats. Fourteen of these cats were examined by veterinarians of the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service. Mean age was 37-months. Mean distance fallen was 2.65 stories, and in the majority of cases the substrate the cat fell on was not recorded Overall, survival was 94.0% when including euthanasia as a cause of death and 98.8% when excluding euthanized patients. Orofacial findings included bilateral epistaxis, hard palate fracture +/- tear of palatal soft tissue, palatal soft tissue bruising, mandibular fracture, mandibular symphyseal separation, tongue injury, facial soft tissue injury, dental trauma, and other oral soft tissue injury. Sixty-six percent of cats suffered some degree of orofacial injury. The population was analyzed for the prevalence of each type of injury. An oronasal fistula was seen in one cat as a complication of an untreated hard palate fracture. Possible etiology of the injuries and treatment options are discussed.


Subject(s)
Accidental Falls , Cats/injuries , Maxillofacial Injuries/veterinary , Animals , Female , Male , Maxillofacial Injuries/etiology , Maxillofacial Injuries/surgery , Nose/injuries , Nose/surgery , Palate, Hard/injuries , Palate, Hard/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Syndrome , Tooth Injuries/veterinary
8.
Trop Anim Health Prod ; 44(8): 1953-6, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22573007

ABSTRACT

Camelus dromedarius dental disorders were surveyed using abattoir samples from Maiduguri, Nigeria. A total of 313 heads, were randomly examined. The age and sex of the heads were estimated using standard methods and disorders were observed following the split of the oral commissure. Heads with multiple disorders were counted once and of 313 heads, 114 (41.67 %) and 199 (58.33 %) were males and females, respectively. Heads aged <5 years was 18.21 %; 5-10 years, 44.41 %; and >15 years was 37.38 %. Whereas 22.61 % of the total heads had one disorder or another, 7.98 and 14.06 % of the disorders belonged to male and female heads, respectively. The prevalence rate of the disorders observed include dental tartar and calculus (5.42 %), inward rotation of incisors (2.87 %), fractured teeth (7.66 %), maleruption (0.31 %), oligodontia (0.31 %), gingivitis (4.15 %), ulcerated cheek(0.63 %), and presence of foreign body(0.31 %) in the mouth. Prevalence rate of oral-cavity abnormalities in relation to age of the total heads is 5.75, 5.11, and 10.54 % for animals <5, between 5 and 10 years, and 10-15 years, respectively. Furthermore, heads that were affected with various types of disorders are 31.58 % (<5 years of age), 11.51 % (aged 5-10 years), and 28.21 % (>15 years). The study serves as a call for increased oral-cavity health care of camels.


Subject(s)
Camelus , Mouth Diseases/veterinary , Tooth Abnormalities/veterinary , Tooth Diseases/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Age Factors , Animals , Female , Male , Mouth Diseases/epidemiology , Mouth Diseases/etiology , Nigeria/epidemiology , Prevalence , Sex Factors , Tooth Abnormalities/epidemiology , Tooth Diseases/epidemiology , Tooth Diseases/etiology , Tooth Injuries/epidemiology
9.
J Vet Dent ; 25(3): 189-95, 2008 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19025140

ABSTRACT

A 2-year-old domestic feline patient was presented for evaluation of a complicated crown fracture of the right maxillary canine tooth. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed a non-vital immature permanent canine tooth with an open apex. This case report describes a two-visit technique using mineral trioxide aggregate in an apical barrier method for the treatment of a non-vital immature permanent canine tooth in a cat.


Subject(s)
Aluminum Compounds/therapeutic use , Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use , Cats/injuries , Incisor/injuries , Oxides/therapeutic use , Retrograde Obturation/veterinary , Silicates/therapeutic use , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Tooth, Nonvital/veterinary , Animals , Cats/surgery , Drug Combinations , Incisor/surgery , Male , Maxilla , Retrograde Obturation/methods , Tooth Apex , Tooth Injuries/complications , Tooth, Nonvital/complications , Tooth, Nonvital/therapy , Treatment Outcome
10.
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd ; 133(7): 272-8, 2008 Apr 01.
Article in Dutch | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18447114

ABSTRACT

Prevalence of dental disorders in 483 horses and ponies Five equine veterinarians working at three equine referral hospitals examined the oral cavity of 483 horses and ponies prior to surgery, to gain information about the prevalence of common dental disorders in the horse. A thorough examination, using hands/fingers, a full-mouth speculum, a dental mirror and a good light source, is essential to detect such disorders. Many horses examined needed dental attention even though there were no problems with mastication or riding. The most detected abnormalities were sharp enamel points on the buccal side of the upper arcade and the lingual side of the lower arcade, and hooks at 106/206 and 311/411. Regular dental care would improve the condition and welfare of horses.


Subject(s)
Dentistry/veterinary , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Tooth Diseases/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Veterinary Medicine/methods , Animals , Dentistry/methods , Female , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Horses , Male , Netherlands/epidemiology , Physical Examination/veterinary , Prevalence , Tooth Diseases/diagnosis , Tooth Diseases/epidemiology , Tooth Injuries/diagnosis , Tooth Injuries/epidemiology
11.
Arch Oral Biol ; 49(10): 849-54, 2004 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15308429

ABSTRACT

The study of dental and skull abnormalities of wild animals can provide useful information for comparative studies. Although studies of captive and laboratory rodents have been published, there are few reports on wild populations. We examined anomalous and pathological conditions in the skulls of feral coypus, Myocastor coypus, from Aichi Prefecture, Japan, and identified the types of abnormality. Of the 203 coypu skulls of various ages examined, 19 specimens (9.4%) had abnormalities. A total of 23 anomalies were divisible into three categories: dental diseases, dental injuries and skull injuries. Seven specimens (3.4%) had evidence of periodontal disease in the cheek teeth, and one specimen (0.5%) had caries. Seven specimens (3.4%) had broken upper or lower incisors. Four specimens (2.0%) had injured cranial bones and three (1.4%) had fractures near the zygomatic arch. A single specimen (0.5%) had a deformed rostrum. No statistically significant differences between the genders were found in any category (chi2 test: P < 0.05). The incidence of dental disease appeared to be related to the biological characteristics of this species, i.e., long lifespan, herbivorous diet and molar crown morphology. By contrast, dental and skull injuries appeared to be due to trauma caused when farmers attacked feral coypus.


Subject(s)
Rodent Diseases/pathology , Rodentia , Skull/injuries , Tooth Diseases/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Animals , Female , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology , Periodontal Diseases/veterinary , Rodent Diseases/epidemiology , Rodentia/injuries , Skull/pathology , Tooth Diseases/epidemiology , Tooth Diseases/pathology , Tooth Injuries/epidemiology , Tooth Injuries/pathology
12.
Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci ; 40(1): 31-2, 2001 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11300673

ABSTRACT

An injury was caused by an enrichment toy (a whiffle ball, which is a perforated hollow ball made of hard plastic) that led to its removal from the rabbit enrichment program. Manipulata and food treats form the basis of the Yale rabbit enrichment program. All singly housed rabbits are given toys such as balls, chains, wood blocks, PVC tubing, Nylabones, and corrugated plastic tunnels. Before they are used, all potential enrichment devices are reviewed for safety and potential veterinary problems. The whiffle ball had been considered safe because it was made of hard non-toxic plastic, had no sharp edges, was too large to be swallowed or inhaled, and was judged too sturdy to be broken by the rabbits. However, the ball became lodged in the incisors of an adult female New Zealand White rabbit, preventing her from eating or drinking for 12 h and causing marked trauma to her gums. Removal of the ball necessitated anesthetizing the rabbit and using bone cutters to cut away the ball. Ideally, environmental enrichment should increase species-specific normal behavior and minimize stereotypies and self- and conspecific-directed abusive behavior. This case illustrates that safety assessments for an enrichment device must include both the inherent properties of the device and the risks if the toy is misused or damaged. Considerations for safety assessment are discussed.


Subject(s)
Animal Husbandry , Play and Playthings , Rabbits , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Animal Welfare , Animals , Female , Housing, Animal , Tooth Injuries/etiology
13.
Equine Vet J ; 32(1): 9-18, 2000 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10661379

ABSTRACT

Of 400 horses referred because of dental disorders, 349 cases were diagnosed as suffering from primary disorders of their cheek teeth. Details of 104 of these cases are presented, including 44 cases with abnormalities of wear, 26 cases with traumatic damage, 24 cases with idiopathic fractures and 10 cases with miscellaneous cheek teeth disorders including oral tumours. The long-term response to treatment was excellent in most cases, even in cases with residual secondary periodontal disease.


Subject(s)
Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Tooth Diseases/veterinary , Animals , Horse Diseases/pathology , Horse Diseases/therapy , Horses , Longitudinal Studies , Mandibular Injuries/complications , Mandibular Injuries/veterinary , Maxilla/injuries , Mouth Neoplasms/therapy , Mouth Neoplasms/veterinary , Periodontal Diseases/complications , Periodontal Diseases/veterinary , Tooth Attrition/therapy , Tooth Attrition/veterinary , Tooth Diseases/diagnosis , Tooth Diseases/therapy , Tooth Fractures/therapy , Tooth Fractures/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/therapy , Tooth Injuries/veterinary
14.
N Y State Dent J ; 66(10): 26-9, 2000 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11199522

ABSTRACT

Two cases of man-eating lions feeding on large numbers of humans (1898, 1991) are discussed. The forensic dental evidence from the lions' remains and eyewitness reports indicate all three lions had serious dental/oral pathology, which may have contributed to their selection of human food over more challenging natural animal prey.


Subject(s)
Lions , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Tooth Loss/veterinary , Animals , Feeding Behavior , Humans , Kenya , Mandibular Diseases/veterinary , Osteomyelitis/veterinary , Periapical Abscess/veterinary , Zambia
15.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract ; 28(5): 1189-202, vii, 1998 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9779547

ABSTRACT

Complete endodontic evaluation should diagnose endodontic involvement, provide a treatment plan, and evaluate the true success or failure probabilities. Evaluation of the age, physical and oral health of the patient, the endodontic anatomy, clinical and radiographic findings can provide a treatment plan and a predictable prognosis.


Subject(s)
Dental Pulp Diseases/veterinary , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Animals , Dental Pulp/anatomy & histology , Dental Pulp/physiology , Dental Pulp Diseases/diagnosis , Dental Pulp Diseases/etiology , Dog Diseases/etiology , Dogs , Periodontal Diseases/complications , Periodontal Diseases/veterinary , Prognosis , Tooth Attrition/complications , Tooth Attrition/veterinary , Tooth Avulsion/complications , Tooth Avulsion/veterinary , Tooth Discoloration/complications , Tooth Discoloration/veterinary , Tooth Fractures/complications , Tooth Fractures/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/complications , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Tooth Resorption/complications , Tooth Resorption/veterinary
16.
J Comp Pathol ; 115(3): 265-82, 1996 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8923237

ABSTRACT

Skulls (n = 301) of adult feral cats from Marion Island, a sub-Antarctic island, were examined macroscopically. Congenital anomalies, which were rare, included a few supernumerary premolars, located mesially to those normally present. Supernumerary roots, mainly of the maxillary third premolar, were found in just over 10% of cases. The maxillary second premolar was absent in 16.8% of skulls; dichotomous and double-formed roots of this tooth were present in 20.1% and 1.9% of cases, respectively. Enamel hypoplasia, which is most unusual in this species, was noted in 24.6% of cases, and persistent deciduous teeth in 2.0%. Dental abrasion, which was noted in 19.3% of cats, affected only 2.3% of teeth, most commonly the lower fourth and upper third premolars. Dental fractures, mainly complicated crown fractures and root fractures, were noted in 54.8% of cats and 7.0% of teeth. Fractures were found most commonly in the canine and carnassial teeth, as also were periapical lesions, which were often severe. Mandibular fractures in various stages of healing were found in 11 cats (3.7%); such fractures most frequently affected the body of the mandible and resulted in malunion. It was concluded that the high prevalence of dental fractures and associated periapical lesions probably exerted a significant adverse effect on health and survival in this population of feral cats.


Subject(s)
Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Tooth Abnormalities/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Animals , Antarctic Regions , Cats , Dental Enamel Hypoplasia/veterinary , Female , Male , Tooth Abnormalities/epidemiology , Tooth Abrasion/veterinary , Tooth Fractures/veterinary , Tooth Injuries/epidemiology , Tooth, Supernumerary/veterinary
17.
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd ; 121(11): 316-22, 1996 Jun 01.
Article in Dutch | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8693467

ABSTRACT

Tooth discolouration is frequently seen in companion animal practice. Knowledge of the composition and development of the dental tissues involved in such discolouration and identification of the cause of the discolouration and the consequences for the dentition are essential to provide adequate treatment for the problem. This article provides a practical classification of tooth discolouration in companion animals and discusses the most common discolourations.


Subject(s)
Animals, Domestic , Tooth Discoloration/veterinary , Animals , Dentinogenesis Imperfecta , Tooth Abnormalities/classification , Tooth Abnormalities/veterinary , Tooth Discoloration/classification , Tooth Discoloration/etiology , Tooth Injuries/veterinary
18.
J Vet Dent ; 11(4): 125-7, 1994 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9693610

ABSTRACT

Three dogs each received a three-unit fixed-fixed porcelain-veneer bridge for the replacement of traumatically-lost upper first or second incisor teeth. The bridges remained in place for a period ranging from 6-36 months, before becoming dislodged as a result of external trauma. It was concluded that this type of bridgework is technically feasible and may be justifiable.


Subject(s)
Denture, Partial, Fixed/veterinary , Dogs/injuries , Tooth Injuries/veterinary , Animals , Dental Veneers/veterinary , Female , Incisor/injuries , Male , Tooth Injuries/rehabilitation
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