A Remarkable Legacy: The Wayne F. Placek Fund Grant Program.

Gregory M. Herek, PhD, made an important professional contribution through his service as chair of the Scientific Review Committee of the Wayne F. Placek Fund of the American Psychological Foundation (APF). The scholars funded by this grant benefited from the prestige of the grant, which provided an important credential for early career professional development. Many of them went on to become significant researchers in the field of sexual and gender minorities. The studies funded by the Placek Grant also had important political and social effects, such as on legalizing adoption by lesbian and gay parents, passage of same-sex marriage, and demonstrating that lesbians and gay men were at elevated risk for physical health problems. The purpose of the present article is to document the history and impact of the Placek Grant and to describe Greg Herek's central role in this grant program.

Training the Twenty-First Century Cancer Epidemiologist.

To assess and advance training of twenty-first century cancer epidemiologists, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) sought to obtain a snapshot of the cancer epidemiology training landscape by conducting a survey across academic institutions and cancer centers, focusing on four key training areas driving current cancer epidemiology research ("drivers"): (1) collaboration, (2) novel methods/technologies, (3) multilevel analysis, and (4) knowledge integration. Complementary to the survey, we conducted a portfolio analysis of active NCI-funded training grants. In the present report, we provide our findings from this effort and contribute to the on-going conversation regarding the training of next-generation cancer epidemiologists. Analyses and insights gained from conversations with leaders/educators across 24 academic institutions/cancer centers and the portfolio analysis of training grants echoed contemporaneous conversation that cancer epidemiology training must adapt to meet the needs of the changing research environment. Currently, with the exception of novel methods/technologies, cancer epidemiology trainees receive the majority of their training in collaboration, multilevel approaches, and knowledge integration/translation either informally, ad hoc, or not at all; exposure to these identified drivers varied considerably by institution, mentor, and other external as well as internal factors.

The Changing Fiscal Environment for Academic Veterinary Medicine.

The fiscal environment for academic veterinary medicine has changed substantially over the past 50 years. Understanding the flux of state and federal government support and the implications for student debt, academic programs, and scholarly work is critical for planning for the future. The recent precipitous decline in public funding highlights the urgent need to develop and maintain an economically sustainable model that can adapt to the changing landscape and serve societal needs.

The Study of Nursing Care project: back to the future for contemporary nursing research?

AIMS: To discuss the Study of Nursing Care project, an initiative from the late 1970s in the UK. The article explores the impact of the Study of Nursing Care on nursing research, and considers to what extent it presents a useful model for contemporary nursing research. BACKGROUND: It is acknowledged internationally that the nursing academic workforce is ageing and dwindling. Many possible solutions are being debated with all agreeing that the next generation of evidence based nurse leaders is urgently required. DATA SOURCES: In this article, the authors survey existing workforce schemes, describe the Study of Nursing Care series, published in the 1970s, and draw on interviews and correspondence conducted in 2009 with four of the original Study of Nursing Care research assistants. DISCUSSION: The Study of Nursing Care project poses a potential response to academic workforce issues. This article discusses the evolution of the project, its methods and operation and considers its possible implications for contemporary practice. Implications for nursing. The Study of Nursing Care model demonstrates the clear benefits of fully committed funding, a programmatic approach towards research development, and the importance of selecting the right kind of people for the work, in a national scheme. CONCLUSION: The authors argue that although the clinical outcomes it set out to achieve remain elusive, the project produced a cohort of nurse researchers who went on to give important leadership in nursing, including in nursing academia/research. A contemporary version of the Study of Nursing Care has important potential to generate the next generation of nurse researchers, and leaders, into the twenty-first century.

Threats to graduate medical education funding and the need for a rational approach: a statement from the alliance for academic internal medicine.

With the current focus on reducing the federal budget deficit, funding for graduate medical education (GME) has come under scrutiny, particularly those monies labeled as indirect medical education payments; these are intended to cover ill-defined costs inherent to training programs, such as increased lengths of stay, additional testing, and patients with more complex conditions. Although there are cogent arguments that indirect medical education expenses have decreased over the past 25 years, there is also a reasonable expectation that direct medical education expenses, such as those related to resident salaries, faculty involvement, administration of programs, and overhead costs, have increased. Our current system of GME financing is complex and cumbersome and relies almost exclusively on government support. This article examines the adequacy of current funding, focusing on the economics of the entire system rather than individual hospitals, states, or regions. It also recommends reexamining GME financing and considering options that ensure appropriate levels of government support and participation of other health care insurers to adequately fund GME.

Posibilidades y límites de la universidad latinoamericana desde una perspectiva histórica / Possibilities and limits of the latin american university from a historical perspective

La Universidad Latinoamericana se configuró a través de la historia bajo el influjo de diversas fuerzas que le dieron una forma particular dados los contextos específicos donde surgió, en relación con las potencias coloniales, la iglesia, el Estado y el impacto de los diferentes modelos que se establecieron acerca de los propósitos a los que debía atender, definidos por los ingleses, franceses, alemanes y americanos. Pese a los intereses que se ciernen sobre La Universidad Latinoamericana, surgen desde múltiples miradas (las experiencias de México, Perú, Guatemala, Argentina, Chile y Colombia), posibilidades de considerar la idea de estructurar un pensamiento propio, que diera cuenta de una identidad distinta que la separa del discurso eurocentrista y la ubica en una perspectiva de análisis concerniente a las realidades a las que debe hacer frente. En la conformación de la Universidad Latinoamericana se ubican entonces, el pensamiento de Andrés Bello, las ideas de José Vasconcelos y las implicaciones del movimiento de Córdoba, en relación con otros movimientos sociales y estudiantiles con características similares, que convergen en la reflexión acerca de la necesidad de hacer un giro decolonial, no sólo a modo de resistencia, sino de autoconciencia acerca de quiénes somos y cómo cimentar un futuro común, fundamentalmente en esta época cuando la Universidad Latinoamericana enfrenta los embates de la globalización y la aplicación de políticas macroeconómicas que desdibujan su ser social y académico deslegitimándola

The Latin American University, throughout history, was shaped under the influence of diverse forces which outlined it in a particular manner, given the specific contexts where it appeared, in relation with colonial powers, the church, the State, and the impact of the different models which were established based on the purposes it had to fulfill, which were defined by the English, the French, the German, and the American people. Despite the interests which hang over the Latin American university, from diverse glances (the experiences of Mexico, Peru, Guatemala, Argentina, Chile, and Colombia) appear possibilities of considering the idea of restructuring an individual thinking which could recount a different identity that separates it from the Euro-centered discourse and places it in a perspective of analysis concerning the realities it has to deal with. In the configuration of the Latin American University, the following can stand out: Andrés Bello’s thought, José Vasconcellos’ ideas, and the implications of the Movement of Cordoba, as for the social and student movements with similar characteristics, which are directed toward the reflection about the need of making a decolonized change, not just as a matter of resistance, but of self-awareness of who we are and how to strengthen a common future. This is especially done in this epoch when the Latin American University is facing the attacks of globalization and the application of macro-economic policies that blur its social and academic being, undermining it

Microfinance and poverty reduction: evidence from a village study in Bangladesh.

To evaluate the competing claims on the impact of microfinance programs on multidimensional poverty, a village study in Bangladesh was conducted where three microfinance programs had been operating for more than five years. The study found that microfinance has resulted in a moderate reduction in the poverty of borrowers, as measured by a variety of socio-economic indicators, but has not reached many of the poorest in the village. To make microfinance a more effective means of poverty reduction other services such as skills training, technological support, education and health related strategies should be included with microfinance.

Algunos referentes históricos de la formación y superación del profesionalde la medicina en Cuba / Some historical references of formation and improvement of medicine professionals in Cuba

A partir de una revisión de documentos se presenta, un material bibliográfico en torno a la evolución histórica de la formación y superación postgraduada de los profesionales de la Medicina, con el objetivo de divulgar el comportamiento, trayectoria y correspondencia que existe entre formación y superación de este personal y por la necesidad de dar a conocer algunas de las acciones que se han llevando a cabo en los centros de Educación Médica Superior para la superación de su personal docente. Se analizaron los antecedentes de la formación y superación postgraduada en Cuba. Este estudio se realiza, a partir de una periodización, que delimita dos grandes etapas, la primera antes de la Revolución (desde 1728 hasta 1958) y la segunda después del triunfo de la Revolución (desde 1959 hasta los momentos actuales). En ellas se tienen en cuenta un grupo de indicadores, que permitieron realizar lógicamente el estudio(AU)

From a revision of documents it was presented a bibliographic material regarding the historic evolution of formation and post graduate improvement of the medicine professionals with the objective to spread the behavior, career and relation established between the formation and improvement of this personnel and for the need to inform about some of the actions that have been applied inthe Superior Medical Teaching centers. There were analized the antecedents of formation and postgraduate improvement in Cuba. This research is periodically performed delimiting two important stages. The first one is before the Revolution Triumph (since 1728 to 1958) and the second after the Triumph (since 1959 to these days). In these stages there were taken into account a group of indicators that allowed the logical development of the research(EU)

[Consolidating the medical model of disability: on poliomyelitis and constitution of orthopedic surgery and orthopaedics as a speciality in Spain (1930-1950)]. / Consolidando el modelo médico de discapacidad: sobre la poliomielitis y la constitución de la traumatología y ortopedia como especialidad en España (1930-1950).

At the beginning of the 1930s, various factors made it necessary to transform one of the institutions which was renowned for its work regarding the social reinsertion of the disabled, that is, the Instituto de Reeducación Profesional de Inválidos del Trabajo (Institute for Occupational Retraining of Invalids of Work). The economic crisis of 1929 and the legislative reform aimed at regulating occupational accidents highlighted the failings of this institution to fulfill its objectives. After a time of uncertainty, the centre was renamed the Instituto Nacional de Reeducación de Inválidos (National Institute for Retraining of Invalids). This was done to take advantage of its work in championing the recovery of all people with disabilities.This work aims to study the role played in this process by the poliomyelitis epidemics in Spain at this time. It aims to highlight how this disease justified the need to continue the work of a group of professionals and how it helped to reorient the previous programme to re-educate the "invalids." Thus we shall see the way in which, from 1930 to 1950, a specific medical technology helped to consolidate an "individual model" of disability and how a certain cultural stereotype of those affected developed as a result. Lastly, this work discusses the way in which all this took place in the midst of a process of professional development of orthopaedic surgeons.

A historical perspective of the women's health nurse practitioner.

There are more than 12,000 women's health nurse practitioners (WHNPs) currently certified by the National Certification Corporation (NCC) and practicing in a wide range of roles. The purpose of this article is to describe the historical development of the WHNP specialty, and to review the evolution of the specialty from an initially very focused practice in the area of family planning into obstetric and gynecologic care to today's more diffuse role inclusive of primary care. Women's health nurse practitioners must broaden their educational background to include the lifespan of women, not just the reproductive years. With the inclusion of chronic disease management of the middle-aged and elderly woman, WHNPs will provide more comprehensive and integrative health care to women in all areas of the United States.

[Study on the history of exchange in pharmaceutical science between Japan and Korea after the Modern period: focus on Korean students sent to Japan with expenses funded by the Japanese government].

According to an old historical text, Nihonshoki [Chinese and Korean characters: see text]), there are records of medical doctors ([Chinese and Korean characters: see text]) and herbal pharmacists ([Chinese and Korean characters: see text]) being dispatched to Japan as early as 554 A.D. ([Chinese and Korean characters: see text]). More recently, a clinic ([Chinese and Korean characters: see text]) for Japanese residents in Pusan was established in 1877. Advanced modern pharmacy from Japan began to be introduced to Korea after 1909. Based on an agreement between the Korean and Japanese governments, Korean students sent to Japan with expenses funded by the Japanese government became a systematic program after 1965. As a result, Koreans who earned Ph.D.s from Japanese universities became a majority in the faculties of Korean schools of pharmacy. However, this trend drastically shifted in the years after 1990, at which time the primary nation for earning Ph.D.s became the United States; the number of students studying in Japan has become very low recently. In this study, six ex-students who studied in Japan were interviewed and the results were analyzed. Furthermore, the past, present and future perspectives of Korean students in Japan were discussed while focusing on the system of Korean students being sent to Japan with expenses funded by the Japanese government.

A legislative history of federal assistance for health professions training in primary care medicine and dentistry in the United States, 1963-2008.

This article reviews the legislative history of Title VII of the United States Public Health Service Act. It describes three periods of federal support for health professions training in medicine and dentistry. During the first era, 1963 to 1975, federal support led to an increase in the overall production of physicians and dentists, primarily through grants for construction, renovation, and expansion of schools. The second period, 1976 to 1991, witnessed a shift in federal support to train physicians, dentists, and physician assistants in the fields of primary care defined as family medicine, general internal medicine, and general pediatrics. During this era, divisions of general internal medicine and general pediatrics, and departments of family medicine, were established in nearly every medical and osteopathic medical school. All three disciplines conducted primary care residencies, medical student clerkships, and faculty development programs. The third period, 1992 to present, emphasized the policy goals of caring for vulnerable populations, greater diversity in the health professions, and curricula innovations to prepare trainees for the future practice of medicine and dentistry. Again, Title VII grantees met these policy goals by designing curricula and creating clinical experiences to teach care of the homeless, persons with HIV, the elderly, and other vulnerable populations. Many grantees recruited underrepresented minorities into their programs as trainees and as faculty, and all of them designed and implemented new curricula to address emerging health priorities.This article is part of a theme issue of Academic Medicine on the Title VII health professions training programs.