Disability and costs of IHD attributable to the consumption of trans-fatty acids in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the disability and costs of the Brazilian Unified Health System for IHD attributable to trans-fatty acid (TFA) consumption in 2019. DESIGN: This ecological study used secondary data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 to estimate the years lived with disability from IHD attributable to TFA in Brazil in 2019. Data on direct costs (purchasing power parity: 1 Int$ = R$ 2·280) were obtained from the Hospital and Ambulatory Information Systems of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Moreover, the total costs in each state were divided by the resident population in 2019 and multiplied by 10 000 inhabitants. The relationship between the socio-demographic index, disease and economic burden was investigated. SETTING: Brazil and its twenty-seven states. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged ≥ 25 years of both sexes. RESULTS: IHD attributable to TFA consumption resulted in 11 165 years lived with disability (95 % uncertainty interval 932­18 462) in 2019 in Brazil. A total of Int$ 54 546 227 (95 % uncertainty interval 4 505 792­85 561 810) was spent in the Brazilian Unified Health System in 2019 due to IHD attributable to TFA, with the highest costs of hospitalisations, for males and individuals aged ≥ 50 years or over. The highest costs were observed in Sergipe (Int$ 6508/10 000; 95 % uncertainty interval 576­10 265), followed by the two states from the South. Overall, as the socio-demographic index increases, expenditures increase. CONCLUSIONS: TFA consumption results in a high disease and economic IHD burden in Brazil, reinforcing the need for more effective health policies, such as industrial TFA elimination, following the international agenda.

The Lipid-Heart Hypothesis and the Keys Equation Defined the Dietary Guidelines but Ignored the Impact of Trans-Fat and High Linoleic Acid Consumption.

In response to a perceived epidemic of coronary heart disease, Ancel Keys introduced the lipid-heart hypothesis in 1953 which asserted that high intakes of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol lead to atherosclerosis and that consuming less fat and cholesterol, and replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat, would reduce serum cholesterol and consequently the risk of heart disease. Keys proposed an equation that would predict the concentration of serum cholesterol (ΔChol.) from the consumption of saturated fat (ΔS), polyunsaturated fat (ΔP), and cholesterol (ΔZ): ΔChol. = 1.2(2ΔS - ΔP) + 1.5ΔZ. However, the Keys equation conflated natural saturated fat and industrial trans-fat into a single parameter and considered only linoleic acid as the polyunsaturated fat. This ignored the widespread consumption of trans-fat and its effects on serum cholesterol and promoted an imbalance of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in the diet. Numerous observational, epidemiological, interventional, and autopsy studies have failed to validate the Keys equation and the lipid-heart hypothesis. Nevertheless, these have been the cornerstone of national and international dietary guidelines which have focused disproportionately on heart disease and much less so on cancer and metabolic disorders, which have steadily increased since the adoption of this hypothesis.

Association of plasma trans fatty acid concentrations with blood pressure and hypertension in U.S. adults.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the association of plasma trans fatty acids (TFAs) biomarkers with the risk of hypertension. Methods: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 2009-2010), we conducted a thorough analysis using both the traditional regression model and the Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model to investigate the associations of individual TFAs and their mixtures with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the risk of hypertension in a sample of 1,970 American adults. Results: The concentrations of TFAs were natural logarithms (ln) transformed to approximate a normal distribution. Multivariate linear regression models showed that each 1-unit increase in ln-transformed plasma concentrations of palmitelaidic, elaidic, vaccenic, and linolelaidic acids was associated with separate 2.94-, 3.60-, 2.46- and 4.78-mm Hg and 2.77-, 2.35-, 2.03-, and 3.70- mm Hg increase in SBP and DBP, respectively (P < 0.05). The BKMR model showed positive associations between the four TFAs mixtures and SBP and DBP. In addition, linolelaidic acid contributed the most to an increased blood pressure. Similar results were observed with the threshold of hypertension (≥130/80 mm Hg). Conclusion: Our findings provide preliminary evidence that plasma TFA concentrations are associated with increased blood pressure and the risk of hypertension in US adults. This study also suggests that linolelaidic acid might exhibit more deleterious effects on hypertension than other TFAs. Further studies should be conducted to validate these results.

Associations between trans fatty acids and systemic immune-inflammation index: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that trans fatty acids (TFAs) intake was linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases. As a novel systemic inflammatory biomarker, the clinical value and efficacy of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) have been widely explored. However, the association between TFAs and SII is still unclear. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the connection between TFAs and SII in US adults. METHODS: The study retrieved data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 1999-2000 and 2009-2010. Following the exclusion of ineligible participants, the study encompassed a total of 3047 individuals. The research employed a multivariate linear regression model to investigate the connection between circulating TFAs and SII. Furthermore, the restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was utilized to evaluate the potential nonlinear association. Subgroup analysis was also conducted to investigate the latent interactive factors. RESULTS: In this investigation, participants exhibited a mean age of 47.40 years, with 53.91% of them being female. Utilizing a multivariate linear regression model, the independent positive associations between the log2-transformed palmitelaidic acid, the log2 transformed-vaccenic acid, the log2-transformed elaidic acid, the log2-transformed linolelaidic acid, and the log2-transformed-total sum of TFAs with the SII (all P < 0.05) were noted. In the RCS analysis, no nonlinear relationship was observed between the log2-transformed palmitelaidic acid, the log2 transformed-vaccenic acid, the log2-transformed elaidic acid, the log2-transformed linolelaidic acid, the log2-transformed-total sum of TFAs and the SII (all P for nonlinear > 0.05). For the stratified analysis, the relationship between the circulating TFAs and the SII differed by the obesity status and the smoking status. CONCLUSIONS: A positive association was investigated between three types of TFA, the sum of TFAs, and the SII in the US population. Additional rigorously designed studies are needed to verify the results and explore the potential mechanism.

Proportions of trans fatty acids in erythrocytes of Canadian adults before the prohibition of partially hydrogenated oils in foods: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2012-2015.

BACKGROUND: The partially hydrogenated oil (PHO) prohibition came into effect in Canada in September 2018 to reduce the intakes of total trans fatty acids (t-TFAs) and industrially produced TFAs (i-TFAs). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to estimate the red blood cell (RBC) proportions of t-TFA (primary objective) and total 18:1 TFA (secondary objective) of adults in Canada before the PHO prohibition and to identify the population subgroups at risk of higher TFA intakes. METHODS: We pooled data from 4025 adult participants of the cross-sectional Canadian Health Measures Survey cycles 3 and 4 (2012-2015). We estimated mean proportions, relative to total fatty acids (FAs), of RBC t-TFA and 18:1 TFA and their associations with sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle characteristics using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: The nonadjusted mean RBC proportions of t-TFA and total 18:1 TFA were 0.59% (95% CI: 0.54, 0.63) and 0.27% (95% CI: 0.25, 0.29), respectively. In the adjusted models, the same participant characteristics were associated with t-TFA and 18:1 TFA but differences were generally smaller for 18:1 TFA than for t-TFA. Race, BMI, and alcohol intake were independently associated with RBC t-TFA and 18:1 TFA. Asian and Black participants had lower RBC t-TFA (-0.05% and -0.10% of total FA, respectively) than White participants. Obesity and high risk alcohol drinking were associated with slightly lower (≤0.06%) t-TFA proportions than lower adiposity and alcohol intake concentrations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-PHO prohibition in food in Canada, t-TFA proportions were relatively low compared with a proposed threshold of 1% of total RBC FAs, over which cardiovascular disease risk may be higher. Previous voluntary initiatives to reduce i-TFA in the food supply may explain these relatively low RBC t-TFA concentrations. Some population subgroups had higher baseline RBC TFA than other subgroups, but the physiological implications of these small differences, at relatively low baseline RBC TFA proportions, remain to be determined.

Estimated health benefits, costs and cost-effectiveness of eliminating industrial trans-fatty acids in Nigeria: cost-effectiveness analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Nigeria is committed to reducing industrial trans-fatty acids (iTFA) from the food supply, but the potential health gains, costs and cost-effectiveness are unknown. METHODS: The effect on ischaemic heart disease (IHD) burden, costs and cost-effectiveness of a mandatory iTFA limit (≤2% of all fats) for foods in Nigeria were estimated using Markov cohort models. Data on demographics, IHD epidemiology and trans-fatty acid intake were derived from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. Avoided IHD events and deaths; health-adjusted life years (HALYs) gained; and healthcare, policy implementation and net costs were estimated over 10 years and the population's lifetime. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios using net costs and HALYs gained (both discounted at 3%) were used to assess cost-effectiveness. RESULTS: Over the first 10 years, a mandatory iTFA limit (assumed to eliminate iTFA intake) was estimated to prevent 9996 (95% uncertainty interval: 8870 to 11 118) IHD deaths and 66 569 (58 862 to 74 083) IHD events, and to save US$90 million (78 to 102) in healthcare costs. The corresponding lifetime estimates were 259 934 (228 736 to 290 191), 479 308 (95% UI 420 472 to 538 177) and 518 (450 to 587). Policy implementation costs were estimated at US$17 million (11 to 23) over the first 10 years, and US$26 million USD (19 to 33) over the population's lifetime. The intervention was estimated to be cost-saving, and findings were robust across several deterministic sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Our findings support mandating a limit of iTFAs as a cost-saving strategy to reduce the IHD burden in Nigeria.

Early exposure to trans fat causes cognitive impairment by modulating the expression of proteins associated with oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster.

Evidence has shown that consuming trans fatty acids (TFA) during development leads to their incorporation into the nervous tissue, resulting in neurological changes in flies. In this study, Drosophila melanogaster was exposed to different concentrations of hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF) during development: substitute hydrogenated vegetable fat (SHVF), HVF 10 %, and HVF 20 %. The objective was to evaluate the effects of early trans fat exposure on cognition and associated pathways in flies. The results showed that early TFA exposure provoked a cerebral redox imbalance, as confirmed by increased reactive species (HVF 10 and 20 %) and lipid peroxidation (SHVF, HVF 10, and 20 %), reduced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 immunoreactivity (HVF 10 and 20 %), and increased heat shock protein 70 (HVF 20 %), which was possibly responsible for decreasing superoxide dismutase (SHVF, HVF 10, and 20 %) and catalase (HVF 20 %) activities. Furthermore, the presence of TFA in nervous tissue impaired learning (HVF 10 and 20 %) and memory at 6 and 24 h (SHVF, HVF 10, and 20 %). These cognitive impairments may be linked to reduced Shank levels (HVF 20 %) and increased acetylcholinesterase activity (SHVF, HVF 10 and 20 %) observed. Our findings demonstrate that early exposure to trans fat leads to cerebral redox imbalance, altering proteins associated with stress, synaptic plasticity, and the cholinergic system, consequently leading to cognitive impairment in flies.

Industrially produced trans-fatty acids are potent promoters of DNA damage-induced apoptosis.

trans-Fatty acids (TFAs) are unsaturated fatty acids harboring at least one carbon-carbon double bond in trans configuration, which are categorized into two groups according to their origin: industrial and ruminant TFAs, hereafter called iTFAs and rTFAs, respectively. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown a specific link of iTFAs to various diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, there is little evidence for underlying mechanisms that can explain the specific toxicity of iTFAs, and how to mitigate their toxicity. Herein, we show that iTFAs, including elaidic acid (EA) and linoelaidic acid, but not rTFAs, facilitate apoptosis induced by doxorubicin (Dox), triggering DNA double-strand breaks. We previously established that EA promotes Dox-induced apoptosis by accelerating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Consistently, iTFAs specifically enhanced Dox-induced JNK activation. Furthermore, Dox-induced pro-apoptotic signaling by iTFAs was blocked in the presence of oleic acid (OA), the geometrical cis isomer of EA. These results demonstrate that iTFAs specifically exert their toxicity during DNA damage-induced apoptosis, which could be effectively suppressed by OA. Our study provides evidence for understanding the difference in toxic actions between TFA species, and for new strategies to prevent and combat TFA-related diseases.

Low intake of ruminant trans fatty acids ameliorates the disordered lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet.

Currently, the health benefits of ruminant trans fatty acids (R-TFA) are still controversial. Our previous investigations indicated that R-TFA at higher dosages (1.3% and 4% E) caused disordered lipid metabolism in mice; however, through collecting R-TFA intake data in 9 provinces of China, it was suggested that, in 2021, the range of R-TFA intake for Chinese residents was about 0.053-0.307 g d-1. Based on the 2022 Nutritional Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents, the recommended daily energy supply from R-TFA was about 0.11%-0.15% E. However, the health effects of R-TFA at a lower dosage are still unknown; therefore, our current research aims to further explore the effects of R-TFA on health. Through in vivo experiments, it was shown that R-TFA (0.15% E) decreased body weight gain and serum cholesterol levels in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet, while it had no significant effect on mice fed a low-fat diet. Besides, hepatic histopathology analysis suggested that R-TFA (0.15% E) ameliorated the degree of hepatic steatosis and reduced intrahepatocyte lipid droplet accumulation in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. Through lipidomics analysis, we further screened 8 potential lipid metabolites that participate in regulating the dysregulation of lipid metabolism. Finally, it was suggested that R-TFA (0.15% E) down-regulated the expression of genes related to inflammation and cholesterol synthesis while up-regulated the expression of genes related to cholesterol clearance, which might partially explain the salutary effect of R-TFA (0.15% E) in ameliorating the hepatic steatosis and improving disordered lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet. Our current research will provide a reference for the intake of R-TFA and, furthermore, give some insights into understanding the health effects of R-TFA.

Encapsulation of conjugated linoleic acid and ruminant trans fatty acids to study the prevention of metabolic syndrome-a review.

Studies have reported the potential benefits of consuming conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ruminant trans fatty acids (R-TFAs) in reducing the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In addition, encapsulation of CLA and R-TFAs may improve their oral delivery and further decrease the risk factors of MetS. The objectives of this review were (1) to discuss the advantages of encapsulation; (2) to compare the materials and techniques used for encapsulating CLA and R-TFAs; and (3) to review the effects of encapsulated vs non-encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs on MetS risk factors. Examination of papers citing micro- and nano-encapsulation methods used in food sciences, as well as the effects of encapsulated vs non-encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs, was conducted using the PubMed database. A total of 84 papers were examined; of these, 18 studies were selected that contained information on the effects of encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs. The 18 studies that described encapsulation of CLA or R-TFAs indicated that micro- or nano-encapsulation processes stabilized CLA and prevented oxidation. CLA was mainly encapsulated using carbohydrates or proteins. So far, oil-in-water emulsification followed by spray-drying were the frequently used techniques for encapsulation of CLA. Further, 4 studies investigated the effects of encapsulated CLA on MetS risk factors compared with non-encapsulated CLA. A limited number of studies investigated the encapsulation of R-TFAs. The effects of encapsulated CLA or R-TFAs on the risk factors for MetS remain understudied; thus, additional studies comparing the effects of encapsulated and non-encapsulated CLA or R-TFAs are needed.

Amelioration of nutritional properties of bakery fat using omega-3 fatty acid-rich edible oils: a review.

Bakery products have gained prominence in modern diets due to their convenience and accessibility, often serving as staple meals across diverse regions. However, the fats used in these products are rich in saturated fatty acids and often comprise trans fatty acids, which are considered as a major biomarker for non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disorders, obesity and diabetes. Additionally, these fats lack the essential omega-3 fatty acids, which are widely known for their therapeutic benefits. They play a major role in lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. Thus, there is need for incorporating these essential fatty acids into bakery fats. Nevertheless, fortifying food products with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) poses several challenges due to their high susceptibility to oxidation. This oxidative deterioration leads to not only the formation of undesirable flavors, but also a loss of nutritional value in the final products. This review focuses on the development of healthier trans-fat-free bakery fat enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and its effect on the physicochemical, functional, sensory and nutritional properties of bakery fats and products. Further, the role of various technologies like physical blending, enzymatic interesterification and encapsulation to improve the stability of PUFA-rich bakery fat is discussed, where microencapsulation emerged as a novel and effective technology to enhance the stability and shelf life. By preventing deteriorative changes, microencapsulation ensures that the nutritional, physicochemical and sensory properties of food products remain intact. Novel modification methods like interesterification and microencapsulation used for developing PUFA-rich bakery fats have a potential to address the health risks occurring due to consumption of bakery fat having higher amount of saturated and trans fatty acids. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

FEEDcities project: the food environment in cities in eastern Europe and central Asia – Georgia

This technical report presents results from the FEEDcities Project in eastern Europe and central Asia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Tbilisi, Georgia, between November and December 2021 and aimed toevaluate the local urban street food environment. It characterized vending sites, the food offered and the nutritional composition of both commercial and homemade street foods available in this setting. The policy implications of the findings are outlined.

A prospective cohort study on the association between dietary fatty acids intake and risk of hypertension incident.

There are inconclusive results available on the association between dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of hypertension (HTN) incident. In this study, we investigate the relationship between baseline dietary fatty acids intake including polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), trans fatty acids (TFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and saturated fatty acid (SFA), and the risk of first incidence hypertension. The current prospective cohort study was carried out from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 118 items was used for the assessment of dietary data. Cox proportional hazards analyses were done to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the highest versus lowest quartile intake of SFA, PUFA, MUFA, and SFA and risk of HTN. Out of 7359 eligible participants, 597 new cases of HTN were identified over an average of 6.4 ± 1.33 years of follow-up. No significant relationship was observed between the fourth compared to the first categories of dietary SFA (HR: 0.82, 95% CI 0.55, 1.21; P trend: 0.476), MUFA (HR: 0.71, 95% CI 0.48, 1.06; P trend: 0.252), PUFA (HR: 0.86, 95% CI 0.62, 1.19; P trend: 0.315) and TFA (HR: 0.99, 95% CI 0.76, 1.27; P trend: 0.675), and risk of HTN. However, a significant inverse association between each 1 g per day increase in dietary MUFA intake during 6.4 years of follow up and HTN incident (HR: 0.97; 95% CI 0.94, 0.99; P 0.044) was observed. In brief, our study revealed that higher dietary MUFA intake was protectively associated with HTN incident. Dietary MUFA-rich foods should be encouraged to improve blood pressure.

Changes in dietary carbohydrate and lipid quality indices between 2008 and 2018: Analysis of the Brazilian dietary surveys.

The aim of the study was to evaluate characteristics and changes over a decade in dietary carbohydrate and lipid quality according to socio-demographic variables. Data was obtained from two Brazilian National Dietary Surveys 2008-2009 (n = 34 003) and 2017-2018 (n = 46 164) examining a nationwide representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old. Food intake was assessed by means of two non-consecutive diet records (2008-2009) and 24 h diet recalls (2017-2018). Carbohydrate Quality Index is a score ranging from 4 to 20 calculated from fibre intake, global dietary glycaemic index, solid/total carbohydrate (CHO) and whole grains/total grains CHO. Lipid Quality Index was estimated by dividing the sum of the dietary content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids by the sum of saturated and trans fatty acids. Indices were categorised into five categories (1 for lowest and 5 for highest quality). Socio-demographic variables were sex, age, income, urban/rural area and place of food consumption. The estimates (95% CI) were generated separately for each survey and then compared to identify changes in time. Our main findings refer to changes in diet quality according to income. At the lowest income level, the proportions of individuals in the best carbohydrate and lipid quality categories reduced from 26.9% to 20.6% and from 30.0% to 24.9%, respectively. Alternatively, at the highest income level, these proportions increased from 22.9% to 26.6% and from 11.9% to 15.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the quality of lipids improved in women and among individuals reporting some away-from-home food consumption, while the quality of carbohydrates was reduced among adolescents and in rural areas.

Estimated health benefits, costs and cost-effectiveness of eliminating dietary industrial trans fatty acids in Kenya: cost-effectiveness analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To model the potential health gains and cost-effectiveness of a mandatory limit of industrial trans fatty acids (iTFA) in Kenyan foods. DESIGN: Multiple cohort proportional multistate life table model, incorporating existing data from the Global Burden of Disease study, pooled analyses of observational studies and peer-reviewed evidence of healthcare and policy implementation costs. SETTING: Kenya. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged ≥20 years at baseline (n=50 million). INTERVENTION: A mandatory iTFA limit (≤2% of all fats) in the Kenyan food supply compared with a base case scenario of maintaining current trans fat intake. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Averted ischaemic heart disease (IHD) events and deaths, health-adjusted life years; healthcare costs; policy implementation costs; net costs; and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS: Over the first 10 years, the intervention was estimated to prevent ~1900 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 1714; 2148) IHD deaths and ~17 000 (95% UI: 15 475; 19 551) IHD events, and to save ~US$50 million (95% UI: 44; 56). The corresponding estimates over the lifespan of the model population were ~49 000 (95% UI: 43 775; 55 326) IHD deaths prevented, ~113 000 (95% UI: 100 104; 127 969) IHD events prevented and some ~US$300 million (256; 331) saved. Policy implementation costs were estimated as ~US$9 million over the first 10 years and ~US$20 million over the population lifetime. The intervention was estimated to be cost saving regardless of the time horizon. Findings were robust across multiple sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support policy action for a mandatory iTFA limit as a cost-saving strategy to avert IHD events and deaths in Kenya.

Integration of hepatic lipidomics and transcriptomics reveals the effect of butter-derived ruminant trans fatty acids on lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice.

Dysregulation of lipid metabolism results in metabolism-related diseases. Our previous research indicated that 1.3% E and 4% E ruminant trans fatty acids (R-TFA) caused dyslipidemia and promoted atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-/- mice, presenting detrimental effects. However, the effect of R-TFA on the lipid metabolism of normal mice remains unclear. Therefore, our current research aims to explore the effects of butter-derived R-TFAs on the lipid metabolism of C57BL/6J mice through the integration of lipidomics and transcriptomics. As a result, we found that 1.3% E butter-derived R-TFA promoted dyslipidemia and impaired hepatic function in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet, which was associated with an increase in DG (18:1/22:5), TG (18:1/18:2/22:4) and FA (24:5) as determined through lipidomics analysis, but had a less significant effect on C57BL/6J mice fed a low-fat diet. Through a combination analysis and verification of gene expression, we found that the arachidonic acid pathway might be involved in the disruption of lipid metabolism by butter-derived R-TFA. In addition, butter-derived R-TFA up-regulated the expression of unigene thromboxane-A synthase 1 (Tbxas1), arachidonate lipoxygenase 3 (Aloxe3), acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 2 (Acot2), epoxide hydrolase 2 (Ephx2) and carbonyl reductase 3 (Cbr3) in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. Herein, our research provides a new perspective for exploring the effects of butter-derived R-TFA on lipid metabolism and speculates on the possible mechanism of lipid metabolism disorder induced by butter-derived R-TFA in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet.

Associations between Fatty Acid Intakes and Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acid Concentrations in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the correlations between dietary fatty acid (FA) intakes and plasma phospholipid (PL) FA levels in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. METHODS: The dietary intake of 60 individual FAs was estimated using centre-specific validated dietary questionnaires. Plasma PL FA concentrations of these FAs were measured in non-fasting venous plasma samples in nested case-control studies within the EPIC cohort (n = 4923, using only non-cases). Spearman rank correlations were calculated to determine associations between FA intakes and plasma PL FA levels. RESULTS: Correlations between FA intakes and circulating levels were low to moderately high (-0.233 and 0.554). Moderate positive correlations were found for total long-chain n-3 poly-unsaturated FA (PUFA) (r = 0.354) with the highest (r = 0.406) for n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Moderate positive correlations were also found for the non-endogenously synthesized trans-FA (r = 0.461 for total trans-FA C16-18; r = 0.479 for industrial trans-FA (elaidic acid)). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that dietary FA intakes might influence the plasma PL FA status to a certain extent for several specific FAs. The stronger positive correlations for health-enhancing long-chain PUFAs and the health-deteriorating trans-FA that are not endogenously produced are valuable for future cancer prevention public health interventions.

Positive associations between different circulating trans fatty acids (TFAs) and urinary albumin excretion among adults in the U.S.: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: It is well established that the consumption of trans-fatty acids (TFAs) can increase the incidence of total mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. However, there are still no demographic studies on the effects of circulating TFA isoforms on the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), an early marker of chronic kidney disease. Our goal was to explore the possible relationships between TFAs and ACR. METHODS: In this study, complete TFAs and urinary ACR data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2009-2010 and 1999-2000 cycles). The independent linear relationships between different circulating TFA isoforms and the ACR were examined by performing multivariable linear regression models. Machine learning was used to analyze the contribution of the different TFA isoforms to the ACR. To assess the nonlinearity of the relationship, smooth curve fitting and an analysis of threshold effect were performed, and a stratified analysis was conducted to identify possible susceptible populations. RESULTS: Our analysis included a total of 3785 individuals. Elaidic acid, linolelaidic acid, and sum TFAs were shown to be positively associated with the ACR after full adjustment by weighted multivariable regression analysis. In the subgroup analysis, the positive associations were maintained in participants with hypertension and without diabetes. In the XGBoost model of the ACR, Sum TFAs were found to be the most crucial factor. In addition, smooth curve fitting showed that there was a nonlinear relationship between the different TFAs and the ACR, and there was a saturation point. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that TFA isoforms were positively and independently correlated with urinary albumin excretion, especially in participants with hypertension and without diabetes. This suggested that reducing trans fatty acid intake may reduce the risk of renal events.