The effects of early life polyunsaturated fatty acids and ruminant trans fatty acids on allergic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Early life nutritional exposures could modify the gene expression and susceptibility of allergic diseases (AD). This systematic review aimed to evaluate whether early life (the first 1,000 days) natural exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and ruminant trans fatty acids (R-TFA) could affect the AD risk. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception through September 10, 2017 for relevant full-text articles in English. Observational studies were selected if they examined the effects of early life PUFA or R-TFA on AD (eczema, asthma, wheeze, and allergic rhinitis) or sensitization. The quality of studies was examined by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the best evidence synthesis (BES) was applied. We included 26 observational studies, and 8 of them showed high quality. BES showed a moderate evidence for the protective effect of vaccenic acid (VA, an R-TFA) on eczema, while insufficient or no evidence was found in other associations. Meta-analysis showed that higher n-6/n-3 ratio and linoleic acid were associated with higher risk of eczema (pooled odds ratio [OR] = 1.06, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.00 -1.13; 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01 -1.15). However, VA was inversely associated with eczema pooled OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25 -0.72). Early life natural exposure to VA showed evident benefit on decreasing the risk of eczema, while PUFA and other R-TFA showed limited effects on AD. More robust studies especially for R-TFA are required.

Influence of physical activity on addiction parameters of rats exposed to amphetamine which were previously supplemented with hydrogenated vegetable fat.

Amphetamine (AMPH) and its derivatives are addictive drugs used to promote and enhance alertness, motivation, willingness, courage and wellbeing. However, their chronic use is related to memory loss, emotional instability, insomnia, psychosis and paranoia. In the last decades, modern society has included processed foods, rich in trans fatty acids (TFA), in their diet, what has been related to several health problems including increased AMPH preference and self-administration. In this scenario, physical activity appears to be useful to attenuate rewarding symptoms related to addictive drugs mainly by affecting brain neuroplasticity and neurotransmission. The current study has been developed to assess the influence of physical activity on addiction parameters of rats exposed to AMPH which were previously supplemented with hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF), rich in TFA. After six weeks of HVF or soybean oil (SO, control group) supplementation, adult rats were conditioned with d,l-AMPH or vehicle for 14 days. Then, half of each experimental group was submitted to physical activity in treadmill running sessions (60min/day, 5 days/week) for 5 weeks. Animals were re-conditioned with AMPH or vehicle for 3 more days, to observe drug relapse. Locomotor activity and anxiety-like symptoms were observed 24h after the last AMPH reconditioning, and fatty acids composition was quantified in the ventral tegmental area, striatum and prefrontal cortex. All animals showed AMPH preference, but only SO sedentary showed drug relapse. No differences were observed in locomotor activity among groups, while HVF-supplemented group showed decreased exploration per se, and physical activity prevented this. Moreover, AMPH-HVF group showed increased anxiety-like symptoms, which were prevented by physical activity. These results indicate that HVF supplementation modifies AMPH addiction, whereas regular physical activity could be protective against both AMPH and TFA damages.

Adaptación española de las Guías Europeas de 2016 sobre prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular en la práctica clínica / Spanish adaptation of the 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease revention in clinical practice

Las VI Guías Europeas de Prevención Cardiovascular recomiendan combinar las estrategias poblacionales y de alto riesgo, con los cambios de estilo de vida como piedra angular de la prevención, y proponen la función SCORE para cuantificar el riesgo cardiovascular. Esta guía hace más hincapié en las intervenciones específicas de las enfermedades y las condiciones propias de las mujeres, las personas jóvenes y las minorías étnicas. No se recomienda el cribado de aterosclerosis subclínica con técnicas de imagen no invasivas. La guía establece cuatro niveles de riesgo (muy alto, alto, moderado y bajo), con objetivos terapéuticos de control lipídico según el riesgo. La diabetes mellitus confiere un riesgo alto, excepto en sujetos con diabetes tipo 2 con menos de 10 años de evolución, sin otros factores de riesgo ni complicaciones, o con diabetes tipo 1 de corta evolución sin complicaciones. La decisión de iniciar el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial dependerá del nivel de presión arterial y del riesgo cardiovascular, teniendo en cuenta la lesión de órganos diana. Siguen sin recomendarse los fármacos antiplaquetarios en prevención primaria por el riesgo de sangrado. La baja adherencia al tratamiento exige simplificar el régimen terapéutico e identificar y combatir sus causas. La guía destaca que los profesionales de la salud pueden ejercer un papel importante en la promoción de intervenciones poblacionales y propone medidas eficaces, tanto a nivel individual como poblacional, para promover una dieta saludable, la práctica de actividad física, el abandono del tabaquismo y la protección contra el abuso de alcohol (AU)

The VI European Guidelines for Cardiovascular Prevention recommend combining population and high-risk strategies with lifestyle changes as a cornerstone of prevention, and propose the SCORE function to quantify cardiovascular risk. The guidelines highlight disease specific interventions, and conditions as women, young people and ethnic minorities. Screening for subclinical atherosclerosis with noninvasive imaging techniques is not recommended. The guidelines distinguish four risk levels (very high, high, moderate and low) with therapeutic objectives for lipid control according to risk. Diabetes mellitus confers a high risk, except for subjects with type 2 diabetes with less than 10 years of evolution, without other risk factors or complications, or type 1 diabetes of short evolution without complications. The decision to start pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension will depend on the blood pressure level and the cardiovascular risk, taking into account the lesion of target organs. The guidelines don’t recommend antiplatelet drugs in primary prevention because of the increased bleeding risk. The low adherence to the medication requires simplified therapeutic regimes and to identify and combat its causes. The guidelines highlight the responsibility of health professionals to take an active role in advocating evidence-based interventions at the population level, and propose effective interventions, at individual and population level, to promote a healthy diet, the practice of physical activity, the cessation of smoking and the protection against alcohol abuse (AU)

Trans fatty acids modify nutritional parameters and triacylglycerol metabolism in rats: differential effects at recommended and high-fat levels / Los ácidos grasos trans modifican parámetros nutricionales y el metabolismo de triacilglicéridos en ratas: efectos diferenciales a niveles recomendados y elevados de grasa

Introduction: there is still little evidence on the metabolic trans fatty acids (TFA) effects at recommended fat levels. Objective: to investigate the differential TFA effects on some nutritional parameters, TFA retention, and triacylglycerol (TAG) regulation in rats fed recommended and high-fat diets. Methods: male Wistar rats were fed (30 days) diets containing recommended (7%,w/w) or high-fat (20%,w/w) levels, supplemented or not with TFA (C7, C20, TFA7 and TFA20). Results: TFA7 (vs.C7) rats showed an increased body weight associated with higher fat pads and liver and serum TAG. The hypertriacylglyceridaemia was related to a decreased muscle LPL activity, while the higher hepatic TAG content was associated with both an increased SREBP-1c gene expression and ACC activity, and a reduced CPT-Ia gene expression. The TFA20 diet did not potentiate the higher body weight, fat pads and TAG levels induced by the C20 diet. Although the hepatic TAG-secretion rate (TAG-SR) increased by TFA20 vs. C20, the same triacylglyceridaemia was associated with a compensatory increase of the adipose tissue LPL activity. The attenuated hepatic TAG accretion in TFA20 was related to an increase of TAG-SR and to a lower increase of SREBP-1c and SCD1 mRNA expressions, paralleled to a relative decrease of SCD1 index and ACC activity. Discussion and conclusion: TFA alters nutritional parameters and lipid metabolism in rats. However, different responses to the TFA on TAG levels and their regulation were observed between rats fed recommended and high-fat diets. These divergences might be related to different tissue TFA retentions and rumenic acid bioconversion (AU)

Introducción: existen escasas evidencias sobre los efectos metabólicos de los AGT a niveles recomendados de grasa. Objetivo: investigar los efectos diferenciales de los ácidos grasos trans (TFA) sobre parámetros nutricionales, retención de TFA y regulación de triacilglicéridos (TAG) en ratas alimentadas con niveles recomendados o elevados de grasa. Métodos: ratas macho Wistar fueron alimentadas (30 días) con dietas que contenían un 7% o 20% de grasas suplementadas o no con TFA (C7-C20-TFA7-TFA20). Resultados: TFA7 (vs. C7) incrementó el peso corporal asociado a mayores panículos adiposos y TAG. La hipertriacilgliceridemia fue relacionada con una menor actividad LPL muscular, y el incrementado TAG hepático con una elevada expresión génica de SREBP-1c y actividad ACC, y reducida expresión génica de CPT-Ia. Los TFA no potenciaron los elevados pesos corporales, los panículos adiposos y los TAG inducidos por C20. Aunque la secreción hepática de TAG (TAG-SR) incrementó en TFA20 vs. C20, la similar triacilgliceridemia fue asociada a un compensatorio incremento de la actividad LPL en tejido adiposo. La atenuada acumulación hepática de TAG en TFA20 estuvo relacionada con una incrementada TAG-SR y un menor incremento de la expresión génica de SREBP-1c y SCD1, paralela a un relativo descenso del índice SCD1 y de la actividad ACC. Discusión y conclusión: los TFA alteran los parámetros nutricionales y lipídicos en ratas. Sin embargo, diferentes respuestas sobre los niveles y regulación de los TAG por los TFA fueron observadas entre ratas alimentadas con niveles recomendados y elevados de grasa dietaria. Estas divergencias pueden estar relacionadas con diferentes retenciones de TFA y su bioconversión a ácido ruménico (AU)

trans-Palmitoleic acid, other dairy fat biomarkers, and incident diabetes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

BACKGROUND: Dairy consumption is linked to a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, but constituents responsible for this relation are not established. Emerging evidence suggests that trans-palmitoleate (trans 16:1n-7), a fatty acid in dairy and also partially hydrogenated oils, may be associated with a more favorable metabolic profile and less incident diabetes. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association of trans-palmitoleate with metabolic risk and incident diabetes in a multiethnic US cohort. DESIGN: Phospholipid fatty acids and metabolic risk factors were measured in 2000-2002 among 2617 adults in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a cohort of white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese Americans. In 2281 participants free of baseline diabetes, we also prospectively assessed the risk of new-onset diabetes (205 cases) from baseline to 2005-2007. RESULTS: trans-Palmitoleate concentrations correlated positively with self-reported consumption of whole-fat dairy, butter, margarine, and baked desserts and with other circulating biomarkers of both dairy fat and partially hydrogenated oil consumption, which suggested mixed dietary sources. After multivariable adjustment, trans-palmitoleate concentrations were associated with higher LDL cholesterol (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1: +6.4%; P-trend = 0.005), lower triglycerides (-19.1%; P-trend < 0.001), lower fasting insulin (-9.1%; P-trend = 0.002), and lower systolic blood pressure (-2.4 mm Hg; P-trend = 0.01). In prospective analyses, trans-palmitoleate was independently associated with lower incident diabetes (P-trend = 0.02), including a 48% lower risk in quintile 5 compared with quintile 1 (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.85). All findings were similar between men and women and between different race-ethnic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating trans-palmitoleate is associated with higher LDL cholesterol but also with lower triglycerides, fasting insulin, blood pressure, and incident diabetes in a multiethnic US cohort. Our findings support the need for further experimental and dietary intervention studies that target circulating trans-palmitoleate. The MESA trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005487.

Differential effect of corn oil-based low trans structured fat on the plasma and hepatic lipid profile in an atherogenic mouse model: comparison to hydrogenated trans fat.

BACKGROUND: Trans fat are not desirable in many aspects on health maintenance. Low trans structured fats have been reported to be relatively more safe than trans fats. METHODS: We examined the effects of low trans structured fat from corn oil (LC), compared with high trans fat shortening, on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in apo E deficient mice which is an atherogenic animal model. The animals were fed a high trans fat (10% fat: commercial shortening (CS)) or a low trans fat (LC) diet for 12 weeks. RESULTS: LC decreased apo B and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride concentration compared to the CS group but significantly increased plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration and fecal lipids with a simultaneous increase in HDL-cholesterol level, apo A-I, and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol (HTR). Reduction of hepatic lipid levels by inclusion of LC intake was observed alongside modulation of hepatic enzyme activities related to cholesterol esterification, fatty acid metabolism and fecal lipids level compared to the CS group. The differential effects of LC intake on the plasma and hepatic lipid profile seemed to be partly due to the fatty acid composition of LC which contains higher MUFA, PUFA and SFA content as well as lower content of trans fatty acids compared to CS. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that LC may exert a dual effect on plasma and hepatic lipid metabolism in an atherogenic animal model. Accordingly, LC, supplemented at 10% in diet, had an anti-atherogenic effect on these apo E-/- mice, and increased fecal lipids, decreased hepatic steatosis, but elevated plasma lipids. Further studies are needed to verify the exact mode of action regarding the complex physiological changes and alteration in lipid metabolism caused by LC.

Dietary trans fatty acids suppress the development of spontaneous atopic-like dermatitis in NC/Nga mice.

Although several studies have shown that the type and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids alter the production of proinflammatory mediators, there have been few studies in which the effects of trans isomers on allergic responses were evaluated. NC/Nga (NC) mice raised in conventional conditions develop spontaneous atopic dermatitis-like lesions with IgE hyperproduction. We used this model to evaluate the effect of dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) on the development of spontaneous dermatitis. NC mice were fed a 4 g TFAs/kg diet (4 g TFA), a 8 g TFAs/kg diet (8 g TFA) or a control diet with no TFA content for 10 wk. The dermatitis condition improved with the increasing intake of TFAs, and there was a significant difference from week 5 of the experimental period between the dermatitis conditions in 8 g TFA-fed mice and control mice. Production of total IgE was also suppressed in mice fed TFAs compared with that in control mice, correlating with the skin lesions. IFN-gamma, but not IL-4, production was significantly greater in TFA-fed mice that in control mice. Our results suggest that intake of TFAs suppresses the development of atopic dermatitis-like lesions in NC mice. Even though we observed a decreased production of IgE levels, mechanisms involved in the development of dermatitis-like lesions seem to be IL-4-independent.

Rationale and design of the TRANSFACT project phase I: a study to assess the effect of the two different dietary sources of trans fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in humans.

BACKGROUND: Detrimental effects of consumption of industrial trans fatty acids (TFA) from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are well documented. However, very little information is available on the effect of natural sources of TFA coming from milk fat, dairy products and ruminant meat. In fact, due to the naturally low level of TFA in milk fat, it is almost impossible to conduct a clinical trial with a limited number of subjects (<200). METHODOLOGY: To compare the effects of industrial and natural dietary sources of TFA, two specific test fats have been designed and produced. A substantial amount of milk fat (130 kg) enriched in TFA has been produced by modification of the cow's diet and selection of cows with the highest TFA content. The level obtained was approximately 4- to 7-fold higher than typically present in milk fat (approximately 20 instead of 3-6 g/100 g of total fatty acids). The control fat is composed of PHVO balanced in saturated fatty acids (lauric, myristic and palmitic). Both experimental fats contain about 20-22% of monounsaturated TFA and the volunteers' daily experimental fat intake (54 g), will represent about 12.0 g/day of TFA or 5.4% of the daily energy (based on 2000 kcal/day). These two test fats have been incorporated into food items and will be provided to 46 healthy subjects under a randomised, double blind, controlled, cross-over design. The primary outcome is high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), which is an independent risk factor for CVD. Other parameters such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and HDL-C level and subclasses will be also to be evaluated. CONCLUSION: We have shown that it is technically feasible to perform a clinical trial on the comparative effects of natural and industrial sources of TFA isomers on CVD risk factors. Results are expected by mid-2006.