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1.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(19)2021 Oct 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34639039

ABSTRACT

The mucus layer in the intestine plays a critical role in regulation of host-microbe interactions and maintaining homeostasis. Disruptions of the mucus layer due to genetic, environmental, or immune factors may lead to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD frequently are accompanied with infections, and therefore are treated with antibiotics. Hence, it is important to evaluate risks of antibiotic treatment in individuals with vulnerable gut barrier and chronic inflammation. Mice with a knockout of the Muc2 gene, encoding the main glycoprotein component of the mucus, demonstrate a close contact of the microbes with the gut epithelium which leads to chronic inflammation resembling IBD. Here we demonstrate that the Muc2-/- mice harboring a gut protozoan infection Tritrichomonas sp. are susceptible to an antibiotic-induced depletion of the bacterial microbiota. Suppression of the protozoan infection with efficient metronidazole dosage or L-fucose administration resulted in amelioration of an illness observed in antibiotic-treated Muc2-/- mice. Fucose is a monosaccharide presented abundantly in gut glycoproteins, including Mucin2, and is known to be involved in host-microbe interactions, in particular in microbe adhesion. We suppose that further investigation of the role of fucose in protozoan adhesion to host cells may be of great value.


Subject(s)
Fucose/metabolism , Mucin-2/deficiency , Protozoan Infections/etiology , Protozoan Infections/metabolism , Tritrichomonas/physiology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Disease Susceptibility , Female , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/parasitology , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Mortality , Protozoan Infections/drug therapy , Protozoan Infections/mortality , Tritrichomonas/classification
2.
Parasitol Res ; 112(6): 2227-35, 2013 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23525691

ABSTRACT

Feline trichomoniasis is an intestinal disease in cats resulting in chronic diarrhea, flatulence, tenesmus, and fecal incontinence. Bovine trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease of cattle infecting the reproductive tract of cows causing pyometra and possible mid- to late-term abortions. The causative agent for both diseases has been reported to be the flagellated protozoan, Tritrichomonas foetus. However, several published reports support significant biological differences between T. foetus isolated from bovines and felines. In the present study, we describe Tritrichomonas blagburni n.sp. from the domestic cat (Felis catus) as the causative agent of feline intestinal trichomoniasis. We support our proposal based on results of experimental cross-infection studies between cats and cattle using both feline and bovine isolates of the parasite, differences in pathogenicity between the two parasites for the respective host species, and molecular gene sequencing differences between parasites obtained from domestic cats and parasites obtained from cattle.


Subject(s)
Cat Diseases/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases/veterinary , Protozoan Infections/parasitology , Tritrichomonas/classification , Tritrichomonas/isolation & purification , Animals , Cats , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Cluster Analysis , DNA, Protozoan/chemistry , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics , Genes, rRNA , Intestinal Diseases/parasitology , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , RNA, Protozoan/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA
3.
Int J Parasitol ; 42(13-14): 1143-9, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23123273

ABSTRACT

The parasitic protists in the genus Tritrichomonas cause significant disease in domestic cattle and cats. To assess the genetic diversity of feline and bovine isolates of Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) Wenrich and Emmerson, 1933, we used 10 different genetic regions, namely the protein coding genes of cysteine proteases 1, 2 and 4-9 (CP1, 2, 4-9) involved in the pathogenesis of the disease caused by the parasite. The cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) and internal transcribed spacer region 2 of the rDNA unit (ITS2) were included as additional markers. The gene sequences were compared with those of Tritrichomonas suis (Davaine, 1875) Morgan and Hawkins, 1948 and Tritrichomonas mobilensisCulberson et al., 1986. The study revealed 100% identity for all 10 genes among all feline isolates (=T. foetus cat genotype), 100% identity among all bovine isolates (=T. foetus cattle genotype) and a genetic distinctness of 1% between the cat and cattle genotypes of T. foetus. The cattle genotype of T. foetus was 100% identical to T. suis at nine loci (CP1, 2, 4-8, ITS2, MDH1). At CP9, three out of four T. suis isolates were identical to the T. foetus cattle genotype, while the T. suis isolate SUI-H3B sequence contained a single unique nucleotide substitution. Tritrichomonas mobilensis was 0.4% and 0.7% distinct from the cat and cattle genotypes of T. foetus, respectively. The genetic differences resulted in amino acid changes in the CP genes, most pronouncedly in CP2, potentially providing a platform for elucidation of genotype-specific host-pathogen interactions of T. foetus. On the basis of this data we judge T. suis and T. foetus to be subjective synonyms. For the first time, on objective nomenclatural grounds, the authority of T. suis is given to Davaine, 1875, rather than the commonly cited Gruby and Delafond, 1843. To maintain prevailing usage of T. foetus, we are suppressing the senior synomym T. suisDavaine, 1875 according to Article 23.9, because it has never been used as a valid name after 1899 and T. foetus is widely discussed as the cause of bovine trichomonosis. Thus bovine, feline and porcine isolates should all be given the name T. foetus. This promotes the stability of T. foetus for the veterinary and economically significant venereal parasite causing bovine trichomonosis.


Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Tritrichomonas/classification , Tritrichomonas/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Cats , Cattle , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Genotype , Helminth Proteins/genetics , Helminth Proteins/metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny
4.
Mol Cell Probes ; 26(3): 132-6, 2012 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22662341

ABSTRACT

Tritrichomonas spp. are parasitic protozoans that proliferate on mucus membranes of the urogenital, gastro-intestinal or nasal tract. For instance, Tritrichomonas foetus is an important cause of reproductive failure in cattle. Some years ago, T. foetus was also identified as a causative agent of diarrhoea in cats. Previous studies on the morphological, physiological and molecular levels have raised doubts as to the phylogenetic relationship among some Tritrichomonas species, particularly in relation to T. foetus, Tritrichomonas suis, and Tritrichomonas mobilensis. With the advent of molecular genetic tools, it has become clear that these three tritrichomonad species are closely related or may even represent the same species. Indeed, since recently, T. suis and T. foetus are generally considered as one species, with T. mobilensis being a closely related sister taxon. To date, molecular studies have not yet been able to resolve the taxonomic (specific) status of T. foetus from cattle and cats. In the future, novel genomic approaches, particularly those involving next generation sequencing are poised to resolve the taxonomy of Tritrichomonas spp. Here, we review the literature on the current state of knowledge of the taxonomy of T. foetus, T. suis, and T. mobilensis with special reference to the relationship between T. foetus from cattle and cats.


Subject(s)
DNA, Protozoan/chemistry , Tritrichomonas/classification , Animals , Cats , Cattle , Phylogeny , Tritrichomonas/genetics
5.
Vet Parasitol ; 182(2-4): 171-80, 2011 Dec 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21664052

ABSTRACT

Tritrichomonas mobilensis is an intestinal parasite of squirrel monkeys. There are few reports concerning the morphological aspects of this parasite. In addition, the taxonomic relationship between T. mobilensis and Tritrichomonas foetus, a serious pathogen that causes bovine and feline trichomonosis, has been questioned. For this reason, in the present study, we examined and compared both tritrichomonads with regard to their morphology, ultrastructure, endocytic activity and cytotoxicity when in the presence of host cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated consistent morphological differences between the hydrogenosomes of both parasites. Moreover, T. mobilensis and T. foetus had striking differences in their endocytic behavior. Thus, this work provides additional data that support the hypothesis that T. mobilensis is a distinct species from T. foetus.


Subject(s)
Tritrichomonas/classification , Tritrichomonas/ultrastructure , Animals , Caco-2 Cells , Humans , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Species Specificity
6.
Trends Parasitol ; 21(3): 122-5, 2005 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15734659

ABSTRACT

Tritrichomonas suis, a tritrichomonad of pigs, and the related species Tritrichomonas foetus, a tritrichomonad of cattle, are morphologically identical. The taxonomic relationship between these two tritrichomonads has been questioned ever since they were established as distinct species in 1843 and 1928, respectively. Here, we compare the similarities of morphology, ultrastructure, distribution, host specificity, characteristics of in vitro cultivation, immunology, biochemistry and analysis of molecular data from published sources between these two species. All data indicate that these two tritrichomonad species are identical. Thus, we propose that T. foetus and T. suis are synonyms.


Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Protozoan Infections, Animal , Swine Diseases/parasitology , Tritrichomonas/classification , Animals , Cattle , Host-Parasite Interactions , Phylogeny , Protozoan Infections/parasitology , Species Specificity , Swine , Tritrichomonas/physiology , Tritrichomonas/ultrastructure , Tritrichomonas foetus/classification , Tritrichomonas foetus/physiology , Tritrichomonas foetus/ultrastructure
7.
Parasitol Res ; 94(2): 158-61, 2004 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15322924

ABSTRACT

Tritrichomonas augusta is a flagellated protozoan that parasitizes amphibians and reptiles. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the cell shape of T. augusta varies from slender pyriform to ovoidal. Our data show the morphological features of the trophozoites: the emergence of the anterior flagella, the structure of the undulating membrane and the position and shape of the pelta, axostyle and posterior flagellum. In addition, herein we describe spherical forms which are probably pseudocysts. The description of the external structure of T. augusta, as demonstrated by SEM, contributes to the understanding of the biology of this parasite.


Subject(s)
Tritrichomonas/classification , Tritrichomonas/ultrastructure , Animals , Flagella/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Tritrichomonas/growth & development
8.
Vet Parasitol ; 78(4): 247-51, 1998 Aug 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9786624

ABSTRACT

Tritrichomonas foetus and Tritrichomonas suis isolates were cultivated axenically in Diamond's medium. Studies on the chromosome numbers of these two species with a light microscope were done by adding different concentrations of colchicine into the medium, incubating at 37 degrees C for 6-8 h and using a hypotonic swelling technique. The diploid chromosome numbers of both T. foetus and T. suis were 2n=10.


Subject(s)
Chromosomes , Genome, Protozoan , Tritrichomonas foetus/genetics , Tritrichomonas/genetics , Animals , Diploidy , Tritrichomonas/classification , Tritrichomonas foetus/classification
9.
Parasitol Res ; 84(2): 153-6, 1998.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9493217

ABSTRACT

The taxonomic classification within the genus Tritrichomonas is a subject of controversy, and, potentially, separation of the tritrichomonads from cattle and swine on the species level is not valid. To tackle this hypothesis we comparatively assessed several isolates of protozoan parasites from the three Tritrichomonas species T. foetus, T. suis, and T. mobilensis by the RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) technique. In this method with 20 different primers, all T. foetus and T. suis isolates resulted in identical genomic fingerprints, thus yielding additional evidence for the genetic identity of T. foetus and T. suis. In contrast, it turned out that the species T. mobilensis isolated from the squirrel monkey is genetically distinct and can clearly be discriminated from the other tritrichomonads. Consequently, the results obtained in this study support a possible future revision of the taxonomic classification of the genus Tritrichomonas.


Subject(s)
DNA Fingerprinting , Tritrichomonas/classification , Tritrichomonas/genetics , Animals , Cattle , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique , Saimiri , Species Specificity , Swine
10.
Parasitol Res ; 83(3): 290-5, 1997.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9089728

ABSTRACT

Tritrichomonas suis and T. foetus are characterized herein at the ultrastructural and biochemical levels. Microcinematography and measurements, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, cytochemistry for carbohydrate detection (Thiéry technique), and isozyme electrophoresis analysis were performed. In all, 11 different strains from 5 species of parasites were studied (T. foetus, T. suis, Trichomonas gallinae, T. vaginalis, and Monocercomonas sp.). A total of 11 enzymes were scored. Fine-structure study using scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that T. suis and T. foetus are identical morphologically. The high degree of isozymatic similarity noted between T. suis and T. foetus is consistent with the hypothesis that they may be different strains of the same species.


Subject(s)
Isoenzymes/analysis , Tritrichomonas/enzymology , Tritrichomonas/ultrastructure , Animals , Phylogeny , Tritrichomonas/classification , Tritrichomonas foetus/classification , Tritrichomonas foetus/enzymology , Tritrichomonas foetus/ultrastructure
11.
Lab Anim Sci ; 45(5): 533-7, 1995 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8569152

ABSTRACT

Intestinal trichomoniasis was observed in 156 of 202 Tupaia belangeri (77.2%). The parasites were located principally in the cecum (75%) and were far less common in the proximal portion of the colon (19%) or terminal portion of the ileum (6%). Advanced trichomoniasis was associated with liquid cecal contents but not diarrhea. The trichomonads had a tendency to penetrate the mucosal epithelial layer, causing desquamation of entire crypts. They never penetrated the epithelial basement membrane and never triggered inflammatory responses. The trichomonads were characterized by three anterior flagella and one trailing flagellum that extended over the entire parasite body, connected to it by an undulating membrane. The capitulum of the straight axostyle formed a small but well defined pelta, and the stout costa had distinct banding. The parasites thereby matched the description of Tritrichomonas mobilensis.


Subject(s)
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Intestines/parasitology , Protozoan Infections, Animal , Tritrichomonas/ultrastructure , Tupaiidae/parasitology , Animals , Cecum/parasitology , Cecum/pathology , Female , Flagella/ultrastructure , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology , Intestines/pathology , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Protozoan Infections/parasitology , Protozoan Infections/pathology , Tritrichomonas/classification
12.
J Protozool ; 33(2): 301-4, 1986 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3735158

ABSTRACT

A trichomonad flagellate, Tritrichomonas mobilensis n. sp., is described from the large intestine of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis. The organism has a lanceolate body 7-10.5 micrometers in length; a well developed undulating membrane; a stout, tubular axostyle with periaxostylar rings that terminate in a cone-shaped segment projecting from the posterior end of the cell; and a moderately wide costa. The anterior flagella are about as long as the body, and the recurrent flagellum is of the acroneme type. All its characteristics suggest that the new species belongs in the Tritrichomonas augusta type of the subfamily Tritrichomonadinae.


Subject(s)
Cebidae/parasitology , Monkey Diseases/parasitology , Protozoan Infections, Animal , Saimiri/parasitology , Tritrichomonas/isolation & purification , Animals , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Protozoan Infections/parasitology , Tritrichomonas/classification , Tritrichomonas/ultrastructure
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