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1.
Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi ; 40(3): 235-243, 2024 Mar.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38512034

ABSTRACT

Objective To investigate the effect of 3-deazaadenosine (3-DAA), an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification inhibitor, on the replication of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Methods Neuro2a mouse neuroblastoma cells, N9 mouse microglial cells, and BHK baby hamster kidney cells were exposed to JEV and then treated with 3-DAA. JEV was also injected into the footpad of adult C57BL/6 mice, which were then administered 3-DAA intraperitoneally. Real-time quantitative PCR was utilized to measure mRNA expression levels of JEV, interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase 1 (Arg1), interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-ß, IFN-γ, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in the cells and mouse brain tissues. Western blot analysis was used to detect JEV protein expression in the cells and mouse brain tissues. Furthermore, the survival of the mice was monitored and pathological changes in mouse brains were observed via hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Results 3-DAA had a dose-dependent effect on the replication of RNA and protein expression of JEV in both BHK, N9, Neuro 2α cells and mouse brain tissues, which resulted in rapid progression of JEV infection in mice and a decrease in their survival rate. Furthermore, 3-DAA suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL10, IL-1ß and iNOS, thus weakening the immune response. Conclusion 3-DAA promotes JEV infection and hastens death of infected cells and mice, indicating that m6A modification may negatively regulate JEV replication.


Subject(s)
Encephalitis Virus, Japanese , Tubercidin , Cricetinae , Animals , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Interleukin-6 , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Interferon-alpha , Interleukin-1beta/genetics
2.
Parasitology ; 151(5): 506-513, 2024 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38533610

ABSTRACT

Leishmania is a trypanosomatid parasite that causes skin lesions in its cutaneous form. Current therapies rely on old and expensive drugs, against which the parasites have acquired considerable resistance. Trypanosomatids are unable to synthesize purines relying on salvaging from the host, and nucleoside analogues have emerged as attractive antiparasitic drug candidates. 4-Methyl-7-ß-D-ribofuranosyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (CL5564), an analogue of tubercidin in which the amine has been replaced by a methyl group, demonstrates activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum. Herein, we investigated its in vitro and in vivo activity against L. amazonensis. CL5564 was 6.5-fold (P = 0.0002) more potent than milteforan™ (ML) against intracellular forms in peritoneal mouse macrophages, and highly selective, while combination with ML gave an additive effect. These results stimulated us to study the activity of CL5564 in mouse model of cutaneous Leishmania infection. BALB/c female and male mice infected by L. amazonensis treated with CL5564 (10 mg kg−1, intralesional route for five days) presented a >93% reduction of paw lesion size likely ML given orally at 40 mg kg−1, while the combination (10 + 40 mg kg−1 of CL5564 and ML, respectively) caused >96% reduction. The qPCR confirmed the suppression of parasite load, but only the combination approach reached 66% of parasitological cure. These results support additional studies with nucleoside derivatives.


Subject(s)
Disease Models, Animal , Leishmania mexicana , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Animals , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/drug therapy , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology , Mice , Female , Male , Leishmania mexicana/drug effects , Tubercidin/pharmacology , Tubercidin/analogs & derivatives , Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology , Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use , Antiprotozoal Agents/administration & dosage , Macrophages, Peritoneal/parasitology , Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects , Leishmania/drug effects
3.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(3): e0347923, 2024 Mar 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38299833

ABSTRACT

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an RNA virus with constantly emerging recombinant and mutant strains. Because of the high genetic diversity of PRRSV, current vaccines only provide partial protection against the infection of heterologous strains, which makes it a challenge for PRRSV prevention and control. Tubercidin is a naturally extracted compound with potential antiviral properties. However, whether tubercidin has anti-PRRSV ability is unknown. Our study found that tubercidin showed effective antiviral effects on PRRSV replication. In terms of mechanism, tubercidin suppressed PRRSV at the entry, replication, and release steps of the viral life cycle. Additionally, we demonstrated that tubercidin treatment promoted the activation of retinoic acid-inducible gene I and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling pathway, thus increasing the type I interferon and inflammatory cytokine expression. Furthermore, tubercidin restrained the viral non-structural protein 2 expression and viral dsRNA synthesis and ultimately inhibited PRRSV replication. Hence, our data showed that tubercidin is promising and has potential antiviral ability against PRRSV replication in vitro. IMPORTANCE: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important swine diseases, which causes huge economic loss worldwide. However, there is no effective therapeutic method for PRRS prevention and control. Here, we found that tubercidin, a naturally extracted adenosine analog, exhibited strong anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) activity. Mechanically, tubercidin inhibited viral binding, replication, and release. Tubercidin suppressed PRRSV non-structural protein 2 expression, which is important for the formation of replication and transcription complex, leading to the block of viral RNA synthesis and PRRSV replication. Moreover, tubercidin could activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell innate immune signaling pathway and increased the expression of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, which was the other way to inhibit PRRSV replication. Our work evaluated the potential value of tubercidin as an antiviral agent on PRRSV replication and provided a new way to prevent PRRSV replication in vitro.


Subject(s)
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome , Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus , Swine , Animals , Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Tubercidin , Cytokines/metabolism , DEAD Box Protein 58 , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Tretinoin
4.
Bioorg Chem ; 143: 106963, 2024 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38048700

ABSTRACT

Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to nicotinamide (NAM) and other pyridine-related compounds and is involved in various metabolic processes in the human body. In addition, abnormal expression of NNMT occurs under various pathological conditions such as cancer, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, making it a promising drug target worthy of in-depth research. Small-molecule NNMT inhibitors with high potency and selectivity are necessary chemical tools to test biological hypotheses and potential therapies. In this study, we developed a series of highly active NNMT inhibitors by modifying N7 position of adenine. Among them, compound 3-12 (IC50 = 47.9 ± 0.6 nM) exhibited potent inhibitory activity and also had an excellent selectivity profile over a panel of human methyltransferases. We showed that the N7 position of adenine in the NNMT bisubstrate inhibitor was a modifiable site, thus offering insights into the development of NNMT inhibitors.


Subject(s)
Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase , Tubercidin , Humans , Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase/chemistry , Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase/metabolism , Tubercidin/metabolism , Niacinamide/pharmacology , Adenine , Secondary Metabolism
5.
Virus Res ; 339: 199275, 2024 01 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38008220

ABSTRACT

The emergence of new coronaviruses poses a significant threat to animal husbandry and human health. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is considered a re-emerging porcine enteric coronavirus, which causes fatal watery diarrhea in piglets. Currently, there are no effective drugs to combat PEDV. Drug repurposing screens have emerged as an attractive strategy to accelerate antiviral drug discovery and development. Here, we screened 206 natural products for antiviral activity using live PEDV infection in Vero cells and identified ten candidate antiviral agents. Among them, Tubercidin, a nucleoside analog derived from Streptomyces tubercidicus, showed promising antiviral activity against PEDV infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Tubercidin exhibited significant antiviral activity against both classical and variant PEDV. Time of addition assay showed that Tubercidin displayed a significant inhibitory effect on viral post-entry events but not during other periods. Molecular docking analysis indicated that Tubercidin had better docking efficiency and formed hydrophobic interactions with the active pocket of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of PEDV and other nidoviruses. Additionally, Tubercidin can effectively suppress other porcine nidoviruses, such as SADS-CoV and PRRSV, demonstrating its broad-spectrum antiviral properties. In summary, our findings provide valuable evidence for the antiviral activity of Tubercidin and offer insights into the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus infections.


Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Coronavirus , Nidovirales , Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus , Swine Diseases , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humans , Animals , Swine , Vero Cells , Tubercidin/pharmacology , Tubercidin/therapeutic use , Drug Repositioning , Molecular Docking Simulation , Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/genetics , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
6.
J Med Microbiol ; 72(11)2023 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37910006

ABSTRACT

Tubercidin is an adenosine analogue that has been shown to exhibit good activity against some tumours and parasites. In this study, the in vitro activity of tubercidin was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM). For determining the MICs of tubercidin, 23 fully drug-sensitive (DS) Mtb strains, 33 multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains, 29 pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (pre-XDR-TB) strains, 21 extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) strains, 17 rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and nine slowly growing mycobacteria (SGM) references strains were tested by microplate-based Alamar Blue assay (MABA) method. The results indicate that tubercidin has high in vitro activity against some drug-resistance Mtb strains and NTM reference strains, which warrants further investigation on the actions of tubercidin and its derivatives as potential drugs for mycobacterial infections.


Subject(s)
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis , Mycobacterium Infections , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Humans , Tubercidin , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
7.
Aging (Albany NY) ; 15(7): 2369-2370, 2023 03 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36988502
8.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(4)2023 Feb 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36834557

ABSTRACT

African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT), caused predominantly by Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. vivax and T. congolense, is a fatal livestock disease throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Treatment options are very limited and threatened by resistance. Tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine) analogs have shown activity against individual parasites but viable chemotherapy must be active against all three species. Divergence in sensitivity to nucleoside antimetabolites could be caused by differences in nucleoside transporters. Having previously characterized the T. brucei nucleoside carriers, we here report the functional expression and characterization of the main adenosine transporters of T. vivax (TvxNT3) and T. congolense (TcoAT1/NT10), in a Leishmania mexicana cell line ('SUPKO') lacking adenosine uptake. Both carriers were similar to the T. brucei P1-type transporters and bind adenosine mostly through interactions with N3, N7 and 3'-OH. Expression of TvxNT3 and TcoAT1 sensitized SUPKO cells to various 7-substituted tubercidins and other nucleoside analogs although tubercidin itself is a poor substrate for P1-type transporters. Individual nucleoside EC50s were similar for T. b. brucei, T. congolense, T. evansi and T. equiperdum but correlated less well with T. vivax. However, multiple nucleosides including 7-halogentubercidines displayed pEC50>7 for all species and, based on transporter and anti-parasite SAR analyses, we conclude that nucleoside chemotherapy for AAT is viable.


Subject(s)
Trypanosoma congolense , Trypanosomiasis, African , Animals , Trypanosomiasis, African/parasitology , Nucleosides/therapeutic use , Tubercidin/therapeutic use , Adenosine/therapeutic use , Cloning, Molecular
9.
Science ; 379(6632): 586-591, 2023 02 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36758070

ABSTRACT

Orthomyxo- and bunyaviruses steal the 5' cap portion of host RNAs to prime their own transcription in a process called "cap snatching." We report that RNA modification of the cap portion by host 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase 1 (MTr1) is essential for the initiation of influenza A and B virus replication, but not for other cap-snatching viruses. We identified with in silico compound screening and functional analysis a derivative of a natural product from Streptomyces, called trifluoromethyl-tubercidin (TFMT), that inhibits MTr1 through interaction at its S-adenosyl-l-methionine binding pocket to restrict influenza virus replication. Mechanistically, TFMT impairs the association of host cap RNAs with the viral polymerase basic protein 2 subunit in human lung explants and in vivo in mice. TFMT acts synergistically with approved anti-influenza drugs.


Subject(s)
Alphainfluenzavirus , Antiviral Agents , Betainfluenzavirus , Biological Products , Enzyme Inhibitors , Methyltransferases , RNA Caps , Tubercidin , Virus Replication , Animals , Humans , Mice , RNA Caps/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA, Viral/biosynthesis , Virus Replication/drug effects , Alphainfluenzavirus/drug effects , Betainfluenzavirus/drug effects , Biological Products/chemistry , Biological Products/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Tubercidin/analogs & derivatives , Tubercidin/pharmacology , Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Streptomyces/chemistry , Computer Simulation , A549 Cells
10.
ACS Chem Biol ; 17(12): 3507-3514, 2022 12 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36356213

ABSTRACT

A genome mining approach was used to identify a hybrid tubercidin-nucleocidin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in Streptomyces sp. AVP053U2. Analysis of culture extracts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a glucosylated tubercidin derivative. A gene, avpGT, was identified within the hybrid cluster that has homology to the glucosyltransferase that is responsible for 3'-O-ß-glucosylation of the fluorinated natural product nucleocidin. AvpGT was heterologously expressed and purified from Escherichia coli for in vitro characterization. AvpGT is active toward UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose as glycosyl donors and several nucleosides as acceptors. Kinetic analysis revealed that AvpGT is most specific for UDP-glucose [kcat/KMapp = (1.1 ± 0.3) × 105 M-1·s-1] as the glycosyl donor and tubercidin [kcat/KMapp = (5.3 ± 1.8) × 104 M-1·s-1] as the glycosyl acceptor. NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed the product of this reaction to be 3'-O-ß-glucopyranosyl tubercidin. A sequence analysis of AvpGT reveals a family of nucleoside-specific GTs, which may be used as markers of BGCs that produce glycosylated nucleosides.


Subject(s)
Glycosyltransferases , Nucleosides , Glycosyltransferases/metabolism , Kinetics , Tubercidin , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Uridine Diphosphate Glucose , Glucose
11.
Molecules ; 27(22)2022 Nov 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36432150

ABSTRACT

Among the scarce validated drug targets against Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite's nucleoside salvage system has recently attracted considerable attention. Although the trypanocidal activity of tubercidin (7-deazapurine) has long been known, the identification of a class of 7-substituted tubercidin analogs with potent in vitro and in vivo activity and much-enhanced selectivity has made nucleoside analogs among the most promising lead compounds against CD. Here, we investigate the recently identified TcrNT2 nucleoside transporter and its potential role in antimetabolite chemotherapy. TcrNT2, expressed in a Leishmania mexicana cell line lacking the NT1 nucleoside transporter locus, displayed very high selectivity and affinity for thymidine with a Km of 0.26 ± 0.05 µM. The selectivity was explained by interactions of 2-oxo, 4-oxo, 5-Me, 3'-hydroxy and 5'-hydroxy with the transporter binding pocket, whereas a hydroxy group at the 2' position was deleterious to binding. This made 5-halogenated 2'-deoxyuridine analogues good substrates but 5-F-2'-deoxyuridine displayed disappointing activity against T. cruzi trypomastigotes. By comparing the EC50 values of tubercidin and its 7-substituted analogues against L. mexicana Cas9, Cas9ΔNT1 and Cas9ΔNT1+TcrNT2 it was shown that TcrNT2 can take up tubercidin and, at a minimum, a subset of the analogs.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Trypanosoma cruzi , Humans , Nucleoside Transport Proteins , Tubercidin , Biological Transport , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Deoxyuridine
12.
Nat Aging ; 2: 851-866, 2022 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36438588

ABSTRACT

Cellular senescence is a stable type of cell cycle arrest triggered by different stresses. As such, senescence drives age-related diseases and curbs cellular replicative potential. Here, we show that 3-deazaadenosine (3DA), an S-adenosyl homocysteinase (AHCY) inhibitor, alleviates replicative and oncogene-induced senescence. 3DA-treated senescent cells showed reduced global Histone H3 Lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), an epigenetic modification that marks the bodies of actively transcribed genes. By integrating transcriptome and epigenome data, we demonstrate that 3DA treatment affects key factors of the senescence transcriptional program. Remarkably, 3DA treatment alleviated senescence and increased the proliferative and regenerative potential of muscle stem cells from very old mice in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, ex vivo 3DA treatment was sufficient to enhance the engraftment of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells in immunocompromised mice. Together, our results identify 3DA as a promising drug enhancing the efficiency of cellular therapies by restraining senescence.


Subject(s)
Cellular Senescence , Histones , Humans , Mice , Animals , Histones/genetics , Cellular Senescence/genetics , Tubercidin/pharmacology , Epigenesis, Genetic
13.
J Cell Mol Med ; 26(9): 2557-2565, 2022 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35318805

ABSTRACT

Although small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for a small fraction of lung cancer cases (~15%), the prognosis of patients with SCLC is poor with an average overall survival period of a few months without treatment. Current treatments include standard chemotherapy, which has minimal efficacy and a newly developed immunotherapy that thus far, benefits a limited number of patients. In the current study, we screened a natural product library and identified 5 natural compounds, in particular tubercidin and lycorine HCl, that display prominent anti-SCLC activities in vitro and in vivo. Subsequent RNA-sequencing and functional validation assays revealed the anti-SCLC mechanisms of these new compounds, and further identified new cellular factors such as BCAT1 as a potential therapeutic target with clinical implication in SCLC patients. Taken together, our study provides promising new directions for fighting this aggressive lung cancer.


Subject(s)
Lung Neoplasms , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma , Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids , Humans , Immunotherapy , Phenanthridines , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/drug therapy , Transaminases/therapeutic use , Tubercidin/therapeutic use
14.
Antiviral Res ; 198: 105254, 2022 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35101534

ABSTRACT

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The rapid global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 highlights the importance and urgency for potential drugs to control the pandemic. The functional importance of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in the viral life cycle, combined with structural conservation and absence of closely related homologs in humans, makes it an attractive target for designing antiviral drugs. Nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) are still the most promising broad-spectrum class of viral RdRp inhibitors. In this study, using our previously developed cell-based SARS-CoV-2 RdRp report system, we screened 134 compounds in the Selleckchemicals NAs library. Four candidate compounds, Fludarabine Phosphate, Fludarabine, 6-Thio-20-Deoxyguanosine (6-Thio-dG), and 5-Iodotubercidin, exhibit remarkable potency in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. Among these four compounds, 5-Iodotubercidin exhibited the strongest inhibition upon SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, and was resistant to viral exoribonuclease activity, thus presenting the best antiviral activity against coronavirus from a different genus. Further study showed that the RdRp inhibitory activity of 5-Iodotubercidin is closely related to its capacity to inhibit adenosine kinase (ADK).


Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , Tubercidin/analogs & derivatives , Cell Line , Deoxyguanosine/analogs & derivatives , Deoxyguanosine/pharmacology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , RNA, Viral/biosynthesis , RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/antagonists & inhibitors , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Thionucleosides/pharmacology , Tubercidin/pharmacology , Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives , Vidarabine/pharmacology , Vidarabine Phosphate/analogs & derivatives , Vidarabine Phosphate/pharmacology
15.
Molecules ; 27(3)2022 Jan 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35163974

ABSTRACT

Haspin, an atypical serine/threonine protein kinase, is a potential target for cancer therapy. 5-iodotubercidin (5-iTU), an adenosine derivative, has been identified as a potent Haspin inhibitor in vitro. In this paper, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to identify and quantitatively confirm the presence of halogen bonding (XB), specifically halogen∙∙∙π (aromatic) interaction between halogenated tubercidin ligands with Haspin. Consistent with previous theoretical finding, the site specificity of the XB binding over the ortho-carbon is identified in all cases. A systematic increase of the interaction energy down Group 17, based on both quantum chemical and MD results, supports the important role of halogen bonding in this series of inhibitors. The observed trend is consistent with the experimental observation of the trend of activity within the halogenated tubercidin ligands (F < Cl < Br < I). Furthermore, non-covalent interaction (NCI) plots show that cooperative non-covalent interactions, namely, hydrogen and halogen bonds, contribute to the binding of tubercidin ligands toward Haspin. The understanding of the role of halogen bonding interaction in the ligand-protein complexes may shed light on rational design of potent ligands in the future.


Subject(s)
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/ultrastructure , Tubercidin/chemistry , Halogenation , Halogens/chemistry , Hydrogen Bonding , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/chemistry , Ligands , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry , Thermodynamics , Tubercidin/analogs & derivatives , Tubercidin/antagonists & inhibitors
16.
Chemistry ; 28(9): e202103872, 2022 Feb 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34878201

ABSTRACT

Anomeric base pairs in heterochiral DNA with strands in the α-d and ß-d configurations and homochiral DNA with both strands in α-d configuration were functionalized. The α-d anomers of 2'-deoxyuridine and 7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine were synthesized and functionalized with clickable octadiynyl side chains. Nucleosides were protected and converted to phosphoramidites. Solid-phase synthesis furnished 12-mer oligonucleotides, which were hybridized. Pyrene click adducts display fluorescence, a few of them with excimer emission. Tm values and thermodynamic data revealed the following order of duplex stability α/α-d≫ß/ß-d≥α/ß-d. CD spectra disclosed that conformational changes occur during hybridization. Functionalized DNAs were modeled and energy minimized. Clickable side chains and bulky click adducts are well accommodated in the grooves of anomeric DNA. The investigation shows for the first time that anomeric DNAs can be functionalized in the same way as canonical DNA for potential applications in nucleic acid chemistry, chemical biology, and DNA material science.


Subject(s)
DNA , Tubercidin , Base Pairing , DNA/chemistry , Deoxyuridine , Tubercidin/analogs & derivatives
17.
Curr Protoc ; 1(11): e297, 2021 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34837670

ABSTRACT

A convenient synthetic method for preparing 3-deazapurine nucleosides (3-deazainosine, 3-deazaadenosine, and 3-deazaguanosine) from inosine via a 5-ethynyl-1-ß-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR) derivative, which is a key intermediate, is described. A large-scale synthesis of an EICAR derivative starting from inosine was achieved in six steps via dinitrophenylation at the N1 position followed by ring opening, iodination of the resulting 5-amino group, and a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. The resulting EICAR derivative was then converted into 3-deazainosine, 3-deazaadenosine, and 3-deazaguanosine. This route enabled us to synthesize 3-deazapurine nucleosides conveniently in good yields. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of 5-ethynyl-1-ß-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR) derivative 6 Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of 3-deazapurine nucleosides 8, 11, and 14.


Subject(s)
Inosine , Nucleosides , Guanosine/analogs & derivatives , Tubercidin
18.
Phys Chem Chem Phys ; 23(34): 18404-18413, 2021 Sep 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34612381

ABSTRACT

As a human mitotic kinase, haspin is considered as a promising target for various diseases including cancers. However, no inhibitors targeting haspin have entered clinical trials presently. 5-iTU (5-iodotubercidin) is a useful and classical chemical probe for the investigation of haspin activity, but its inhibitory mechanism remains unclear. In this study, integrated molecular dynamics (MD) of conventional MD, extended adaptive biasing force (eABF), random acceleration MD and well-tempered metadynamics were applied to investigate the thermodynamic and kinetic features of 5-iTU and three derivatives targeting haspin. To emphasize the importance of gatekeeper Phe605, two haspin mutants (F605Y and F605T) were also built. The results showed that the binding affinity of 5-iTU and haspin was highest in all wild type (WT) systems, relying on the strong halogen aromatic π interaction between 5-iTU and gatekeeper Phe605. Gatekeeper mutations, because of damage to this interaction, led to the rearrangement of water distributions at the binding site and the decrease of 5-iTU residence times. Additionally, compared with the smaller 5-fTU, 5-iTU dissociated from WT haspin with more difficulty through distinct unbinding pathways. These findings will provide crucial guidance for the design and development of novel haspin inhibitors and the rational modification of existing inhibitors.


Subject(s)
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Thermodynamics , Tubercidin/analogs & derivatives , Humans , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Kinetics , Molecular Conformation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Tubercidin/chemistry , Tubercidin/pharmacology
19.
FASEB J ; 35(10): e21923, 2021 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34551143

ABSTRACT

Our recent studies have shown that haspin, a protein kinase imperative for mitosis, is engaged in the interphase progression of HeLa and U2OS cancer cells. In this investigation, we employed the Fucci reporter system and time-lapse imaging to examine the impact of haspin gene silencing on cell cycle progressions at a single-cell level. We found that the loss of haspin induced multiple cell cycle defects. Specifically, the S/G2 duration was greatly prolonged by haspin gene depletion or inhibition in synchronous HeLa cells. Haspin gene depletion in asynchronous HeLa and U2OS cells led to a similarly protracted S/G2 phase, followed by mitotic cell death or postmitotic G1 arrest. In addition, haspin deficiency resulted in robust induction of the p21CIP1/WAF1 checkpoint protein, a target of the p53 activation. Also, co-depleting haspin with either p21 or p53 could rescue U2OS cells from postmitotic G1 arrest and partially restore their proliferation. These results substantiate the haspin's capacity to regulate interphase and mitotic progression, offering a broader antiproliferative potential of haspin loss in cancer cells.


Subject(s)
Cell Cycle , Cell Proliferation , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency , Neoplasms/pathology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Cycle/genetics , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Fluorescent Dyes , G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects , G2 Phase/drug effects , Humans , Interphase/drug effects , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics , Mitosis/drug effects , Neoplasms/genetics , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , S Phase/drug effects , Tubercidin/analogs & derivatives , Tubercidin/pharmacology , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics , Ubiquitination , Up-Regulation/drug effects
20.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 49(8): 4281-4293, 2021 05 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33856457

ABSTRACT

Deazapurine nucleosides such as 3-deazaadenosine (c3A) are crucial for atomic mutagenesis studies of functional RNAs. They were the key for our current mechanistic understanding of ribosomal peptide bond formation and of phosphodiester cleavage in recently discovered small ribozymes, such as twister and pistol RNAs. Here, we present a comprehensive study on the impact of c3A and the thus far underinvestigated 3-deazaguanosine (c3G) on RNA properties. We found that these nucleosides can decrease thermodynamic stability of base pairing to a significant extent. The effects are much more pronounced for 3-deazapurine nucleosides compared to their constitutional isomers of 7-deazapurine nucleosides (c7G, c7A). We furthermore investigated base pair opening dynamics by solution NMR spectroscopy and revealed significantly enhanced imino proton exchange rates. Additionally, we solved the X-ray structure of a c3A-modified RNA and visualized the hydration pattern of the minor groove. Importantly, the characteristic water molecule that is hydrogen-bonded to the purine N3 atom and always observed in a natural double helix is lacking in the 3-deazapurine-modified counterpart. Both, the findings by NMR and X-ray crystallographic methods hence provide a rationale for the reduced pairing strength. Taken together, our comparative study is a first major step towards a comprehensive understanding of this important class of nucleoside modifications.


Subject(s)
RNA Stability , RNA/chemistry , Tubercidin/chemistry , Base Pairing , Crystallography, X-Ray , Mutagenesis , Purines/chemistry , RNA/genetics , Thermodynamics
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