Paralytic Ileus during Treatment of Pulmonary and Renal Tuberculosis in a Non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patient: An Unusual Presentation of Tuberculosis-immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.

Paralytic ileus as tuberculosis-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) is extremely rare. We herein report a 44-year-old man with pulmonary and renal tuberculosis who developed paralytic ileus 14 days after starting antituberculosis therapy (ATT) despite an initial favorable response to ATT. Paralytic ileus was successfully managed with conservative care. He initially required hemodialysis because of obstructive uropathy due to renal tuberculosis, but he was able to withdraw from dialysis after placement of ureteral stents. TB-IRIS can affect organs other than the original sites of tuberculosis, and the combined use of steroids may be effective for its prevention and treatment.

Renal Tuberculosis Following Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is usually effectively treated with transurethral resection (TUR), most often followed by intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or intravesical chemotherapy. Although the precise mechanism of BCG immunotherapy is still unclear, a local immune response is presumed. However, a number of severe side effects and complications are related to intravesical immunotherapy. AIM: Aim of this report is to present rare case of the renal granulomatous disease in a patient previously treated with intravesical instillation of BCG immunotherapy, following TURBT. In addition, we performed review of previously reported cases of renal granulomas following intravesical BCG immunotherapy. CASE REPORT: A 79-year-old man was presented to Urology Clinic due to clinically verified tumor of the urinary bladder. After transurethral resection of bladder tumor, histopathological analysis revealed the diagnosis of papillary urothelial high-grade pT1 carcinoma. Intravesical BCG immunotherapy was initiated, according to protocol currently used in our institution. Upon completion of therapy with BCG, we re-examined the patient and, using ultrasound, found a change in the right kidney, resembling moth bites not seen on CT scan before TURBT. Additionally, CT-guided core-needle biopsy of the affected kidney was performed, and the specimen was sent for histopathological analysis, which revealed chronic necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. Antituberculotic therapy was initiated for 6 months. Upon completion of antituberculotic therapy, control CT-scan was performed at follow-up, indicating regression of changes on the right kidney. CONCLUSION: This case report emphasizes the importance of consistent implementation of follow-up protocol and the identification of lesions during the asymptomatic period and enables the proper treatment of the disease. To reduce the incidence of adverse effects of BCG treatment for bladder tumors, an individualized approach is needed.

Remember the "Putty Kidney"-A Reminder of Days Gone by.

The term ''putty kidney'' was first used in 1906 by Dr. F. Tilden Brown, a genitourinary surgeon, to describe a well-defined density seen in kidney region on standard radiograph which is caused by a ''putty-like'' substance that had formed a cast inside a tuberculous kidney. The putty kidney is a classic imaging sign, rarely seen nowadays which represents a nonfunctioning autonephrectomized kidney seen in end stage renal tuberculosis.1-5 Here, we describe a 45-year-old female with left flank pain who on imaging had a classic putty kidney which led to an evaluation and later confirmation of a diagnosis of renal tuberculosis.

Curious case of fever of unknown origin.

A 58-year-old immunocompetent woman presented with fever and significant weight loss of 4-month duration. She had mild pallor; rest of the examination was unremarkable. Investigations revealed anaemia with raised inflammatory markers. Cultures, serologies, routine urine examination, bone marrow examination, contrast enhanced CT and two-dimensional echocardiography examination were unremarkable. An 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with CT (18F-FDG-PET/CT) scan was performed which revealed atypical heterogenous uptake in bilateral renal cortex. Subsequently, urine GeneXpert came positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis with sensitivity to rifampicin. She responded to category 1 antitubercular therapy. The challenges in diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis, low sensitivity of conventional diagnostic tests and potential role of GeneXpert and 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan are discussed in this report.

Multidetector computed tomography has replaced conventional intravenous excretory urography in imaging of the kidneys: a scoping review of multidetector computed tomography findings in renal tuberculosis

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide infectious disease burden, especially in non-developed countries, with increased morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Extrapulmonary TB is rare and renal TB is one of the commonest manifestations. The end result of renal TB is end-stage renal disease; however, this can be avoided if the diagnosis is made early. The diagnosis of renal TB is challenging because of the non-specific presentation and low sensitivity of clinical tests. Although the sequel of TB infection in the kidney causes varying manifestations depending on the stage of the disease, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is capable of demonstrating early findings. We performed a 20-year scoping review of MDCT findings in renal TB to promote awareness. Aim: To identify specific MDCT imaging characteristics of renal TB, promote early diagnosis and increase awareness of the typical imaging features. Methods and material: We searched published and unpublished literature from 1997 to 2017 using a combination of search terms on electronic databases. We followed the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Results: A total of 150 articles were identified, of which 145 were found through electronic search engines and 5 were obtained from grey literature. Seventy-nine articles that fulfilled our inclusion criteria were reviewed. These included original research, case reports, literature review, organisational reports and grey literature. Conclusion: Multidetector computed tomography can reproduce images comparable with intravenous excretory urography; together with advantages of being able to better assess the renal parenchyma and surrounding spaces, it is important in suggesting the diagnosis of renal TB and clinicians should consider including MDCT when investigating patients with recurrent urinary tract infection not responding to usual antimicrobial therapy

Tuberculous pyelonephritis in children: three case reports.

Tuberculous pyelonephritis is rare in children; three case reports are presented. Case 1 was an 11-year-old girl with a previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis who presented with flank pain and fever for 10 days. An ultrasound suggested focal pyelonephritis, and a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan demonstrated acute focal pyelonephritis and a perinephric collection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured in the urine. She responded well to anti-tuberculous treatment (ATT). Case 2 was a 13-year-old boy who presented with fever, haematuria, burning micturition, proteinuria (3+) and cervical lymphadenopathy. The Mantoux test was strongly positive. Chest radiograph demonstrated right hilar lymphadenopathy and ultrasonography showed evidence of acute pyelonephritis. Tuberculous lymphadenitis was diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from cervical lymph nodes and he responded to ATT. Follow-up urinalysis and ultrasound were normal. Case 3 was a 6-year-old boy, a known case of pulmonary tuberculosis (from 2 years of age) and a previous defaulter from ATT. He presented with symptoms of lumbar pain and dysuria. Chest radiograph demonstrated mediastinal lymphadenopathy and a CECT of the head showed a tuberculous granuloma. CECT of the abdomen showed an enlarged left kidney with focal pyelonephritis, an abscess in the upper pole and parenchymal calcification. FNAC of the cervical lymph nodes supported a diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis with tuberculous pyelonephritis. He was given 8 months of ATT. Fifteen months later he presented again with clinical and urinary findings of urinary tract infection. CECT now demonstrated gross hydronephrosis of the left kidney, and it was confirmed to be non-functioning by a DMSA scan and magnetic resonance urogram. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid showed a GFR of 44.3 ml/min/1.73 m2. Nephrectomy was undertaken and the histology confirmed tuberculous pyelonephritis. Six months later he was well with an eGFR of 87.2 ml/min/m2. In patients with symptoms of urinary tract infection but sterile urine who do not respond to antibiotics or have evidence of tuberculous elsewhere in the body, careful consideration should be given to the possibility of tuberculous pyelonephritis.

Extrapulmonary involvement in pediatric tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis in childhood is clinically challenging, but it is a preventable and treatable disease. Risk factors depend on age and immunity status. The most common form of pediatric tuberculosis is pulmonary disease, which comprises more than half of the cases. Other forms make up the extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves infection of the lymph nodes, central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, hepatobiliary tree, and renal and musculoskeletal systems. Knowledge of the imaging characteristics of pediatric tuberculosis provides clues to diagnosis. This article aims to review the imaging characteristics of common sites for extrapulmonary tuberculous involvement in children.

[Clinical and morphological parallels in the validation of surgical treatment of nephrotuberculosi].

AIM: To Study clinical and morphological variants of kidney tuberculosis (KTB), for grounding a tactics of surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 107 examined patients (patients with cavitary lesions of kidneys: cavernous and multi-cavernous), operated in different phases of KTB. There were 56 men (52,3%) and women - 51(47,7%). The mean age of patients was 57,6 years (23-84 years). All the patients had a complex examination, including X-ray and ultrasound investigations, computer tomography ( was performed selectively), bacteriological examinations of urine and morphological examinations of removed kidneys or their parts. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Surgical interventions were as follows: open surgery nephrectomy 86/107 (80,4%), open organ-sparing surgery (resections of kidneys) 21/107 ( 19,6%). Mycobacterium tuberculosis were revealed by cultural method in 68,6% of cases in patients with cavernous KTB and in 76,3% of cases in patients with multi-cavernous KTB. In appliance with pathomorphological results of presented specimens, there were revealed 3 groups, each one with its own properties of cavern wall. I group (74 specimens) - stage of active progressing KTB, II group (20 specimens) - stage of intermediate activity, III group (13 specimens) - stage of healed caverns. Performed morphological investigations allowed us grounded a rational tactics of surgical treatment. It was defined that the longer specific anti-TB therapy was carried out the less frequency of TB progression we would have. However when it presented isolated cavitary lesion (isolated cavern), the performance of adequate and long courses of chemotherapy is not worth to do. Only surgical interventions (resection of infected tissue) with the anti-TB therapy allowed to reach the satisfactory results in treatment of KTB.

Renal tuberculosis: a case report.

Tuberculosis or TB (tubercle bacillus) remains a major public health problem in developing countries. Over the last decades extrapulmonary locations of the disease have become more frequent due to the increased prevalence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and the increase number of organ transplants. The urogenital localization represents about 27% of all extra-pulmonary localizations of TB and may be due either to a disseminated infection or to a primitive genitourinary localization. The majority of patients, has pyuria, sometimes with hematuria. The diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis is based on the finding of pyuria in the absence of infection by common bacteria. The initial medical treatment includes isoniazide, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin. This disease should be suspected in patients with unexplained urinary tract infections, especially if immunocompromised and/or coming from endemic areas.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the kidney.

Although the most common renal infection, acute pyelonephritis, can typically be diagnosed on clinical and laboratory examinations, radiologic studies play a role in evaluating for complications and in examining the high-risk patient for more serious complications and atypical infections. It is imperative that the radiologist be familiar with renal infections beyond the common acute pyelonephritis.