Polymorphism in the aggressive mimicry lure of the parasitic freshwater mussel Lampsilis fasciola.

Unionoid freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) are free-living apart from a brief, obligately parasitic, larval stage that infects fish hosts, and gravid female mussels have evolved a spectrum of strategies to infect fish hosts with their larvae. In many North American species, this involves displaying a mantle lure: a pigmented fleshy extension that acts as an aggressive mimic of a host fish prey, thereby eliciting a feeding response that results in host infection. The mantle lure of Lampsilis fasciola is of particular interest because it is apparently polymorphic, with two distinct primary lure phenotypes. One, described as "darter-like", has "eyespots", a mottled body coloration, prominent marginal extensions, and a distinct "tail". The other, described as "worm-like", lacks those features and has an orange and black coloration. We investigated this phenomenon using genomics, captive rearing, biogeographic, and behavioral analyses. Within-brood lure variation and within-population phylogenomic (ddRAD-seq) analyses of individuals bearing different lures confirmed that this phenomenon is a true polymorphism. The relative abundance of the two morphs appears stable over ecological timeframes: the ratio of the two lure phenotypes in a River Raisin (MI) population in 2017 was consistent with that of museum samples collected at the same site six decades earlier. Within the River Raisin, four main "darter-like" lure motifs visually approximated four co-occurring darter species (Etheostoma blennioides, E. exile, E. microperca, and Percina maculata), and the "worm-like" lure resembled a widespread common leech, Macrobdella decora. Darters and leeches are typical prey of Micropterus dolomieui (smallmouth bass), the primary fish host of L. fasciola. In situ field recordings of the L. fasciola "darter" and "leech" lure display behaviors, and the lure display of co-occurring congener L. cardium, were captured. Despite having putative models in distinct phyla, both L. fasciola lure morphs have largely similar display behaviors that differ significantly from that of sympatric L. cardium individuals. Some minor differences in the behavior between the two L. fasciola morphs were observed, but we found no clear evidence for a behavioral component of the polymorphism given the criteria measured. Discovery of discrete within-brood inheritance of the lure polymorphism implies potential control by a single genetic locus and identifies L. fasciola as a promising study system to identify regulatory genes controlling a key adaptive trait of freshwater mussels.

Unveiling the lead exposure attributed burden in Iran from 1990 to 2019 through the lens of the Global Burden of Disease study 2019.

This study aimed to investigate the estimated burden attributed to lead exposure (LE), at the national and subnational levels from 1990 to 2019 in Iran. The burden attributed to LE was determined through the estimation of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) using the comparative risk assessment method of Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study presenting as age-standardized per 100,000 person year (PY) with 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UI). Furthermore, the burden of each disease were recorded independently. Eventually, the age-standardized YLLs, DALYs, deaths and YLDs rates attributed to LE demonstrated a decrease of 50.7%, 48.9%, 38.0%, and 36.4%, respectively, from 1990 to 2019. The most important causes of LE burden are divided into two acute and chronic categories: acute, mainly causes mental disorders (DALYs rate of 36.0 in 2019), and chronic, results in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (DALYs rate of 391.8) and chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) (DALYs rate of 26.6), with CVDs bearing the most significant burden. At the sub-national level, a decrease in burden was evident in most provinces; moreover, low and low-middle SDI provinces born the highest burden. The burden increased mainly by ageing and was higher in males than females. It was concluded that although the overall decrease in the burden; still it is high, especially in low and low-middle SDI provinces, in advanced ages and in males. Among IDID, CKDs and CVDs that are the most important causes of LE-attributed burden in Iran; CVDs bear the highest burden.

Storylines of family medicine IV: perspectives on practice-lenses of appreciation.

Storylines of Family Medicine is a 12-part series of thematically linked mini-essays with accompanying illustrations that explore the many dimensions of family medicine, as interpreted by individual family physicians and medical educators in the USA and elsewhere around the world. In 'IV: perspectives on practice-lenses of appreciation', authors address the following themes: 'Relational connections in the doctor-patient partnership', 'Feminism and family medicine', 'Positive family medicine', 'Mindful practice', 'The new, old ethics of family medicine', 'Public health, prevention and populations', 'Information mastery in family medicine' and 'Clinical courage.' May readers nurture their curiosity through these essays.

Consciousness transitions during epilepsy seizures through the lens of integrated information theory.

Consciousness is one of the most complex aspects of human experience. Studying the mechanisms involved in the transitions among different levels of consciousness remains as one of the greatest challenges in neuroscience. In this study we use a measure of integrated information (ΦAR) to evaluate dynamic changes during consciousness transitions. We applied the measure to intracranial electroencephalography (SEEG) recordings collected from 6 patients that suffer from refractory epilepsy, taking into account inter-ictal, pre-ictal and ictal periods. We analyzed the dynamical evolution of ΦAR in groups of electrode contacts outside the epileptogenic region and compared it with the Consciousness Seizure Scale (CCS). We show that changes on ΦAR are significantly correlated with changes in the reported states of consciousness.

The First High-Quality Genome Assembly of Freshwater Pearl Mussel Sinohyriopsis cumingii: New Insights into Pearl Biomineralization.

China leads the world in freshwater pearl production, an industry in which the triangle sail mussel (Sinohyriopsis cumingii) plays a pivotal role. In this paper, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of S. cumingii with a size of 2.90 Gb-the largest yet reported among bivalves-and 89.92% anchorage onto 19 linkage groups. The assembled genome has 37,696 protein-coding genes and 50.86% repeat elements. A comparative genomic analysis revealed expansions of 752 gene families, mostly associated with biomineralization, and 237 genes under strong positive selection. Notably, the fibrillin gene family exhibited gene family expansion and positive selection simultaneously, and it also exhibited multiple high expressions after mantle implantation by transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, RNA silencing and an in vitro calcium carbonate crystallization assay highlighted the pivotal role played by one fibrillin gene in calcium carbonate deposition and aragonite transformation. This study provides a valuable genomic resource and offers new insights into the mechanism of pearl biomineralization.

Evaluation of Chronic Effects of Potassium Chloride and Nickel on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of a Unionid Mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea).

The ASTM International standard test method for freshwater mussels (E2455-13) recommends 4-week toxicity testing with juveniles to evaluate chronic effects on survival and growth. However, concerns remain that the method may not adequately address the sensitivity of mussels to longer term exposures (>4 weeks), particularly in relation to potential reproductive impairments. No standard method directly evaluates toxicant effects on mussel reproduction. The objectives of the present study were to (1) evaluate toxicity endpoints related to reproduction in fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea) using two common reference toxicants, potassium chloride (KCl) and nickel (Ni); (2) evaluate the survival and growth of juvenile fatmucket in standard 4-week and longer term (12-week) KCl and Ni tests following a method refined from the standard method; and (3) compare the sensitivity of the reproductive endpoints with the endpoints obtained from the juvenile mussel tests. Reproductive toxicity tests were conducted by first exposing female fatmucket brooding mature larvae (glochidia) to five test concentrations of KCl and Ni for 6 weeks. Subsamples of the glochidia were then removed from the adults to determine three reproductive endpoints: (1) the viability of brooded glochidia; (2) the viability of free glochidia in a 24-h exposure to the same toxicant concentrations as their mother; and (3) the success of glochidia parasitism on host fish. Mean viability of brooded glochidia was significantly reduced in the high KCl concentration (26 mg K/L) relative to the control, with a 20% effect concentration (EC20) of 14 mg K/L, but there were no significant differences between the control and any Ni treatment (EC20 > 95 µg Ni/L). The EC20s for viability of free glochidia after the additional 24-h exposure and parasitism success were similar to the EC20s of brooded glochidia. The EC20s based on the most sensitive biomass endpoint in the 4-week juvenile tests were 15 mg K/L and 91 µg Ni/L, similar to or greater than the EC20s from the reproductive KCl and Ni tests, respectively. When exposure duration in the juvenile tests was extended from 4 to 12 weeks, the EC20s decreased by more than 50% in the KCl test but by only 8% in the Ni test. Overall, these results indicate that a standard 4-week test with juvenile mussels can prove effective for estimating effects in chronic exposures with different life stages although a longer term 12-week exposure with juvenile mussels may reveal higher sensitivity of mussels to some toxicants, such as KCl. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1097-1111. © 2024 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

Low complexity smart grid security protocol based on elliptic curve cryptography, biometrics and hamming distance.

The incorporation of information and communication technologies in the power grids has greatly enhanced efficiency in the management of demand-responses. In addition, smart grids have seen considerable minimization in energy consumption and enhancement in power supply quality. However, the transmission of control and consumption information over open public communication channels renders the transmitted messages vulnerable to numerous security and privacy violations. Although many authentication and key agreement protocols have been developed to counter these issues, the achievement of ideal security and privacy levels at optimal performance still remains an uphill task. In this paper, we leverage on Hamming distance, elliptic curve cryptography, smart cards and biometrics to develop an authentication protocol. It is formally analyzed using the Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic, which shows strong mutual authentication and session key negotiation. Its semantic security analysis demonstrates its robustness under all the assumptions of the Dolev-Yao (DY) and Canetti- Krawczyk (CK) threat models. From the performance perspective, it is shown to incur communication, storage and computation complexities compared with other related state of the art protocols.

Partisan animosity through the lens of blame: Partisan animosity can be reduced by a historicist thinking intervention.

Partisan animosity has been on the rise in America. Partisan animosity involves blame, wherein political partisans blame outparty members for their beliefs and actions. Here, we examine whether a historicist thinking intervention-drawn from research on blame mitigation-can reduce partisan animosity. The intervention consisted of three components: (1) a narrative about the idiosyncratic development of one political opponent paired with (2) a message about how unique life experiences shape everyone's political beliefs and (3) a suggestion that outparty members can be changed by future formative experiences. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the intervention reduced cold feelings-measured via Feeling Thermometer-towards the outparty for both Democrats and Republicans. Experiments 3 and 4 focused on more specific emotional changes. Experiment 3 showed that, for Democrats, the intervention increased compassion. Experiment 4 showed that, for Republicans, the intervention reduced disgust, disapproval, anger, and contempt, but had no impact on compassion. For Democrats, but not for Republicans, reductions in animosity were mediated by reduced perceptions of control of self-formation, the mediator identified in prior work on historicist thinking and blame mitigation.

Integrated analysis of physiological, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses of the gills in Solenaia oleivora under ammonia exposure.

Ammonia is a common toxicant in aquatic systems and one of the key factors affecting aquaculture. However, data on mollusks' toxic response and coping mechanisms to ammonia nitrogen, especially freshwater mollusks, are still lacking. In this study, we evaluated the tolerance of a freshwater mollusk Solenaia oleivora to ammonia and investigated its coping mechanisms by combining physiological, metabolic, and transcriptomic analyses in the gills. The acute toxicity test revealed that the LC50-96 h (temperature-20 â„ƒ, pH-7.4) of ammonia in S. oleivora was 63.29 mg/L. The physiological and TUNEL results showed that although 10 mg/L ammonia exposure increased the activities of antioxidant, immune and ammonia detoxification-related enzymes, it still caused oxidative damage and cell apoptosis of gill tissues. A total of 97 differential metabolites (DMs) and 3431 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after ammonia stress. Among them, most DMs and DEGs were involved in immune response, antioxidant, cell apoptosis, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. The enhancement of glycolysis and lipid metabolisms may provide energy for immune response and ammonia detoxification. In addition, glutamine synthesis, alanine synthesis and urea cycle were involved in ammonia nitrogen detoxification in the gill tissue of S. oleivora. Our results indicate that ammonia leads to individual death in S. oleivora, as wells as oxidative damage, cell apoptosis, immune response, and metabolic changes of gill tissues. The findings will provide valuable information to assess the potential ecological risk of environmental ammonia to freshwater mollusks and theoretical guidance for the healthy aquaculture of S. oleivora.

Copper Stress Causes Shell Morphology Changes in Early Juvenile Anodonta woodiana Based on Geometric-Morphometric Analysis.

In this study, the morphological characteristics of early juvenile shells of Anodonta woodiana, which were exposed to different concentrations of aqueous copper, were analyzed using 10 landmarks to determine morphological changes in the shells. Morphological changes mainly occurred at the top of the shell and front and back ends of the central axis. Stepwise discriminant analysis proved shape differences among experimental and control groups. The results of this study demonstrate for the first time that environmentally relevant copper concentrations cause stress-related morphological changes in A. woodiana in the vulnerable early juvenile stage.

Radiological hazard assessment of 210Po in freshwater mussels (Sinanodonta jourdyi) and golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Vietnam.

210Po is a significant source of ionizing radiation that people are exposed to through food globally. This paper presents the wide range of accumulation level of 210Po in the organs of two species of shellfish including freshwater mussel (Sinanodonta jourdyi) and golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), common freshwater species in Vietnam. There was a significant correlation between 210Po activity in muscle to their mass and size of freshwater mussels. In contrast, there was no relation between other organs of both species with their mass and size. The annual effective dose due to consumption of freshwater mussels ranged from 68.7 to 291 µSv year-1 with a mean value of 138 µSv year-1 for muscle and from 321 to 4560 µSv year-1 with a mean value of 1422 µSv year-1 for the hepatopancreas. Meanwhile, the AED for golden apple snail was recorded to be higher with values ranging from 105 to 2189 µSv year-1 with mean value of 673 µSv year-1 for muscle and from 468 to 4155 µSv year-1 with a mean value of 2332 µSv year-1 for hepatopancreas. Thus, the consumption of these two types of shellfish is considered relatively safe, but the hepatopancreas gland must be removed before processing.

Let us take a walk to the sustainable tourism practices: a qualitative study through the lens of tourism experts.

The rising opportunities of sustainable tourism have brought many policies to control the exploitation of the environment and increase the reach of luxurious, safe, and authentic experiences to the different segments of tourists. This study seeks to prioritize the variables influencing the development of sustainable tourism and pinpoint key success factors that align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It adopts a tri-dimensional framework encompassing economic, social, and environmental aspects, further delineated into eleven sub-dimensions, to provide a quantitative evaluation of sustainable tourism. We conducted interviews with 26 tourism industry experts hailing from eight countries, analyzing their responses using interval type-2 fuzzy sets. The results underscore the critical role of specific components in advancing sustainable tourism. In the economic dimension, "financial resources and tourism costs" emerge as vital factors. In the social dimension, "health and safety" takes center stage, while "green infrastructure" plays a pivotal role in the environmental dimension. These findings underscore the significance of these aspects in promoting sustainable tourism. Furthermore, this study explores the strategic importance of sustainable tourism equity in shaping tourism planning and development for emerging markets.

Digitalization, new business Startups, information and Communication Technologies and product innovation: Evidence From China in the lens of sustainability.

The global economies and international organizations are inclined towards sustainable growth, technological advancements and product innovations. China is the leading economy in information and communication technologies and among the major industrially expanded economies covering a substantial share of the global market in exports. The prime objective of this study is to explore the role of digitalization and Information and communication technologies (ICT) for product innovation (PIN). In doing so, the study also attempts to draw some novel implications regarding business, entrepreneurship, and product innovation in the lens of sustainability. This current study use the annual data of China from 1990-2020. The empirical analysis was conducted using the stationarity testing and the Johansen cointegration test. In addition, due to the data's asymmetrical distribution, the non-parametric "quantile regression" is used. For robustness, this study employs the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square, Canonical Cointegration, and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square methods. The empirical results reveal that economic progress and financial development are substantial factors of product innovation. The robust analysis reveals that medium and high-tech industries and information and communication technology adversely affect product innovation. Further, the presence of financial development transforms the negative influence of information and communication technology into a positive. The current study concludes more investments in the technological industry are required to encourage product innovation in China. The study discusses some policy-related implications in the context of business sustainability and product innovation.

A Novel Kunitz-Type Serine Protease Inhibitor (HcKuSPI) is Involved in Antibacterial Defense in Innate Immunity and Participates in Shell Formation of Hyriopsis cumingii.

Serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) are abundantly reported for its inhibition against specific proteases involved in the immune responses, but SPI data related to calcareous shells are scarce. Previously, our research group has reported the proteome analysis of non-nucleated pearl powder, and a candidate matrix protein containing two Kunitz domains in the acid soluble fraction caught our attention. In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequence of HcKuSPI was obtained from Hyriopsis cumingii. HcKuSPI was specifically expressed in the mantle, with hybridization signals mainly concentrated to dorsal epithelial cells at the mantle edge and weak signals at the mantle pallium, suggesting HcKuSPI was involved in shell formation. HcKuSPI expression in the mantle was upregulated after Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus challenge to extrapallial fluids (EPFs). A glutathione S transferase (GST)-HcKuSPI recombinant protein showed strong inhibitory activity against the proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Moreover, HcKuSPI expression in an experimental group was significantly higher when compared with a control group during pellicle growth and crystal deposition in shell regeneration processes, while the organic shell framework of newborn prisms and nacre tablets was completely destroyed after HcKuSPI RNA interference (RNAi). Therefore, HcKuSPI secreted by the mantle may effectively neutralize excess proteases and bacterial proteases in the EPF during bacterial infection and could prevent matrix protein extracellular degradation by suppressing protease proteolytic activity, thereby ensuring a smooth shell biomineralization. In addition, GST-HcKuSPI was also crucial for crystal morphology regulation. These results have important implications for our understanding of the potential roles of SPIs during shell biomineralization.

Molecular phylogenetic position and the life cycle of Phyllodistomum cyprini Feng et Wang, 1995 in Japan, with a note of a larval Phyllodistomum sp. from unionid mussels in North America.

A gorgoderid species, Phyllodistomum cyprini Feng et Wang, 1995 obtained from ureters of common carp, Cyprinus carpio in Japan is described both morphologically and molecularly. Its larval stage is a macrocercous cercaria found in a unionid mussel, Nodularia nipponensis first described by Urabe et al. (2015). A molecular phylogenetic study revealed that P. cyprini is not closely related to rhopalocercous cercariae from unionid mussels both in Europe and North America. This result indicates that there are several distinct clades in Phyllodistomum species that use unionid mussels as a first intermediate host, and suggests that the cercarial morphology may be a more accurate indicator of the phylogeny of Phyllodistomum than molluscan host identity.

Morphological description of the glochidia of Buldowskia suifunica (Bivalvia: Unionidae).

Freshwater mussels of the genus Buldowskia (Bivalvia, Unionidae) are distributed from the Amur River basin in Russia and China southward to the Korean Peninsula and some Japanese islands. This work is an integrative morphological study of Buldowskia suifunica glochidia from locations in the Primorsky Territory, the Russian Far East. Glochidia of B. suifunica, taken from the same gill have asynchronous development. The external and internal morphology of its shell has been characterized. The morphology of its sensory system, within three stages of larval development (immature, intermediate and mature glochidia), consists of hair cells as well as nonhair cells. Their muscle system is composed of massive adductor and minor muscle bundles. The FMRFamid-ergic nervous system turned out to be a complex system includes basal cells (neurons), their neurites and anterior neurons. FMRFamide and tubulin was found in all neurons. Glochidia of B. suifunica have only four 5-HT-lir neurons. We concluded that B. suifunica glochidial nervous system differs from those of the larval systems of planktotrophic marine mollusks.

Investigating biodiversity patterns across scales in freshwater mussels.

Hypotheses relating genomic diversity to community attributes such as abundance and species diversity attract attention from a wide and varied audience because their applications are twofold. First, testing such hypotheses can further a theoretical-and hopefully generalizable-understanding of the forces that assemble communities and create observed patterns of biodiversity. Second, relationships that hold true could ease the burden of data collection for conservation or other urgent applications; for example, a strong correlation between species diversity and genetic diversity could make it possible to use one as a proxy for the other, and focus limited resources on measuring the easier of the two without sacrificing information gained. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Bucholz et al. (2023) explore the relationships between within-species genomic diversity, community relative abundance and community species richness, testing three types of ecological hypotheses in the freshwater mussel communities of the southeastern United States. They find positive relationships between mussel density and species richness, and between genomic diversity within a species and density of that species, but no robust support for the expectation of correlated genomic and species diversity. Their analyses highlight the among-species variability in relationships among these different levels of organization and also the complex ways in which interactions with the broader ecosystem (i.e. unionid mussels require fish hosts for maturation) affect these quantitative relationships, nonetheless pushing forward into the important frontier of community-wide genomic assessment for theoretical and conservation applications.

Exploring the impact of formal and informal finance on green innovation under the lens of carbon neutrality.

In order to reduce environmental deterioration and promote sustainable growth, green innovation-which includes ecologically friendly technology and practices-has become a top priority of policymakers worldwide. This research investigates how formal and informal finance affects green innovation in highly polluted high, middle-, and low-income economies, using data spanning from 2007 to 2021. For analyzing the empirical link between formal finance, informal finance, and green innovation, we have employed the 2SLS and GMM estimation techniques. The primary estimates of the analysis suggest that formal and informal funding methods significantly impact environment-related technologies in high-income and middle- and low-income nations. Moreover, the GDP, carbon emissions, trade openness, human capital, research and development, financial stability, and digital finance are essential factors in promoting environment-related technologies in high-, middle-, and low-income nations, respectively. The policymakers in both groups of countries should foster collaboration between the formal and informal sectors to promote green innovations, which is essential for achieving sustainable development goals.

"Entrepreneurship" from the lens of enlightenment: Impacts of religiosity and spiritual intelligence on social entrepreneurial intentions.

Despite an escalated gravity of interest in exploring factors that shape university students' social entrepreneurial intentions, there are significant gaps in our understanding of this phenomenon. The current study examines the boundary effects of religiosity and spiritual intelligence to predict university students' social entrepreneurial intentions. The authors collected the data from university students in their final years in multiple waves and employed SmartPLS (v 4.0) for data analysis. Our findings indicate that religiosity can affect social entrepreneurial intentions through two paths: intrinsic motivation mediates the association between intrinsic religiosity and social entrepreneurial intentions, and extrinsic motivation mediates the relationship between extrinsic religiosity and social entrepreneurial intentions. Further, spiritual intelligence moderates the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and social entrepreneurial intentions, mediated by intrinsic motivation such that at high levels of spiritual intelligence the association is more potent and vice versa. This is the first study that examines the boundary conditions of social entrepreneurial intentions of university students by employing the lens of religiosity and spirituality. The paper presents substantial theoretical and practical implications.

Analysis of the immune function of Caspase-3 in Cristaria plicata.

Caspase-3 is generally considered to be the most important terminal shear enzyme in the process of apoptosis, as well as an important part of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) killing mechanism, which is confirmed to play an important role in vertebrate cell apoptosis and immune system, and is poorly reported in invertebrates. In this paper, we used bioinformatics to perform amino acid multiple sequence alignment and protein structural domain analysis, and constructed a phylogenetic tree to identify the full-length cDNA of the cloned caspase-3 of Cristaria plicata (Named CpCaspase-3). The expression of caspase-1, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9 was found to be down-regulated by double-stranded RNA interference of CpCaspase-3 in C. plicata. Some degree of disruption of the caspase signaling pathway occurs. The expression of CpCaspase-3 was affected after injection of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), and Aeromonas hydrophila. These results were suggested that CpCaspase-3 was involved in the immune response of C. plicata. The wound recovery process of C. plicata was simulated and CpCaspase-3 was found to promote wound recovery. An autophagy inhibition and autophagy activation model of mussels was constructed, where apoptosis and autophagy undergo crosstalk, and inhibition of autophagy induces the onset of apoptosis, and similarly autophagy activation inhibits the process of apoptosis instead. In addition, a recombinant CpCaspase-3-pEGFP-C1 plasmid was constructed for subcellular localization experiments and found that CpCaspase-3 was distributed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This paper aims to unveil the immune mechanism of C. plicata and provide a theoretical basis for the healthy culture of shellfish.