ABSTRACT
The article shows the role off Jeremic Alexander in the discovery and development of the first methods of intravenous anesthesia in the world.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Intravenous/history , Anesthesia, Intravenous/methods , Anesthetics, Intravenous , Drug Discovery/history , Anesthesia, Intravenous/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Intravenous/chemistry , Anesthetics, Intravenous/history , Animals , Carbamates/chemistry , Carbamates/history , Dogs , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Russia , Urethane/analogs & derivatives , Urethane/chemistry , Urethane/historyABSTRACT
A contaminação de alimentos e bebidas alcoólicas por carbamato de etila (CE), bem como seu mecanismo de formação são discutidos neste artigo de revisão. O CE induz efeitos mutagênicos, teratogênicos e carcinogênicos em animais de experimentação, sendo considerado substância potencialmente carcinogênica para o homem. Com o propósito de alertar para os riscos à saúde decorrentes da exposição ao CE, este artigo trata da ocorrência deste contaminante em alimentos e bebidas, bem como de suas propriedades físico-químicas e aspectos analíticos e toxicológicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Alcoholic Beverages/toxicity , Food Contamination , Urethane/toxicity , Chromatography, Gas , Luminescent Measurements , Risk Assessment , Urethane/historyABSTRACT
Urethane (ethyl carbamate) is used alone or in combination with other drugs to produce anaesthesia in laboratory animals. Although originally studied as a potential phytocide, urethane demonstrated antineoplastic properties when administered to rats with the Walker rat carcinoma 256. Subsequent trials in humans led to its use as a chemotherapeutic agent for various leukaemias. Mice develop pulmonary adenomas earlier in life and at a higher incidence following urethane administration. Urethane's carcinogenic influence is greater in neonatal mice; it also has a transplacental influence in mice. In rats, urethane increases the incidence of pulmonary adenomas, Zymbal Gland tumours, and a variety of other neoplasms. Urethane is absorbed sufficiently from the skin of laboratory animals to produce a transient narcosis. The carcinogenic effect appears to be due to an undefined oncogenic intermediate formed in the blood. Considering the properties urethane demonstrates in animals, the safety of its use by laboratory personnel is in question. However, if appropriate guidelines are followed, urethane should continue to be a useful anaesthetic agent for laboratory animals.
