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Arch. esp. urol. (Ed. impr.) ; 60(8): 873-886, oct. 2007. ilus
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-056373

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Dar a conocer, de un modo exhaustivo, un episodio casi inédito en la vida del Doctor Francisco Díaz (1527-1590), cirujano del rey Felipe II, y autor del Primer Tratado de Urología en la historia de la Medicina. Que sepamos hasta la fecha existían pocas noticias de la actuación que, como experto, tuvo que realizar Díaz en el proceso inquisitorial contra Elena/o de Céspedes, un presunto hermafrodita acusado por el Santo Oficio que siendo mujer y haciéndose pasar por hombre, se había casado con otra. El juicio tuvo lugar en Toledo en 1587 y alcanzó gran resonancia en su época, ya que la encausada, vestida con indumentaria masculina y usurpando las prerrogativas del varón, había conseguido fraudulentamente títulos y prebendas vedadas a la mujer, entre ellos la titulación de cirujana. Salvo las referencias de Folch Jou y Burshatin, ambas escuetas e incompletas, ningún autor ni biógrafo del celebre cirujano, había hecho cita de este pasaje de su vida que a nuestro juicio debió suponer para el urólogo un gran quebranto de su reputación. MÉTODOS: Se han revisado los trabajos de los dos autores antes citados, todas las obras y biografías del Dr. Francisco Díaz a nuestro alcance y microfilmado y transcrito en su totalidad el legajo 234, expediente 24, de la Sección Inquisición del Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid, correspondiente a Elena de Céspedes (alias Eleno de) (> de 500 folios) para extraer el mayor número de datos acerca de la acusada y sobre la actuación en el proceso del Dr. Francisco Díaz. RESULTADO Y CONCLUSIONES: La exploración como especialista en órganos génito-urinarios había sido solicitada a Francisco Díaz por el Vicario de Madrid para conceder o no una licencia de matrimonio a dicha mujer que afirmaba ser varón. En su informe de 1586 el urólogo declaró, sorprendentemente, que el peticionario era hombre. Como se demostraría durante el juicio la encausada, que en su defensa alegaba ser hermafrodita, había logrado engañar al experto con sus «malas artes» alterando su morfología genital. Gracias a sus conocimientos en cirugía se había automutilado obturando quirúrgicamente su vagina y colocado un «artificio» para simular que era varón. Al final, tras la opinión de los contraexpertos del Santo Oficio, Francisco Díaz tendría que retractarse, confirmar que era mujer y acusar a la reo de hechicería para salvar su responsabilidad. En el trabajo, sin embargo, concluimos que la acusada era un transexual masculino lo que, en parte, disculparía el error del urólogo 400 años después (AU)


OBJECTIVES: To make known, comprehensively, an almost unknown episode in the life of Dr. Francisco Diaz (1527-1590), surgeon of the king Philip II, and author of the first urology treaty in the history of medicine. To our knowledge, to date there were few references about the participation that, as an expert, Francisco Diaz had to have in the inquisitorial process against Elena de Cespedes, a presumed hermaphrodite accused by the Inquisition because being a woman married another one pretending to be a man. The trial was carried out in Toledo in 1587 and had great impact in that time, because the accused, dressing with male clothes and usurping the prerogatives of a man, had gotten by fraud titles and favours which were forbidden for women, the title of surgeon among them. Except for the reference by Folch Jou and Burshatin, both short and incomplete, no other author or biographer of the famous surgeon had cited this episode of his life, which to our judgment could mean a great damage to his reputation. METHODS: We reviewed the works by the two a fore mentioned authors, all the works and biographies about Dr. Francisco Diaz that we could found, and microfilmed and transcript the whole bundle 234, expedient 24, from the section Inquisition at the National Historical Archive in Madrid, corresponding to Elena de Cespedes (alias Eleno) (> 500 pages) to obtain the greatest amount of data about the accused and the performance of Dr. Francisco Diaz. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Francisco Diaz was requested, as an expert, by the Vicar of Madrid to perform the examination of the genitourinary organs to give or not marriage license to that woman saying she was a man. In his report in the year 1586, surprisingly the urologist declared that the petitioner was a man. As it would be demonstrated during the trial, the accused, who alleged being hermaphrodite in her defense, had been able to deceive the expert with her tricks alteringher genital morphology. Thanks to her surgical knowledge she had mutilated herself surgically closing her vagina and placed a device to simulate she was a male. At the end, after the opinion of the counter experts of the Inquisition Francisco Diaz had to retract, confirmed that the accused was a female, and accused her of witchcraft to save his responsibility. Nevertheless, in the work we conclude that the accused was a male transsexual, which, in part, would excuse the urologist's error 400 years later (AU)


Subject(s)
History, 16th Century , Physicians/history , Transsexualism/history , Urology/history , Urologic Diseases/history , Judgment/ethics , Genital Diseases, Female/history , Sex Determination Analysis/history , Physicians/legislation & jurisprudence , Urogenital System/anatomy & histology , Urogenital System/physiopathology , Urinary Sphincter, Artificial/history , Genitalia/abnormalities
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