An audit of peptic ulcer surgery in Ibadan, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Several operations are useful for peptic ulcer surgery, these include Vagotomy and pyloroplasty, Vagotomy and antrectomy, Vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy, and Highly Selective Vagotomy to name a few. Utilising any of these procedures may be due to the operator's preference or more importantly the suitability of the operation to the individual patient. This study was carried out to see the surgical presentation of chronic peptic ulcer disease patients and the form of ulcer-surgery utilised in the University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of all the patients who were operated on for complications of peptic ulcer disease between January 1990 and December 2003 at the above-mentioned institution by studying the case-files, ward admission records and operation room registers of such patients. RESULT: There were 122 patients, 90 male and 32 female with a Male:Female ratio of 3:1. Pyloric stenosis accounted for 56.6% of patients followed by perforation (29.5%), bleeding (9.8%) and gastric ulcer (4.1%). Yearly presentations seem to be reducing. Truncal vagotomy and drainage was performed in 78.64% of the patients, simple closure for perforation in 29.5%, partial gastrectomy for 4.1% while the remaining 2.4% had underunning of a bleeding vessel. CONCLUSION: Pyloric stenosis (also called gastric outlet obstruction) is the most common surgical presentation of peptic ulcer disease in the University College Hospital Ibadan and Truncal Vagotomy and drainage is the most common surgical procedure performed for peptic ulcer.

[The pathogenesis of achlorhydria of the operated stomach and the functionally optimal volumes for distal resection in areflux gastrointestinal anastomosis]. / Patogenez akhlorgidrii operirovannogo zheludka i funktsional'no optimal'nye ob''emy distal'noi rezektsii pri arefliuksnom zheludochno-kishechnom anastomoze.

Examinations of 68 patients after operations of selective proximal vagotomy and 59 patients after the Billroth-II and Roux resections were performed within the periods of about 16 years. It was found that reflux was of main significance in the genesis of achlorhydria of the operated stomach. Gastric changes caused by Helicobacter pylori did not result in so rapid suppression of functional activity of the operated stomach. Hemiresection is thought to be optimal for the areflux Roux gastrojejunal anastomosis with hypersecretion. In patients with normal secretion a resection of 2/3 of the stomach is expedient. In cases with hypersecretion and unknown boundaries of the antrum a resection of 50-60% of the stomach must be supplemented with vagotomy.

Laparoscopic highly selective vagotomy.

Laparoscopic highly selective (anterior and posterior) vagotomy was performed in 11 patients for duodenal ulcer (n = 10) and duodenal ulcer with prepyloric ulcer (n = 1). All patients were endoscoped both pre- and postoperatively. There were no perioperative complications. The average operating time was 3.2+/-0.4 hours and the average hospital stay was 1.7+/-0.2 day (range 1 to 3 days). None of the patients required parenteral narcotics postoperatively. The patients have been followed for 6 months to 5 years after operation. All ulcers healed as demonstrated by endoscopy. There was one recurrence at 9 months in a patient who had a prepyloric ulcer preoperatively. The recurrence was treated successfully with medication. There has been no other long-term morbidity. Laparoscopic highly selective vagotomy is feasible, safe, requires a brief hospital stay, and produces short-term results comparable with open surgery.

Cirugía de la úlcera pilórica y pre-pilórica antes y después de la introducción de los bloqueadores H2 / Pyloric and prepyloric ulcer surgery before and after of the introduction of H2 blokers

Se compara la frecuencia de la cirugía de la úlcera gatroduodenal en dos períodos; uno antes (1984-1987) y otro después de la introducción de los bloqueadores H2 (1990-1993). Los resultados revelan una disminución global de un 29,9 por ciento, siendo más significativa en úlceras gástricas (54,6 por ciento). Las intervenciones de urgencia disminuyeron de 44 a 28 casos a expensas de la cirugía de la úlcera duodenal. La úlcera pilórica y prepilórica (UP y UPP) a diferencia de los otros tipos de úlcera mantienen su número de intervenciones y cuando son operados de urgencia, practicándoles sólo sutura, presentan una alta incidencia de reintervenciones por nueva perforación u obstrucción (41,6 por ciento). La morbimortalidad de la cirugía de la úlcera P y PP fue similar en ambos grupos

Vagotomía altamente selectiva en el tratamiento electivo de la ulcera duodenal / Highly selective vagotomy in the elective treatment of duodenal ulceration

La vagotomía altamente selectiva es el tratamiento de elección en la úlcera duodenal, pero, aún es poco utilizada en nuestro medio. Se realizó el estudio retrospectivo comparativo de 20 pacientes sometidos a vagotomía altamente selectiva(VAS) y 31 pacientes operados con vagotomía troncular más drenaje(VT+D) en los diez últimos años en el servicio de Cirugía N§7(3§"C") delH.N.E.R.M.,con la finalidad de confirmar las ventajas de la VAS. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de la hospitalización y el seguimiento en consultorio externo. El tiempo de permanencia de la sonda nasogástrica fue menor en el grupo de la VAS que en la VT+D, igualmente fue menor el tiempo en que se inició la vía oral y la ingesta de alimentos sólidos. El tiempo de hospitalización de los pacientes sometidos a VAS fue de 6.37ñ2.69 días y en los pacientes sometidos a VT+D de 8.23ñ1.93 días(p=0.006638). La diarrea fue el proceso mórbido post-operatorio más frecuente, seguida de infección de la herida operatoria, dehiscencia, neumonía y disfagia en ambos grupos. En la graduación de Visick no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos. Se presentaron dos casos de úlcera recurrente en el grupo de la VT+D. El tiempo promedio de seguimiento en la VAS fue de 3.03 años y en la VT+D 5.37 años(p=0.005868). Se concluye que la VAS es una técnica quirúrgica que ofrece ventajas sobre la VT+D, teniendo el paciente una recuperación más pronta, con menor tiempo de hospitalización

Meta-analysis of highly selective vagotomy versus truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty in the surgical treatment of uncomplicated duodenal ulcer.

OBJECTIVE: To compare critically by meta-analysis the postoperative outcomes after truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TVP) and after highly selective vagotomy (HSV). DATA SOURCES: A search was conducted on MEDLINE with the keywords "peptic ulcer" and "vagotomy". Bibliographics of the articles retrieved and review articles pertaining to the subject were scanned further. STUDY SELECTION: Included were only published prospective, randomized controlled trials comparing TVP and HSV in the English-language literature up to April 1991. Twelve studies were found. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors, working independently, abstracted raw data on mortality, recurrence, dumping, diarrhea and postoperative Visick grading. DATA SYNTHESIS: A ratio greater than 1.0 indicates a higher proportion occurring with TVP and less than 1.0 a higher proportion with HSV. [Table: See Text] CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the likelihood of adverse long-term sequelae is higher with TVP whereas the likelihood of recurrence is higher with HSV.

Parietal cell vagotomy. A 23-year study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors studied the long-term ulcer recurrence rate after elective parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) for duodenal, pyloric, or prepyloric ulcers. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Recurrent ulceration rates of around 10% are reported after PCV. Recurrence rates are, however, proportional to the duration of follow-up. Series presenting long-term follow-up are sparse in the literature. METHODS: From 1969 to 1979, 350 patients underwent elective PCV. Three hundred forty-seven accessible patients were observed prospectively at intervals of 1 to 5 years to detect recurrent ulcers. The median duration of follow-up was 140.2 months (range 1 month-22.75 years). RESULTS: Seventy-six of the 347 patients (21.9%) developed recurrent ulcers. Calculation of the integrated ulcer recurrence rate indicates a constant monthly recurrence risk of 0.16%. Recurrences occurred as late as 17 3/4 years after operation. Eighty per cent of the recurrences occurred after 10 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The results confirm that the rate of recurrent ulceration after PCV is proportional to the duration of follow-up.

Large bowel cancer following gastric surgery for benign disease: a cohort study.

Early studies suggested that gastric surgery for benign ulcer disease was associated with a subsequent increase in the risk of large bowel cancer. Dietary fats, altered bacterial flora, and secondary bile acids are considered to play a major role in the disease etiology. Gastric surgery is known to alter bile salt metabolism as well as bacterial flora in the colon. This cohort study was designed to investigate the risk of large bowel cancer following gastric surgery for benign ulcer disease and to identify potential patient and treatment characteristics that may be associated with this risk. A cohort of 15,983 males was selected from Department of Veterans Affairs hospital admissions in 1970 and 1971. The exposed group (n = 7,609) included all males treated with gastric surgery (resection or vagotomy and drainage) for benign ulcer disease. The unexposed group (n = 8,374) was a random sample of all other male patients from the same time period and database. All subjects were followed through 1989 to identify vital status and cause of death. Deaths were identifiable by computerized linkage of the subjects' social security numbers with the Department of Veterans Affairs Beneficiary Identification Record Locator System and the National Death Index. The cause of death was documented by two certified nosologists from the death certificates of 99% of the deceased patients. Statistical analyses included estimations of risk based on standardized mortality ratios and standardized risk ratios. In this selected cohort, no increase in large bowel cancer risk was detected (risk ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.62-1.05). The type of surgical procedure, ulcer diagnosis, age at the time of surgery, and length of follow-up did not alter the risk estimates. Unlike the previously identified increase in gastric cancer risk following ulcer surgery, no elevation in the risk of large bowel cancer following such surgery was detected in this study. Factors that may alter gastric surgery sequelae and resultant site-specific cancer risks deserve further investigations.

Twelve-year follow-up of a prospective, randomized trial of selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty and selective proximal vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty for the treatment of duodenal, pyloric, and prepyloric ulcers.

Between 1973 and 1981, 161 patients with prepyloric, pyloric, or duodenal ulcers were randomly allocated to selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty, selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty, or selective proximal vagotomy alone. No significant differences in clinical results were found 3 years after surgery by Emås and Fernström (Am J Surg 1985; 149: 236-42). There was one postoperative death, and one patient lost to follow-up. Of 159 patients, 52 underwent selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty, 55 selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty, and 52 selective proximal vagotomy alone. Fifteen patients did not undergo endoscopy, but they had no epigastric complaints. From 1 to 16 years after surgery, recurrent ulcer was detected in 13%, 18%, and 23%, respectively, after selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty, selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty, or selective proximal vagotomy without pyloroplasty. Twenty-eight percent of the patients with recurrent ulcer had no symptoms and received no treatment. Sixteen patients died within 8 years after surgery of causes unrelated to the ulcer disease. At their final examination, 14 of the 16 patients had Visick I or II (modified Visick scale) results, and the disease that caused their deaths obscured evaluation in 2 patients. The remaining 143 patients were followed up for 8 to 16 years (average: 12 years). Epigastric pain with or without ulcer was recorded more often (significant) after selective proximal vagotomy alone (40%) than after selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty (17%) or selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty (14%). Bowel habits were unchanged in 96% of patients who underwent selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty or selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and 100% of patients who had selective proximal vagotomy alone. Mild dumping tended to be more common after vagotomy with pyloroplasty but was a minor nuisance in only a few patients. Very good or good results (Visick I or II) were recorded in 75% of the patients after selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty or selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty or selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and in 54% after selective proximal vagotomy alone (significant difference). Seventeen patients underwent reoperation with antrectomy and gastrojejunostomy Roux-en-Y (13 patients) or gastroduodenostomy (4 patients) with no mortality. The results of the reoperations were graded as Visick I or II results in all but one patient. The final grading, including the reoperations, were Visick I or II in 85% of patients after selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty and selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and in 55% after selective proximal vagotomy alone (significant difference).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[A decade's experience in using transgrastric selective proximal vagotomy]. / Desiatiletnii opyt primeneniia transgastral'noi selektivnoi proksimal'noi vagotomii.

Under analysis are results of transgastric vagotomy in 211 patients with ulcer disease of the duodenum operated upon at the period from 1979 to 1989. The transgastric selective proximal vagotomy (TSPV) was used in 150 patients, an original authors' extensive TSPV--in 33 patients, combined transgastric vagotomy (CTV)--in 28 patients. Long-term results of TSPV are recognized to be excellent and good in 79.1% of the patients, satisfactory--in 9.8%, unsatisfactory--in 11.1%. An analysis of causes of unsatisfactory results of TSPV is made. Advantages of the method of extensive TSPV were shown. The CTV is thought to be expedient in patients in urgent surgery and in patients with severe coexistent diseases.

[Supraselective or proximal gastric vagotomy. Report of 1,250 surgical cases. 777 special cases with objective follow-up for over 10 years]. / La vagotomie suprasélective ou gastrique proximale. A propos de 1,250 opérés. Spécialement 777 cas suivis objectivement plus de 10 années.

From August, 1970 to February, 1989, we performed 1,105 elective and 145 emergency PGVs (proximal gastric vagotomy). The emergent cases included 118 perforations and 27 bleeding lesions. Since September, 1973, we have been able to measure the pH of the mucosa using a GR282C transesophageal electrode. Two cases of exitus (0.2%) were noted. With an intraoperative test (pH) or the systematic section of the gastroepiploic nerve (n.ge) (randomized with 269 cases followed up over 57 months) the rate of recurrence does not exceed 2%. Without these "tools", it is as high as 10%. Since this rate is still a cause of confusion in this 20th year of PGV, we analyse 684 "stabilized" (excluding the first 10 patients of each surgeon). PGVs followed up (88% of 777 PGVs) over 10 to 17 years. The study was clinical and radiological in 100% of cases, based on acid secretion in 2/3, and fiberscopic in 47%. Between 5 and 17 years, 318 patients had a fiberscopic study and 325 an analysis of the basal and stimulated acid secretion (76% were already evaluated preoperatively). Two types of recurrence were defined: those due to failure of the surgeon or technique (gastroepiploic nerve in 1/5 of cases) involving acidity--this being the "persistent" ulcer (3/4 of cases during the first years); and disorders in gastric evacuation (?) with a very low acidity level, also causing more delayed gastric ulcers. The non-cumulative probability of R in successive years stays around 0.2 to 0.1% after the 3rd or 4th year following the PGV, and the total rate after 10 years or more is about 10%. If performed by experienced surgeons and with the intraoperative test (or systematic section of the n.ge), PGV should have only a low rate of failure, these cases being more amenable to treatment than an anastomotic mouth ulcer following resection, for instance.

[A method of questionnaire sampling of patients in assessing the late results of selective proximal and truncal vagotomies]. / Metod anketnogo oprosa bol'nykh v otsenke otdalennykh rezul'tatov selektivnoi proksimal'noi i stvolovoi vagotomii.

An analysis of questionnaires distributed among 243 patients with a history of selective and truncal vagotomy for duodenal ulcer indicates that questionnaires are an effective method of detecting late postoperative complications. An analysis of results of surgical treatment of these patients revealed a more favourable course of the late postoperative period after selective proximal vagotomy and gastric drainage procedure.