ABSTRACT
Abstract Despite decades of research, wound healing remains a significant public health problem. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a topical sodium alginate gel containing vancomycin (Van) loaded MMT NPs for wound healing applications. Van was loaded in MMT at different conditions (pHs of 6, 7 and temperatures of 40, 50 °C) (Van/MMT NPs). The optimum formulation (with the smallest particle size and a high value of zeta potential; 270.8 ± 77.35 nm and -35.96 ± 2.73, respectively) showed a high drug-loading capacity (entrapment efficacy of 96%) and a sustained release pattern of Van (95%) over 480 min. The optimum Van/MMT NPs were embedded into the sodium alginate (SA) gel (Van/MMT NPs/SA gel). The Van/ MMT NPs/SA gel showed a sustained and slow release pattern of Van (95%) over 50 h. FTIR tests revealed the electrostatic interaction between MMT and Van. The broth macrodilution tube method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Van, Van/ MMT NPs, and Van/MMT NPs/SA gel against Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed the promising antibacterial activity of Van/MMT NPs/SA gel, thus, this gel can be a promising formulation for the management of infected wounds
Subject(s)
Wound Healing/drug effects , Wound Infection/pathology , Bentonite/antagonists & inhibitors , In Vitro Techniques/methods , Vancomycin/agonists , Alginates/analysis , Wounds and Injuries/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methods , Anti-Bacterial Agents/classificationABSTRACT
In neonates, vancomycin, a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, is the first choice of treatment of late-onset sepsis predominantly caused by Gram-positive bacteria (coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci). Although it has been used for >50 years, prescribing the right dose and dosing regimen remains a challenge in neonatal intensive care units for many reasons including high pharmacokinetic variability, increase in the minimal inhibition concentration against staphylococci, lack of consensus on dosing regimen and way of administration (continuous or intermittent), duration of treatment, use of therapeutic drug monitoring, limited data on short- and long-term toxicity, risk of mutant selection and errors of administration linked to concentrated formulations. This article highlights and discusses future research directions, with specific attention given to dosing optimization of vancomycin, including the advantages of modeling and simulation approaches.
