ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Several diseases have been identified as stressful factors for herpes zoster (HZ) infection. In this study, we investigated the risk of HZ infection in men with varicocele. METHODS: We enlisted the data of patients with newly diagnosed varicocele between 2000 and 2012 from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database as case cohort. Four control patients were matched as per age and index year to a case patient. HZ diagnosis was the primary end point, and the follow-up period was considered as the time interval from the index date to the main outcome, withdrawal from the National Health Insurance program, or end of the study (31 December 2013). RESULTS: In total, 8720 patients were recruited (1744 with varicocele and 6976 controls); the overall mean age was 36 years. Majority (85%) of the participants were 20-49 years old. HZ incidence was higher in patients with varicocele (5.60 per 1,000 person-years) than in the control group (4.01 per 1,000 person years). Patients with varicocele were 1.37 times more likely to develop HZ than the controls after adjustment. Compared with the control cohort, the adjusted hazards ratio (HR) of the varicocele cohort was higher in patients younger than 49 years old (adjusted HR = 1.60). CONCLUSION: Men with varicocele had a higher risk of HZ development than those without varicocele, particularly those aged ≤49 years. Thus, stress from varicocele cannot be ignored in young men.
Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Herpes Zoster , Quality of Life , Varicocele , Adult , Age Factors , Cohort Studies , Correlation of Data , Herpes Zoster/diagnosis , Herpes Zoster/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Taiwan/epidemiology , Varicocele/diagnosis , Varicocele/epidemiology , Varicocele/psychologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the mental health status of infertility patients with varicocele and its relationship with infertility. METHODS: Using Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD), we assessed the psychological status of 110 infertility patients with varicocele, identified the risk factors of anxiety and depression in these patients, and analyzed the correlation among psychological and other relevant factors. Meanwhile, we recruited 61 age-matched normal fertile men as controls for comparative analysis. We also conducted logistic regression analysis on the mental health status of the 106 infertility patients with varicocele. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of anxiety were 61.32% and 13.79%, while those of depression 37.73% and 6.90% in the infertile patients and normal fertile controls, respectively, significantly higher in the former than in the latter (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factors of anxiety and depression of the infertile patients were the number of times they sought medical care and the severity of their testis disorders. CONCLUSION: Infertility patients with varicocele have psychological disorders, which are particularly associated with the frequency of the patients' clinic visit and the severity of their testis disorders.
Subject(s)
Infertility, Male/epidemiology , Infertility, Male/psychology , Varicocele/epidemiology , Varicocele/psychology , Adult , Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Depression/epidemiology , Humans , Infertility, Male/complications , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Varicocele/complications , Young AdultABSTRACT
Mathematical analysis of the heart rhythm and expressive methods of emotional stress determination have been used in 90 children prepared for surgical intervention with the help of three types of premedication. It has been shown that premedication with diazepam and droperidol (according to scheme) was effective for the elimination of preoperative psychoemotional stress in children.
Subject(s)
Preanesthetic Medication/methods , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cryptorchidism/psychology , Cryptorchidism/surgery , Hernia, Inguinal/psychology , Hernia, Inguinal/surgery , Hernia, Umbilical/psychology , Hernia, Umbilical/surgery , Humans , Male , Stress, Psychological/prevention & control , Time Factors , Varicocele/psychology , Varicocele/surgeryABSTRACT
Ten normal men and 45 patients with varicocele (with or without sexual complaints) had evaluation of plasma androgen levels. Except for those with reduced libido, no differences were observed among the groups. These findings suggest a nonhormonal mechanism responsible for the erectile disturbances observed in some patients with varicocele.
