Reduction of ventilatory time using the multidisciplinary disconnection protocol. Pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: compare ventilatory time between patients with the application of a disconnection protocol, managed in a coordinated way between doctor and nurse, with patients managed exclusively by the doctor. METHOD: experimental pilot study before and after. Twenty-five patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for 24 hours or more were included, and the protocol-guided group was compared with the protocol-free group managed according to usual practice. RESULTS: by means of the multidisciplinary protocol, the time of invasive mechanical ventilation was reduced (141.94 ± 114.50 vs 113.18 ± 55.14; overall decrease of almost 29 hours), the time spent on weaning (24 hours vs 7.40 hours) and the numbers of reintubation (13% vs 0%) in comparison with the group in which the nurse did not participate. The time to weaning was shorter in the retrospective cohort (2 days vs. 5 days), as was the hospital stay (7 days vs. 9 days). CONCLUSION: the use of a multidisciplinary protocol reduces the duration of weaning, the total time of invasive mechanical ventilation and reintubations. The more active role of the nurse is a fundamental tool to obtain better results.

Comparison of International Consensus Conference guidelines and WIND classification for weaning from mechanical ventilation in Brazilian critically ill patients: A retrospective cohort study.

The knowledge of weaning ventilation period is fundamental to understand the causes and consequences of prolonged weaning. In 2007, an International Consensus Conference (ICC) defined a classification of weaning used worldwide. However, a new definition and classification of weaning (WIND) were suggested in 2017. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence and clinical relevance of weaning according to ICC and WIND classification in an intensive care unit (ICU) and establish which of the classifications fit better for severely ill patients. This study was a retrospective cohort study in an ICU in a tertiary University Hospital. Patient data, such as population characteristics, mechanical ventilation (MV) duration, weaning classification, mortality, SAPS 3, and death probability, were obtained from a medical records database of all patients, who were admitted to ICU between January 2016 and July 2017. Three hundred twenty-seven mechanically ventilated patients were analyzed. Using the ICC classification, 82% of the patients could not be classified, while 10%, 5%, and 3% were allocated in simple, difficult, and prolonged weaning, respectively. When WIND was used, 11%, 6%, 26%, and 57% of the patients were classified into short, difficult, prolonged, and no weaning groups, respectively. Patients without classification were sicker than those that could be classified by ICC. Using WIND, an increase in death probability, MV days, and tracheostomy rate was observed according to weaning difficult. Our results were able to find the clinical relevance of WIND classification, mainly in prolonged, no weaning, and severely ill patients. All mechanically ill patients were classified, even those sicker with tracheostomy and those that could not finish weaning, thereby enabling comparisons among different ICUs. Finally, it seems that the new classification fits better in the ICU routine, especially for more severe and prolonged weaning patients.

Prueba de ventilación espontánea en pacientes ventilados: evaluación del cumplimiento de pautas protocolizadas contra análisis del equipo asistencial / Spontaneous ventilation test in ventilated patients: an assessment of fulfillment of protocol guidelines vs the analysis by the health team

Introducción: la duración ideal de la asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM) genera debate e incertidumbre. El intento de desvinculación prematuro condiciona fracaso y aumento de mortalidad, mientras que la desvinculación tardía aumenta el riesgo del paciente. La utilización de pruebas de ventilación espontánea (PVE) son seguras e identifican aceptablemente a los pacientes listos para desvinculación. Sin embargo, la adherencia a pautas protocolizadas es muy variable y falla la implementación de evidencia científica a nivel clínico. Objetivo: analizar la interacción entre pautas de desvinculación de AVM y evaluación médica para la toma de decisiones. Material y método: trabajo descriptivo, prospectivo, con entrevista a médicos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) sobre su valoración de la condición del paciente para realizar una PVE. Se comparó la opinión del médico con la evaluación hecha según protocolo de la UCI. Se analizaron coincidencias y discrepancias entre opinión de médicos y protocolo. Resultados: ingresaron 27 pacientes y 46 médicos. Las coincidencias representaron el 85,4% de las opiniones aunque existieron elementos de "confusión" en la decisión médica, tanto en coincidencias como en discrepancias. El más frecuente fue el estado de conciencia del paciente. Discusión y conclusiones: la valoración de la conciencia es fundamental para la asistencia diaria, pero no para la PVE. Su inclusión se vio involucrada en casi un tercio de las respuestas obtenidas, difiriendo la realización de la PVE. Este aspecto debe ser tenido en cuenta tanto para instancias docentes como asistenciales al momento de optimizar los tiempos para PVE y desvinculación de la AVM.

Introduction: Ideal duration of mechanical ventilation is a source of debate and uncertainty. Early weaning attempts result in failure and increased mortality rates, while a late discontinuation of ventilation increases the patients' risks. The use of the spontaneous ventilation test is safe and results in a fair identification of patients who are ready for weaning. However, adherence to protocol guidelines varies and scientific evidence fails to be implemented in the clinical practice. Objective: to analyze the interaction between mechanical ventilation discontinuation guidelines and medical assessment for the making of a decision. Method: descriptive, prospective study which involved interviewing physicians in the Intensive Care Unit on their assessment of the patient's condition to perform a spontaneous ventilation test. The physicians´ opinion was compared to the assessment carried out as per the Intensive Care Unit Protocol, in order to analyze agreements and discrepancies. Results: 27 patients and 46 physicians were included in the study. Agreements represented 85.4% of opinions, although there were a few confusing elements confusing as to the medical decision to be made, both in terms of agreements and discrepancies, the most frequent of which was the patient's level of consciousness. Discussion and conclusions: assessing the level of consciousness of patients is essential in the daily practice of medicine, although not for the spontaneous ventilation test. It was included in almost one third of the responses obtained and delayed the performance of a spontaneous ventilation test. This fact needs to be considered both in the context of training instances and at the time of optimizing times for the spontaneous ventilation test and the discontinuation of mechanical ventilation.

Introdução: a duração ideal da Assistência Ventilatória Mecânica (AVM) gera debate e incerteza. A tentativa de desmame precoce leva ao fracasso e ao aumento da mortalidade, enquanto o desmame tardio aumenta o risco do paciente. A utilização de testes de ventilação espontânea (TVE) são seguras e identificam razoavelmente os pacientes que já estão em condições para o desmame. No entanto, a adesão a pautas protocolizadas é muito variável e a implementação de evidencia científica no nível clínico falha. Objetivo: analisar a interação entre as pautas de desmame de AVM e a avaliação médica para a tomada de decisões. Material e método: trabalho descritivo, prospectivo, com entrevista a médicos na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) sobre sua avaliação da condição do paciente para realizar um TVE. A opinião do médico e a avaliação feita de acordo com o protocolo da UCI foram comparadas. As coincidências e discrepâncias entre opinião de médicos e protocolo foram analisadas. Resultados: 27 pacientes e 46 médicos foram incluídos. As coincidências representaram 85,4%, das opiniões mesmo quando se observaram elementos de "confusão" na decisão médica, tanto em coincidências como discrepâncias. O mais frequente estava relacionado com o estado de consciência do paciente. Discussão e conclusões: a avaliação da consciência é fundamental para a assistência diária, mas não para o TVE. Sua inclusão estava presente em quase um terço das respostas obtidas, com diferencias sobre a realização do TVE. Este aspecto deve ser considerado tanto na docência como na assistência para otimizar os tempos para a realização de TVE e do desmame da AVM.

Challenges With Implementation of a Respiratory Therapist-Driven Protocol of Spontaneous Breathing Trials in the Pediatric ICU.

BACKGROUND: Timely ventilator liberation is crucial in the pediatric ICU. In many pediatric ICUs, the decision to initiate weaning is driven by the physician, which may lead to delays in ventilator liberation. The objectives of this quality improvement project were to develop and implement a respiratory therapist (RT)-led protocol for screening for spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) readiness, to test protocol feasibility, and to evaluate its impact on SBT timing. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on all intubated patients in the pediatric ICU for 18 months prior to protocol institution. An RT-driven protocol was developed and implemented, enabling consistent screening for SBT readiness. When criteria were met, an SBT was initiated after order placement. The difference in the timing of the first SBT between physician-directed screening and the RT-driven protocol was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 219 subjects were included in this project (128 pre-intervention; 91 intervention). Baseline demographic data, including mortality risk and endotracheal tube size, were similar in both groups. The time of the first SBT (median [25th, 75th percentile]) was not significantly different between the intervention and preintervention groups (39.5 [25.3, 85.2] vs 42.6 [26.4, 81.3], respectively). There was no difference in mechanical ventilation duration, or length of hospital and ICU stay. The odds of being placed on noninvasive respiratory support were higher in the intervention group at 1 h (odds ratio [95% CI]: 2.29 [1.10, 4.78], P = .03) and 12 h (odds ratio 2.53 [1.23, 5.20], P = .01) postextubation, but the odds of re-intubation did not reach statistical significance (odds ratio 2.60 [0.73, 9.27], P = .14). RT adherence with patient screening was 56.4%. CONCLUSIONS: An RT-driven protocol was successfully introduced in an academic pediatric ICU. However, it did not impact time of SBT initiation, potentially due to the difficulty in maintaining adherence over time. RT-driven protocols require further study.

Weaning de ventilación mecánica: del arte a la ciencia / Weaning from mechanical ventilation: from the art to the science

Despite the advances in intensive care treatment, pediatric weaning still has the art as an important component. As a difference from the adults, there are no confidential predictors index or protocols that replace clinical judgement. Two types of failure are mentioned: weaning and extubation failure. The last one, with a rate ranges from 4.1 to 19 percent, show association with age, mechanical ventilation time and in a minor proportion, sedatives quantity and time of use. Upper airway obstruction have been described as the most important single cause of extubation failure. As in weaning, we still don’t have precise predict tests and criteria, but some of them could help in the extubation decision.

A pesar de los avances en cuidados intensivos, el weaning pediátrico aún tiene un componente importante de arte. A diferencia de los adultos, aún no contamos con índices predictores o protocolos precisos y confiables, que ofrezcan algún aporte que supere el juicio clínico. Se distinguen 2 tipos de falla: weaning, previo a la extubación, y la de extubación. Esta última, con un rango entre 4.1 -19 por ciento, muestra asociación con edad, tiempo de ventilación mecánica y en menor cuantía, al tiempo y cantidad de sedantes utilizados. Como elemento causal único de mayor importancia se describe a la obstrucción de la vía aérea alta. Al igual que en el weaning, aún no contamos con criterios y pruebas predictivas precisos, pero algunos elementos pueden ayudar a la toma de decisiones.

Spontaneous breathing trial in T-tube negatively impact on autonomic modulation of heart rate compared with pressure support in critically ill patients.

INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous breathing with a conventional T-piece (TT) connected to the tracheal tube orotraqueal has been frequently used in clinical setting to weaning of mechanical ventilation (MV), when compared with pressure support ventilation (PSV). However, the acute effects of spontaneous breathing with TT versus PSV on autonomic function assessed through heart rate variability (HRV) have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of spontaneous breathing in TT vs PSV in critically ill patients. METHOD: Twenty-one patients who had received MV for ≥ 48 h and who met the study inclusion criteria for weaning were assessed. Eligible patients were randomized to TT and PSV. Cardiorespiratory responses (respiratory rate -ƒ, tidal volume-VT , mean blood pressure (MBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), end tidal dioxide carbone (PET CO2 ), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) and HRV indices in frequency domain (low-LF, high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio were evaluated. RESULTS: TT increased ƒ (20 ± 5 vs 25 ± 4 breaths/min, P<0.05), MBP (90 ± 14 vs 94 ± 18 mmHg, P<0.05), HR (90 ± 17 vs 96 ± 12 beats/min, P<0.05), PET CO2 (33 ± 8 vs 48 ± 10 mmHg, P<0.05) and reduced SpO2 (98 ± 1.6 vs 96 ± 1.6%, P<0.05). In addition, LF increased (47 ± 18 vs 38 ± 12 nu, P<0.05) and HF reduced (29 ± 13 vs 32 ± 16 nu, P<0.05), resulting in higher LF/HF ratio (1.62 ± 2 vs 1.18 ± 1, P<0.05) during TT. Conversely, VT increased with PSV (0.58 ± 0.16 vs 0.50 ± 0.15 L, P<0.05) compared with TT. CONCLUSION: Acute effects of TT mode may be closely linked to cardiorespiratory mismatches and cardiac autonomic imbalance in critically ill patients.

Smart Care™ versus respiratory physiotherapy-driven manual weaning for critically ill adult patients: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: A recent meta-analysis showed that weaning with SmartCare™ (Dräger, Lübeck, Germany) significantly decreased weaning time in critically ill patients. However, its utility compared with respiratory physiotherapist-protocolized weaning is still a matter of debate. We hypothesized that weaning with SmartCare™ would be as effective as respiratory physiotherapy-driven weaning in critically ill patients. METHODS: Adult critically ill patients mechanically ventilated for more than 24 hours in the adult intensive care unit of the Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil, were randomly assigned to be weaned either by progressive discontinuation of pressure support ventilation (PSV) with SmartCare™. Demographic data, respiratory function parameters, level of PSV, tidal volume (VT), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (EtCO2) and airway occlusion pressure at 0.1 second (P0.1) were recorded at the beginning of the weaning process and before extubation. Mechanical ventilation time, weaning duration and rate of extubation failure were compared. RESULTS: Seventy patients were enrolled 35 in each group. There was no difference between the two groups concerning age, sex or diagnosis at study entry. There was no difference in maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, forced vital capacity or rapid shallow breathing index at the beginning of the weaning trial. PEEP, VT, FIO2, SpO2, respiratory rate, EtCO2 and P0.1 were similar between the two groups, but PSV was not (median: 8 vs. 10 cmH2O; p =0.007). When the patients were ready for extubation, PSV (8 vs. 5 cmH2O; p =0.015) and PEEP (8 vs. 5 cmH2O; p <0.001) were significantly higher in the respiratory physiotherapy-driven weaning group. Total duration of mechanical ventilation (3.5 [2.0-7.3] days vs. 4.1 [2.7-7.1] days; p =0.467) and extubation failure (2 vs. 2; p =1.00) were similar between the two groups. Weaning duration was shorter in the respiratory physiotherapy-driven weaning group (60 [50-80] minutes vs. 110 [80-130] minutes; p <0.001). CONCLUSION: A respiratory physiotherapy-driven weaning protocol can decrease weaning time compared with an automatic system, as it takes into account individual weaning difficulties. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02122016 . Date of Registration: 27 August 2013.

[Defining characteristics of the dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response as indicators of accuracy of ventilatory weaning]. / Características definidoras da Resposta Disfuncional ao Desmame Ventilatório como indicadores de acurácia do desmame ventilatório.

The study aimed to analyze the defining characteristics of the Dysfunctional Ventilatory Weaning Response as an indicator of the accuracy of ventilatory weaning. Observational study of 38 events of ventilatory weaning in adult patients admitted to intensive care. For the defining characteristics, it was calculated: sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy or efficiency, likelihood ratio positive and negative, and diagnostic odds ratio. It was also considered the median number of defining characteristics in the event of success and failure. It was considered accurate: agitation, deterioration in arterial blood gases from baseline parameters, moderate use of accessory muscles of respiration, increased respiratory rate from baseline parameters and respiratory rate increases significantly with respect to baseline parameters. There was statistical difference in the median number of defining characteristics observed. It was concluded that the defining characteristic and the number of them would influence the success of the weaning decision.

Low mechanical ventilation times and reintubation rates associated with a specific weaning protocol in an intensive care unit setting: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: A number of complications exist with invasive mechanical ventilation and with the use of and withdrawal from prolonged ventilator support. The use of protocols that enable the systematic identification of patients eligible for an interruption in mechanical ventilation can significantly reduce the number of complications. This study describes the application of a weaning protocol and its results. METHODS: Patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours were included and assessed daily to identify individuals who were ready to begin the weaning process. RESULTS: We studied 252 patients with a median mechanical ventilation time of 3.7 days (interquartile range of 1 to 23 days), a rapid shallow breathing index value of 48 (median), a maximum inspiratory pressure of 40 cmH(2)0, and a maximum expiratory pressure of 40 cm H(2)0 (median). Of these 252 patients, 32 (12.7%) had to be reintubated, which represented weaning failure. Noninvasive ventilation was used postextubation in 170 (73%) patients, and 15% of these patients were reintubated, which also represented weaning failure. The mortality rate of the 252 patients studied was 8.73% (22), and there was no significant difference in the age, gender, mechanical ventilation time, and maximum inspiratory pressure between the survivors and nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a specific weaning protocol resulted in a lower mechanical ventilation time and an acceptable reintubation rate. This protocol can be used as a comparative index in hospitals to improve the weaning system, its monitoring and the informative reporting of patient outcomes and may represent a future tool and source of quality markers for patient care.

Low mechanical ventilation times and reintubation rates associated with a specific weaning protocol in an intensive care unit setting: a retrospective study

OBJECTIVES: A number of complications exist with invasive mechanical ventilation and with the use of and withdrawal from prolonged ventilator support. The use of protocols that enable the systematic identification of patients eligible for an interruption in mechanical ventilation can significantly reduce the number of complications. This study describes the application of a weaning protocol and its results. METHODS: Patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours were included and assessed daily to identify individuals who were ready to begin the weaning process. RESULTS: We studied 252 patients with a median mechanical ventilation time of 3.7 days (interquartile range of 1 to 23 days), a rapid shallow breathing index value of 48 (median), a maximum inspiratory pressure of 40 cmH(2)0, and a maximum expiratory pressure of 40 cm H(2)0 (median). Of these 252 patients, 32 (12.7%) had to be reintubated, which represented weaning failure. Noninvasive ventilation was used postextubation in 170 (73%) patients, and 15% of these patients were reintubated, which also represented weaning failure. The mortality rate of the 252 patients studied was 8.73% (22), and there was no significant difference in the age, gender, mechanical ventilation time, and maximum inspiratory pressure between the survivors and nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a specific weaning protocol resulted in a lower mechanical ventilation time and an acceptable reintubation rate. This protocol can be used as a comparative index in hospitals to improve the weaning system, its monitoring and the informative reporting of patient outcomes and may represent a future tool and source of quality markers for patient care.

Predictive parameters for weaning from mechanical ventilation.

The use of predictive parameters for weaning from mechanical ventilation is a rather polemic topic, and the results of studies on this topic are divergent. Regardless of the use of these predictive parameters, the spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) is recommended. The objective of the present study was to review the utility of predictive parameters for weaning in adults. To that end, we searched the Medline, LILACS, and PubMed databases in order to review articles published between 1991 and 2009, in English or in Portuguese, using the following search terms: weaning/desmame, extubation/extubação, and weaning indexes/indices de desmame. The use of clinical impression is an inexact means of predicting weaning outcomes. The most widely used weaning parameter is the RR/tidal volume (V T) ratio, although this parameter presents heterogeneous results in terms of accuracy. Other relevant parameters are MIP, airway occlusion pressure (P0.1), the P0.1/MIP ratio, RR, V T, minute volume, and the index based on compliance, RR, oxygenation, and MIP. An index created in Brazil, the integrative weaning index, has shown high accuracy. Although recommended, the SBT is inaccurate, approximately 15% of extubation failures going unidentified in SBTs. The main limitations of the weaning indexes are related to their use in specific populations, the cut-off points selected, and variations in the types of measurement. Since the SBT and the clinical impression are not 100% accurate, the weaning parameters can be useful, especially in situations in which the decision as to weaning is difficult.

Parâmetros preditivos para o desmame da ventilação mecânica / Predictive parameters for weaning from mechanical ventilation

A utilização de parâmetros preditivos para o desmame da ventilação mecânica é um tema de grande polêmica, com estudos divergindo sobre esse assunto. Independentemente da utilização desses parâmetros preditivos, o teste de respiração espontânea (TRE) é recomendado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar a utilidade dos parâmetros preditivos para o desmame em adultos. Para tanto, foram pesquisadas as bases de dados Medline, LILACS e PubMed e foram selecionados artigos publicados entre 1991 e 2009, em língua inglesa ou portuguesa, utilizando-se os seguintes termos: weaning/desmame; extubation/extubação e weaning indexes/índices de desmame. A utilização da impressão clínica é uma forma inexata para predizer o desfecho do desmame. O parâmetro mais utilizado é a relação FR/volume corrente (V T), embora essa apresente resultados heterogêneos em termos de acurácia. Outros parâmetros relevantes são PImáx, pressão de oclusão nas vias aéreas (P0,1), relação P0,1/PImáx, FR, V T, volume minuto e o índice composto por complacência, FR, oxigenação e PImáx. Criado no Brasil, o índice integrativo de desmame tem mostrado alta acurácia. Embora recomendado, o TRE não é acurado, não identificando aproximadamente 15 por cento das falhas de extubação. As principais limitações dos índices de desmame são devidas ao seu uso em populações específicas, aos pontos de cortes selecionados e a variações nas formas de mensuração. Como o TRE e a impressão clínica não têm 100 por cento de acurácia, os parâmetros de desmame podem ser úteis, principalmente em situações nas quais o processo de decisão para o desmame é difícil.

The use of predictive parameters for weaning from mechanical ventilation is a rather polemic topic, and the results of studies on this topic are divergent. Regardless of the use of these predictive parameters, the spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) is recommended. The objective of the present study was to review the utility of predictive parameters for weaning in adults. To that end, we searched the Medline, LILACS, and PubMed databases in order to review articles published between 1991 and 2009, in English or in Portuguese, using the following search terms: weaning/desmame, extubation/extubação, and weaning indexes/indices de desmame. The use of clinical impression is an inexact means of predicting weaning outcomes. The most widely used weaning parameter is the RR/tidal volume (V T) ratio, although this parameter presents heterogeneous results in terms of accuracy. Other relevant parameters are MIP, airway occlusion pressure (P0.1), the P0.1/MIP ratio, RR, V T, minute volume, and the index based on compliance, RR, oxygenation, and MIP. An index created in Brazil, the integrative weaning index, has shown high accuracy. Although recommended, the SBT is inaccurate, approximately 15 percent of extubation failures going unidentified in SBTs. The main limitations of the weaning indexes are related to their use in specific populations, the cut-off points selected, and variations in the types of measurement. Since the SBT and the clinical impression are not 100 percent accurate, the weaning parameters can be useful, especially in situations in which the decision as to weaning is difficult.

Desmame ventilatório no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca: implantação de um protocolo por enfermeiros / Ventilation waning on the cardiac surgery immediate postoperative: a protocol implemented by the nurse

O desmame de pacientes sob ventilação mecânica é uma das etapas críticas da assistência ventilatória em Terapia Intensiva. Existem vários critérios para a retirada de pacientes da prótese respiratória. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o tempo de desmame ventilatório entre dois métodos distintos - ventilação mandatória intermitente sincronizada (SIMV) e tubo T - e avaliar a implantação de protocolos de desmame ventilatório no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico pragmático, quantitativo, prospectivo, comparativo, randomizado e de grupo controle, realizado no Centro de TerapiaIntensiva Cardíaca (CTIC) do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE). No grupo controle foi empregada como modalidade de desmame a SIMV, e no grupo experimental foi utilizado o tubo-T. Foram considerados dois desfechos como critérios de avaliação: extubação do paciente (sucesso) ou retorno àprótese ventilatória após três tentativas de desmame em cada protocolo (insucesso). A maioria dos pacientesfoi extubada no período de desmame ventilatório em até duas horas. Ressalta-se, entretanto, que 72% dos pacientes do grupo experimental apresentaram menor tempo de desmame (menor que uma hora) em comparação com o grupo controle, que teve apenas 8% dos pacientes desmamados neste mesmo período de tempo. A implantação de condutas padronizadas para o desmame da ventilação mecânica, rotinas parasedação e analgesia, assim como protocolos guiados por profissionais de enfermagem, são medidas efetivaspara abreviar o tempo de ventilação mecânica.

Implementação, avaliação e comparação dos protocolos de desmame com Tubo-T e Pressão Suporte associada à pressão expiratória final positiva em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica por mais de 48 horas em unidade de terapia intensiva / Implementation, assessment and comparison of the T-Tube and pressure-support weaning protocols applied to the intensive care unit patients who had received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A retirada precoce da ventilação mecânica dos pacientes das unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) é importante para a redução da morbimortalidade, porém na prática, os desmames são realizados aleatoriamente. Face à importância desse procedimento, esse estudo avaliou a implementação de protocolos de desmame e comparou dois métodos distintos. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos no estudo 120 pacientes dependentes de ventilação mecânica por mais de 48 horas. O método de Pressão Suporte + PEEP (PSP), foi aplicado aos pacientes em dias pares, constituindo o grupo 1 (GPSP) e em dias ímpares, utilizou-se o método do Tubo-T (TT), formando o grupo 2 (GTT), RESULTADOS: A resposta dos pacientes à extubação revelou evolução semelhante nos dois grupos, porém deixou claro, pela análise estatística do teste Qui-quadrado, o benefício de se utilizar um protocolo de desmame. De todos os pacientes estudados, 109 (90,83 por cento) tiveram sucesso na extubação não sendo necessário nenhum tipo de ventilação não-invasiva dentro de 24 horas após o desmame, enquanto que apenas 11 pacientes (9,17 por cento) necessitaram de ventilação mecânica não-invasiva ou de re-intubação no mesmo período, caracterizando o insucesso do desmame. CONCLUSÕES: A implementação e a padronização de protocolos de desmame da ventilação mecânica, reduziu significativamente o índice de re-intubação na UTI, diminuindo o período de internação e o índice de morbimortalidade, porém neste estudo, não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os métodos analisados.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mechanical ventilation incurs significant morbidity and mortality, weaning intensive care unit patients is highly desirable, although it is usuallyconducted in an empirical manner. Thus, this article assessed a weaning protocol implementation and compared two different methods. METHODS: It was carried out a study involving 120 patients who had received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. These patients were randomlyassigned to undergo one of two weaning techniques: pressure-supportventilation + PEEP (PSP) technique, which was applied to the patients in equal days, forming the PSP group (PSPG) and the T-tube method (TT), applied in odd days and forming the TT group (TTG). Standardized protocols were followedfor each technique RESULTS: The patients response to extubation revealed similar progress in both PSP and TT groups, but after the Chi-square statistical test, the benefits of using a weaning protocol was clear. One hundred nine (90.83 percent) of all patients, had a successful weaning and any noninvasive ventilation type was needed in a span time of 24 hours after extubation, and only eleven (9.17 percent), had an unsuccessful weaning. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study didn't show any difference between the two methods applied, we could conclude that, the implementation of standardized weaning protocols can substantially decrease the patient's reintubation rate, promoting a downward trend in mortality and morbidity for these patients and shortening their hospital and intensive care units length of stay.

Características do processo de desmame da ventilação mecânica em hospitais do Distrito Federal / Weaning from mechanical ventilation process at hospitals in Federal District

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O desmame da ventilação mecânica é um importante processo e rotineiro nas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar, caracterizar e demonstrar as práticas utilizadas por fisioterapeutas respiratórios na obtenção dos parâmetros de desmame, bem como a sua execução em UTI. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos somente fisioterapeutas atuantes em UTI no DF, no ano de 2005. Foi utilizado um questionário, composto por 31 perguntas, objetivas e subjetivas, relacionadas ao processo de desmame, sendo que algumas permitiam respostas múltiplas. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 20 hospitais a partir de 80 questionários. Observou-se que 90 por cento dos participantes apresentaram especialização na área de atuação, e, em média, tinham aproximadamente três anos de experiência em UTI. Médicos e fisioterapeutas, em 98,7 por cento das respostas, são os profissionais responsáveis pelo manuseio dos ventiladores. Foi observado que 61,3 por cento das respostas destacavam os médicos e fisioterapeutas em conjunto com os responsáveis pelo desmame e, 36,3 por cento somente o fisioterapeuta. Verificou-se que apenas 24 fisioterapeutas (30 por cento) seguem um protocolo para o desmame. Dentre os parâmetros rotineiramente avaliados no processo do desmame, a freqüência respiratória (98 por cento), o volume-corrente (97,5 por cento) e a saturação periférica de oxigênio (92,5 por cento) são os mais utilizados, sendo menos utilizados os índices de pressão inspiratória máxima (18,8 por cento) e a capacidade vital (13,8 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se grande variabilidade nos modos utilizados, na escolha dos parâmetros e na forma como foram coletados, sugerindo, então, a falta de rotina nos serviços e a necessidade de implantação de protocolos simples e facilmente aplicáveis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Concerning the mechanical ventilation, the weaning is a usual and significant intensive care process. Identifying, describing and demonstrating the techniques used by Respiratory Therapists in weaning and also obtaining its parameters in Intensive Care Units (ICU). METHODS: A survey related to the weaning process was done with active ICU Respiratory Therapists from (FD) in the year 2005. The survey consisted of 31 subjective and objective questions, some of them allowing multiple answers. RESULTS: Eighty surveys were carried out at twenty hospitals. 90 percent of participants were specialized staff with a mean of three year working experience in ICU. In 98.7 percent of the answers, doctors and respiratory therapists were responsible for operating the ventilators. In 61.3 percent, doctors and respiratory therapists were responsible for their use and, in 36.3 percent, the responsibility was solely on the respiratory therapist professionals. It was found that only twenty-four respiratory therapists (30 percent) follow the weaning protocol. Among the most practiced parameters from the weaning process are: respiratory frequency (98 percent), tidal volume (97.5 percent) and periferic oxygen saturation (92.5 percent). The least utilized are the maximum inspiratory pressure (18.8 percent) and the vital capacity (13.8 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Great differences were observed in the weaning methods, choice of parameters and the way they were collected. These variations suggest that there is a lack of routine and the need to implement simple protocols.

Desmame da ventilação mecânica: promova uma estratégia / Weaning from mechanical ventilation: let's perform a strategy

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O desmame da ventilação mecânica ainda é um desafio na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e está relacionado a complicações e a mortalidade. A visita diária aos pacientes internados pela equipe de saúde faz parte das boas práticas e pode identificar aqueles capazes de serem submetidos a um teste em ventilação espontânea. O objetivo deste estudo foi sugerir uma técnica de memorização com o termo "Estratégia" considerando alguns aspectos chave que podem ser aplicados por qualquer pessoa da equipe multidisciplinar, durante a ronda à beira do leito, a fim de abreviar o desmame. CONTEÚDO: Introduzir a palavra "Estratégia" como um método de memorização, baseado nos estudos relacionados ao desmame da ventilação mecânica e sua aplicabilidade, como um checklist em qualquer UTI pela equipe multidisciplinar, em que cada letra lembra alguns aspectos chave relacionados ao assunto. CONCLUSÕES: A aplicação de mecanismos de memorização como checklist para o desmame de pacientes da ventilação mecânica, pode ser facilmente praticada durante a ronda diária para identificar aqueles aptos a realizar um teste de ventilação espontânea.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation is still a challenge in Intensive Care Units (ICU) and is related to complications and mortality. Daily rounds at the bedside, which are part of good care, can identify patients able to undergo to spontaneous breathing trials. The authors suggest one mnemonic technique with the term "ESTRATEGIA" (strategy) considering some key aspects, as a checklist, which can be applied by any person of the multidisciplinary team, during the bedside rounds, in order to shorten the weaning time. CONTENTS: To introduce the word Strategy as a mnemonic method based on the studies related to weaning from mechanical ventilation and its applicability as a checklist in any intensive care unit by the multidisciplinary team where each letter reminds some key aspects related to the subject. CONCLUSIONS: The applicability of a mnemonic mechanism as a checklist for weaning patients from mechanical ventilation easily practiced during the daily round to identify those who are able to undergo to spontaneous breathing trials.