Uso excesivo de muletillas y comodines en las exposiciones científicas orales / Excessive use of tags and joker words in the oral scientific exhibitions

En la oratoria se han ido difundiendo e incluso consolidando ciertos vicios del lenguaje que restan brillo y seriedad a las expresiones verbales, entre los que figuran las muletillas y palabras comodines, capaces de atentar contra una disertación muy bien preparada, pero muchas veces no ensayada ante otros o grabada para escuchar las repeticiones innecesarias de vocablos u otras incorrecciones lingüísticas. En el artículo se ejemplifican ambos defectos idiomáticos y se recomiendan algunas soluciones para corregirlos; pero como toda adicción, resultan vitales el interés y la voluntad de quienes los poseen para poder minimizarlos o eliminarlos de su caudal léxico(AU)

Certain bad habits of the language which reduce shine and seriousness to the verbal expressions have been diffused and even consolidated in the oratory, among which there are the tags and joker words, which are able to attempt against a very well prepared dissertation, but many times unrehearsed in front of others or recorded to listen the unnecessary repetitions of words or other linguistic incorrectness. Both idiomatic defects are exemplified in the work and some solutions are recommended to correct them; but as all addiction, interest and will of those who possess them are vital to be able to minimize them or to eliminate them of their lexical flow(AU)

Sobre la interpretación. (II) Situación y contexto / On Interpretation. (II) Situation and Context

En el presente trabajo trato de establecer un modelo de interpretación de la conducta. La interpretación consiste en la asignación de sentido, es decir, en la atribución de motivos e intenciones a la acción. En la primera parte se expusieron los fundamentos de una teoría de la acción; en esta segunda se expone una teoría de la interpretación. Para ello, se parte de las nociones de situación y contexto. Los modelos de situación son útiles para la interpretación de la conducta en general, mientras que para la conducta verbal (el discurso) son más específicos los modelos de contexto. En ambos modelos es fundamental la noción de enciclopedia o conocimiento del mundo. En los modelos de situación se expone la teoría de los esquemas mentales (marcos, guiones, temas, etc.). En los modelos de contexto, entendiendo el contexto como la representación mental de la interacción discursiva, se describen los elementos que suelen constituir los contextos (tema del discurso, participantes, situación social, etc.), cuya selección se rige por el principio de relevancia. Por últimos, se explican algunas modalidades de inferencias contextuales (AU)

The present study aims to establish a model for interpreting behaviour. The interpretation consists in the assignation of meaning, in other words the attribution of motives and intentions for an action. The first part sets out the fundamentals of a theory of action; this second puts forward a theory of interpretation. To this end, the notion of situation and context are taken as starting points. Situation models are useful for the interpretation of behaviour in general, while context models are more specific to verbal conduct (discourse). The notion of the encyclopaedia or knowledge of the world is fundamental in both models. Situation models set out the theory of mental schemas (frames, scripts, themes etc.). In context models, where context is understood as the mental representation of discursive interaction, the elements that usually make up the contexts are described (discourse theme, participants, social situation etc.), the selection of which is determined by the principle of relevance. Lastly, certain forms of contextual inference are explained (AU)

Eficacia del tratamiento vocal rehabilitador en los pacientes con disfonías funcionales hipercinéticas / Effectiveness of vocal rehabilitation in patients with hyperkinetic functional dysphonia

Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento vocal rehabilitador en los pacientes con disfonías funcionales hipercinéticas. Material y metódos. Estudio prospectivo de 65 pacientes disfónicos diagnosticados de disfonías funcionales hipercinéticas y tratados exclusivamente con tratamiento vocal rehabilitador sistematizado. La evaluación de la evolución clínica se realiza con medidas perceptuales, aplicando la escala GRBAS antes y después del tratamiento. Resultados. Encontramos que 57 pacientes (87,7%) presentaron mejoría clínica. Observamos que esta patología afecta a los 5 aspectos contemplados por la escala GRBAS y que en la mayoría de los casos la afectación era leve o moderada, con mejoría significativa de los 5 aspectos tras el tratamiento rehabilitador. Conclusión. Consideramos que la terapia vocal es muy efectiva en la mejoría de la calidad de voz en la mayoría de los pacientes con disfonías funcionales hipercinéticas (AU)

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of voice rehabilitation in patients with hyperkinetic functional dysphonia. Material and methods. We carried out a prospective study of 65 patients diagnosed with hyperkinetic functional dysphonia and treated exclusively with systematized voivr rehabilitation. Clinical outcome was evaluated by perceptual measures, with application of the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain (GRBAS) scale before and after the treatment. Results. Clinical improvement was found in 57 patients (87.7%). The disorder affected the five elements included in the GRBAS scale and, in most patients, severity was mild or moderate, with significant improvement in these five elements after the treatment. Conclusion. We believe that voice therapy is highly effective in improving voice quality in most patients with hyperkinetic functional dysphonia (AU)

Lewd, crude, and rude behavior: the impact of manners and etiquette in the general hospital.

BACKGROUND: Lewd, crude, and rude behaviors of patients and staff members have the potential to complicate care; unfortunately, the medical literature on manners and etiquette is sparse. OBJECTIVE: We sought to understand the impact of lewd, crude, and rude behaviors in the general hospital and to provide a context in which to educate clinicians about the management of troublesome behaviors of patients and staff members. METHOD: We reviewed the history of etiquette in the general hospital, and discuss the ethical ramifications and clinical management of inappropriate behaviors. RESULTS: Lewd, crude, and rude language and behaviors are often heard and seen in the general hospital; such behaviors can be understood in a biopsychosocial context. CONCLUSIONS: Teaching trainees about manners and etiquette can help them identify and manage offensive behaviors and can facilitate the provision of effective and ethical care.

Shedding light on the dark side of doctor-patient interactions: verbal and nonverbal messages physicians communicate during error disclosures.

OBJECTIVE: Existing investigations on medical error disclosures have neglected the fact that a disproportionately large amount of the meaning in messages is derived from nonverbal cues. This study provides an empirical assessment of the verbal and nonverbal messages physicians communicate when disclosing medical errors to standardized patients. METHODS: Sixty hypothetical error disclosures by a volunteer sample of attending physicians were videotaped, coded, and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Physicians used friendly, smooth, approaching and invested nonverbal styles as they disclosed medical errors to standardized patients. Female physicians smiled more and were more attentive to patients than male physicians, and physicians tended to exhibit more positive affect in the form of facial pleasantness toward angry female patients than toward angry male patients. Furthermore, physicians touched and smiled at patients more frequently at the beginning and at the end of their error disclosures, and displayed decreased attentiveness and interactional fluency. CONCLUSION: Future research needs to examine which disclosure styles patients perceive as competent, and to assess their causal impacts on objective and relational disclosure outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This study provides an important baseline understanding of medical error disclosures that is essential for the successful implementation of empirically based training programs.

Mobbing behaviors encountered by nurse teaching staff.

The term 'mobbing' is defined as antagonistic behaviors with unethical communication directed systematically at one individual by one or more individuals in the workplace. This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted for the purpose of determining the mobbing behaviors encountered by nursing school teaching staff in Turkey, its effect on them, and their responses to them. A large percentage (91%) of the nursing school employees who participated in this study reported that they had encountered mobbing behaviors in the institution where they work and 17% that they had been directly exposed to mobbing in the workplace. The academic staff who had been exposed to mobbing behaviors experienced various physiological, emotional and social reactions. They frequently 'worked harder and [were] more organized and worked very carefully to avoid criticism' to escape from mobbing. In addition, 9% of the participants stated that they 'thought about suicide occasionally'.

Medical slang in British hospitals.

The usage, derivation, and psychological, ethical, and legal aspects of slang terminology in medicine are discussed. The colloquial vocabulary is further described and a comprehensive glossary of common UK terms provided in appendix. This forms the first list of slang terms currently in use throughout the British medical establishment.