ABSTRACT
The genus Verbascum L. (mulleins) comprises of about 360 species of flowering plants in the Scrophulariaceae family. Mulleins have been used in the traditional folk medicine for centuries, for treatment of a wide range of human ailments, inter alia bronchitis, tuberculosis, asthma, and different inflammations. Despite all applications the knowledge of the metabolites, accumulated in different mullein species, is still limited and based mainly on determination of the major compounds. Here we report the application of 1H NMR metabolic fingerprinting in combination with principal component analyses (PCA) in five different Verbascum species. Based on the obtained results mulleins were divided in two groups: group A (Verbascum phlomoides and Verbascum densiflorum) and group B (Verbascum xanthophoeniceum, Verbascum nigrum and Verbascum phoeniceum). Further it was found that the plants in group B accumulate higher amounts of bioactive iridoid and phenylethanoid glycosides. V. xanthophoeniceum and V. nigrum accumulate higher amounts of the pharmaceutically-important harpagoside (â¼0.5% on dry weight basis) and verbascoside, forsythoside B and leucosceptoside B (in total 5.6-5.8% on dry weight basis), which underlines the possibility for their application in pharmaceutical industry. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the analyses of Verbascum sp. leaf metabolome.
Subject(s)
Verbascum/metabolism , Caffeic Acids/chemistry , Caffeic Acids/metabolism , Glucosides/chemistry , Glucosides/metabolism , Glycosides/chemistry , Glycosides/metabolism , Iridoid Glycosides/chemistry , Iridoid Glycosides/metabolism , Metabolomics , Multivariate Analysis , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , Phenols/chemistry , Phenols/metabolism , Principal Component Analysis , Pyrans/chemistry , Pyrans/metabolism , Species Specificity , Verbascum/chemistry , Verbascum/classificationABSTRACT
Verbascum L. (Scrophulariaceae) species are used for desiccating wounds and as a fish poison in Anatolia as well as for diarrhea and dysentery of animals in several countries. To further evaluate their activity, methanolic extracts obtained from 13 Verbascum species growing in Turkey, including V. chionophyllum Hub.-Mor., V. cilicicum Boiss., V. dudleyanum (Hub.-Mor.) Hub.-Mor., V. lasianthum Boiss., V. latisepalum Hub.-Mor., V. mucronatum Lam., V. olympicum Boiss., V. pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor., V. pycnostachyum Boiss. & Heldr., V. salviifolium Boiss., V. splendidum Boiss., V. stachydifolium Boiss. & Heldr. and V. uschackense (Murb.) Hub.-Mor. were evaluated for their in vivo anthelmintic activity. The extracts from V. lasianthum, V. latisepalum, V. mucronatum and V. salviifolum showed the highest inhibitory rates against Aspiculuris tetraptera at 100mg/kg in mice. Additionally, extracts from V. dudleyanum and V. pterocalycinum var. mutense were found generally highly effective. The remaining species did not show any activity. Results of the present study support the utilization of these plant species employed in Turkish folk medicine.
Subject(s)
Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Oxyuriasis/drug therapy , Oxyuroidea/drug effects , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Verbascum/chemistry , Animals , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Feces/parasitology , Flowers/chemistry , Male , Medicine, Traditional , Mice , Parasite Egg Count , Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Random Allocation , Turkey , Verbascum/classificationABSTRACT
Free radical scavenging and cell aggregation inhibitory activities of 36 secondary metabolites isolated from the methanolic extracts of Verbascum cilicicum Boiss., V. lasianthum Boiss. ex Bentham, V pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor., and V. salviifolium Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) were investigated. The isolated compounds, 6-O-vaniloyl ajugol (1), ilwensisaponin A (2), ilwensisaponin C (3), verbascoside (4), beta-hydroxyacteoside (5), martynoside (6), poliumoside (7), forsythoside B (8), angoroside A (9), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11), apigenin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (12), luteolin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (13), luteolin 3'-O-beta-glucopyranoside (14) and chrysoeriol 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (15), exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of bioautographic and spectrophotometric DPPH activities. Verbascoside (4) was the most active (IC50 4.0 microg/ml) comparing it to vitamin C (IC50 4.4 microg/ml) to inhibit phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced peroxide-catalyzed oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) within human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. Ilwensisaponin A (2) (MIC 6.9 microg/ml) showed moderate in vitro activity on lymphocyte-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-mediated aggregation using the HL-60 cell line [positive control was cytochalasin B (MIC 2.3 microg/ml)]. None of the other compounds showed free radical scavenging and cell aggregation inhibitory activities.
