ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) is a serious heavy metal (HM) soil pollutant. To alleviate or even eliminate HM pollution in soil, environmental-friendly methods are applied. One is that special plants are cultivated to absorb the HM in the contaminated soil. As an excellent economical plant with ornamental value and sound adaptability, V. bonariensis could be adapted to this very situation. In our study, the Cd tolerance in V. bonariensis was analyzed as well as an overall analysis of transcriptome. RESULTS: In this study, the tolerance of V. bonariensis to Cd stress was investigated in four aspects: germination, development, physiological changes, and molecular alterations. The results showed that as a non-hyperaccumulator, V. bonariensis did possess the Cd tolerance and the capability to concentration Cd. Under Cd stress, all 237, 866 transcripts and 191, 370 unigenes were constructed in the transcriptome data of V. bonariensis roots. The enrichment analysis of gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under Cd stress were predominately related to cell structure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system, chelating reaction and secondary metabolites, transpiration and photosynthesis. DEGs encoding lignin synthesis, chalcone synthase (CHS) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were prominent in V. bonariensis under Cd stress. The expression patterns of 10 DEGs, validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), were in highly accordance with the RNA-Sequence (RNA-Seq) results. The novel strategies brought by our study was not only benefit for further studies on the tolerance of Cd and functional genomics in V. bonariensis, but also for the improvement molecular breeding and phytoremediation.
Subject(s)
Cadmium/toxicity , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Roots/drug effects , Soil Pollutants/toxicity , Transcriptome , Verbena/drug effects , Acyltransferases/genetics , Acyltransferases/metabolism , Adaptation, Physiological , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Gene Ontology , Germination/drug effects , Germination/genetics , Molecular Sequence Annotation , Oxygenases/genetics , Oxygenases/metabolism , Photosynthesis/drug effects , Photosynthesis/genetics , Plant Proteins/classification , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plant Roots/genetics , Plant Roots/growth & development , Plant Roots/metabolism , Plant Transpiration/drug effects , Plant Transpiration/genetics , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Secondary Metabolism/drug effects , Secondary Metabolism/genetics , Stress, Physiological , Verbena/genetics , Verbena/growth & development , Verbena/metabolismABSTRACT
Plant models offer a method to examine the efficacy of homeopathic solutions. Homeopathic Phosphorus (P) dynamizations were evaluated on the linear growth and dry biomass of Verbena gratissima, a plant native to Brazil. The yields and chemical characterization of the essential oil are also given. Plants exhibited phenotypic plasticity after the homeopathic Phosphorus treatments. The dynamization 9CH, in particular, interfered with plant growth, height, diameter of stems and total dry mass. 9CH treatment showed the highest yield of essential oil. The essential oil composition of V. gratissima varied according to the different dynamization used. Homeopathic Phosphorus provided the greatest amount of beta-pinene, trans-pinocarveol, trans-pinocamphone and trans-pinocarvyl acetate in comparison with controls.
Subject(s)
Homeopathy , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Phosphorus/pharmacology , Plant Oils/chemistry , Verbena/chemistry , Verbena/drug effects , Phosphorus/chemistry , Verbena/growth & developmentABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The dyes and dye stuffs present in effluents released from textile dyeing industries are potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic. Phytoremediation technology can be used for remediating sites contaminated with such textile dyeing effluents. The purpose of the work was to explore the potential of Glandularia pulchella (Sweet) Tronc. to decolorize different textile dyes, textile dyeing effluent, and synthetic mixture of dyes. METHODS: Enzymatic analysis of the plant roots was performed before and after decolorization of dye Green HE4B. Analysis of the metabolites of Green HE4B degradation was done using UV-Vis spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The ability of the plant to decolorize and detoxify a textile dyeing effluent and a synthetic mixture of dyes was studied by a determination of the American Dye Manufacturer's Institute (ADMI), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Phytotoxicity studies were performed. RESULT: Induction of the activities of lignin peroxidase, laccase, tyrosinase, and 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol reductase was obtained, suggesting their involvement in the dye degradation. UV-Vis spectroscopy, HPLC, and FTIR analysis confirmed the degradation of the dye. Three metabolites of the dye degradation were identified, namely, 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-{7-[(Z)-phenyldiazenyl] naphthalen-2-yl} diazene; 7,8-diamino-2-(phenyldiazenyl) naphthalen-1-ol; and (Z)-1,1'-naphthalene-2,7-diylbis (phenyldiazene) using GC-MS. ADMI, BOD, and COD values were reduced. The non-toxic nature of the metabolites of Green HE4B degradation was revealed by phytotoxicity studies. CONCLUSION: This study explored the phytoremediation ability of G. pulchella (Sweet) Tronc. in degrading Green HE4B into non-toxic metabolites.
