Retrospective evaluation of Vitis vinifera ingestion in dogs presented to emergency clinics in the UK (2012-2016): 606 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: To assess key presenting signs in dogs following Vitis vinifera fruit (VVF) ingestion (grapes, raisins, currants, and sultanas), outcome, and the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). DESIGN: Retrospective study (2012-2016). SETTING: Out-of-hours clinics in the United Kingdom. ANIMALS: The study population included 606 dogs attending 53 emergency clinics across the United Kingdom following ingestion of VVF. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Vitis vinifera fruits were found in vomit after more than 12 hours after ingestion. There was an increased incidence in December. Serum creatinine or urea was measured in 338 dogs; all were within reference intervals. In this cohort of dogs with VVF ingestion, there is no evidence for significant AKI in 32 of 33 cases within 24 hours of admission where supportive measures were introduced and repeated assessments of creatinine concentration were performed. CONCLUSIONS: All dogs survived to discharge. One out of 33 cases with repeated creatinine concentration developed IRIS AKI grade I within 24 hours following VVF ingestion, when current emergency treatment guidelines were followed in whole or part.

Retrospective evaluation of the clinical course and outcome following grape or raisin ingestion in dogs (2005-2014): 139 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI), clinical course, decontamination procedures, and outcome in dogs following grape or raisin ingestion. DESIGN: Retrospective case series from 2005 to 2014. SETTING: Three university veterinary teaching hospitals. ANIMALS: One hundred thirty-nine client-owned dogs with known grape or raisin ingestion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among dogs with biochemical data, the prevalence of AKI was 6.7% (8/120). The prevalence of AKI in the early presentation (3/67) and late (5/53) presentation groups were 4.5% and 9%, respectively. The prevalence of AKI was not significantly different between groups (P = 0.27). Four dogs (3.3%) were azotemic at presentation and 4 dogs (3.3%) had increases in creatinine of ≥26.5 µmol/L (0.3 mg/dL) at recheck (3 from the early and 1 from the late group). Vomiting was the most common clinical sign (18/139). One hundred twenty-two dogs (88%) underwent gastrointestinal decontamination and significantly more dogs in the early group were decontaminated (P < 0.0001). Two dogs received continuous renal replacement therapy. One hundred thirty-eight dogs survived and 1 died. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AKI and mortality was low in dogs with confirmed grape or raisin ingestion. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, conclusions about the utility of gastrointestinal decontamination and other therapies cannot be made.

Natural occurrence of grape poisoning in two dogs.

Clinical grape poisoning in two dogs (a 1.6-year-old male Shih Tzu and a 5-year-old female Yorkshire Terrier) was described in the present study. Clinical signs included decreased urine output in the Shih Tzu and ataxia in the Yorkshire Terrier after grape ingestion. The Shih Tzu died 5 days post-grape ingestion, while the Yorkshire Terrier died 3 days post-grape ingestion. Erythematous serosae and mucosae, multifocal red small intestinal foci, and blood and grape seeds were identified in the intestinal lumen. Brownish-yellow crystals were bilaterally identified in the renal pelvis. The primary histological findings were acute tubular necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules, severe necrosis, and mineralization in the renal cortical tubules. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase were increased in the dogs. Many Korean veterinary clinicians have suspected clinical grape poisoning. However, to our knowledge, grape poisoning has not been identified by pathologic and clinicopathologic basis until this writing in Korea. Education and knowledge about the risks of grape poisoning is necessary for the prevention of accidental exposures.

On-line preconcentration and chiral separation of propiconazole by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

A method for the chiral separation of propiconazole using cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD-MEKC) with hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-gamma-CD) as chiral selector is reported. The use of a mixture of 30 mM HP-gamma-CD, 50mM SDS, methanol-acetonitrile 10%:5% (v/v) in 25 mM phosphate buffer solution was able to separate two enantiomeric pairs of propiconazole. Stacking- and sweeping-CD-MEKC under neutral pH (pH 7) and under acidic condition (pH 3.0) were used as two on-line preconcentration methods to increase detection sensitivity of propiconazole. Good repeatabilities in the migration time, peak area and peak height were obtained in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD). A sensitivity enhancement factor of 100-fold was achieved using sweeping-CD-MEKC at acidic pH. This is the first report on the separation of two pairs of propiconazole enantiomers and all the enantiomers of fenbuconazole and tebuconazole using sweeping-CD-MEKC. The limit of detection (S/N=3) for the three triazole fungicides ranged from 0.09 to 0.1 microg/mL, which is well below the maximum residue limits (MRL) set by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Combination of solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment and sweeping-CD-MEKC procedure was applied to the determination of selected triazole fungicides in grapes samples spiked at concentration 10-40 times lower than the MRL established by the CAC. The average recoveries of the selected fungicides in spiked grapes samples were good, ranging from 73% to 109% with RSD of 9-12% (n=3).

Acute renal failure in dogs after the ingestion of grapes or raisins: a retrospective evaluation of 43 dogs (1992-2002).

A review of records from the AnTox database of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Animal Poison Control Center identified 43 dogs that developed increased blood urea nitrogen concentration, serum creatinine concentration, or both as well as clinical signs after ingesting grapes, raisins, or both. Clinical findings, laboratory findings, histopathological findings, treatments performed, and outcome were evaluated. All dogs vomited, and lethargy, anorexia, and diarrhea were other common clinical signs. Decreased urine output, ataxia, or weakness were associated with a negative outcome. High calcium x phosphorus product (Ca x P), hyperphosphatemia, and hypercalcemia were present in 95%, 90%, and 62% of the dogs in which these variables were evaluated. Extremely high initial total calcium concentration, peak total calcium concentration, initial Ca x P, and peak Ca x P were negative prognostic indicators. Proximal renal tubular necrosis was the most consistent finding in dogs for which histopathology was evaluated. Fifty-three percent of the 43 dogs survived, with 15 of these 23 having a complete resolution of clinical signs and azotemia. Although the mechanism of renal injury from grapes and raisins remains unclear, the findings of this study contribute to an understanding of the clinical course of acute renal failure that can occur after ingestion of grapes or raisins in dogs.