Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygir in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation / Propriedades químicas e microbiológicas do lago Aygir na Turquia e uso de bebidas, pescarias e irrigação

Since water is one of the essentials for life, the presence and quality of water in the habitat is extremely important. Therefore, water quality change and management of Lake Aygır was investigated in this study. For this, water samples collected from the lake and the irrigation pool between May 2015 and May 2016 were analyzed monthly. Spectrophotometric, titrimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine the water quality. According to some water quality regulations, HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, fecal coliform and total suspended solid (TSS) values were found above the limit values. The other 29 parameters comply with Turkish national and international legislations. Lake Aygır was negatively affected by the surrounding settlements and agricultural activities. It is thought that the water resource should be monitored periodically and remedial studies should be done to prevent parameters exceeding the limits. However, Lake Aygır was generally suitable for drinking, use, fishing and irrigation.

Como a água é um dos elementos essenciais para a vida, a presença e a qualidade da água no habitat são extremamente importantes. Portanto, a mudança da qualidade da água e a gestão do lago Aygır foram investigadas neste estudo. Para isso, amostras de água coletadas no lago e na piscina de irrigação entre maio de 2015 e maio de 2016 foram analisadas mensalmente. Métodos espectrofotométricos, titulométricos e microbiológicos foram usados para determinar a qualidade da água. De acordo com alguns regulamentos de qualidade da água, os valores de HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, coliformes fecais e total sólido suspenso (TSS) foram encontrados acima dos valores limite. Os outros 29 parâmetros estão em conformidade com as legislações nacionais e internacionais turcas. O lago Aygır foi afetado negativamente pelos assentamentos e atividades agrícolas ao redor. Pensa-se que o recurso hídrico deve ser monitorado periodicamente e estudos corretivos devem ser feitos para evitar que os parâmetros ultrapassem os limites. No entanto, o lago Aygır era geralmente adequado para beber, usar, pescar e irrigar.

Calidad microbiológica de las aguas termales del balneario "El Tingo". Pichincha. Ecuador / Microbial Quality of the Thermal Waters of the Spa "El Tingo". Pichincha. Ecuador

OBJETIVO: El propósito del trabajo fue determinar la calidad microbiológica del agua termal del Balneario "El Tingo", situado a 2500 msnm, Provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador. Materiales y MÉTODOS: Se realizaron cuatro muestreos en diferentes épocas del año y en dos zonas del Balneario. Se determinaron "in situ" los parámetros fisicoquímicos (conductividad, dureza, oxígeno disuelto, pH y temperatura). La cuantificación de bacterias heterótrofas, coliformes y hongos se hizo en medios de cultivos específicos para cada grupo microbiano. La identificación de las cepas bacterianas aisladas se realizó de acuerdo con lo indicado por MacFaddin (2004). RESULTADOS: Los resultados indican que el agua termal del Tingo se clasifica como de conductividad muy fuerte, mineralización excesiva, aguas muy duras, con muy poco oxígeno disuelto, pH neutro e hipertermales. El contaje promedio de bacterias heterótrofas en el agua contenida en la cisterna del balneario fue de 2,10 X 102 UFC/mL, coliformes totales de 0,30 X 10 UFC/mL y hongos 1,00 X 10 UFC/mL. Para las duchas de agua termal los valores promedios fueron de 2,42 X 102 UFC/mL de bacterias heterótrofas, 0,85 X 10 UFC/mL coliformes totales y 0,68 X 10 UFC/mL de hongos. No se detectó la presencia de Escherichia coli en ninguna de las muestras analizadas. Se identificaron 14 cepas Gram negativas de los géneros Aeromonas, Burkholderia, Citrobacter y Pseudomonas, 5 Gram positivas de los géneros Bacillus y Staphylococcus y 2 cepas fúngicas del género Aspergillus. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran una población microbiana escasa y poco diversa, lo que implica una buena calidad del agua y de los acuíferos

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of research was determining the microbiological quality of the thermal water of the "El Tingo" Spa, located at 2500 mamsl, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. METHODS: Four samplings were carried out at different times of the year and in two areas of the Spa. The physicochemical parameters (conductivity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, pH, dissolved solids and temperature) were determined "in situ". The heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms and molds was determined, as well as the identification of the isolated strains according to the indicated by MacFaddin (2004). RESULTS: The Tingo thermal water is classified as very strong conductivity, excessive mineralization, very hard water, with very little dissolved oxygen, neutral pH and hyperthermal. The average count of heterotrophic bacteria in the water contained in the cistern of the spa were 2.10 X 102 CFU / mL, coliforms 0.30 X 10 CFU / mL and fungi1,00 X 10 CFU / mL. For the thermal water showers, the average values were 2.42 X 102 CFU/ mL of heterotrophic bacteria, 0.85 X 10 CFU / mL coliforms and 0.68 X 10 CFU/ mLfungi. Escherichia coli were not detectedin any of the samples. It was possible to identify 14 Gram negative strains of the genus Aeromonas, Burkholderia, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas, 5 Gram positive of the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus and 2 fungal strains of the genus Aspergillus

Coliformes termotolerantes em água de cultivo de pesqueiros / Thermotolerant coliformes in fishing cultivation water

Objetivou-se investigar a qualidade da água através das variáveis microbiológicas, sob a influência sazonal, nos períodos seco e chuvoso, de três pesque-pagues de São Luís de Montes Belos, Goiás. Em ambos os períodos, seco e chuvoso, os parâmetros microbiológicos, mantiveram-se os mesmos: < 1000 NMP/mL de Coliformes termotolerantes e Escherichia coli. A análise dos resultados evidenciou 10% dos valores em desacordo aos padrões recomendados pela organização mundial da saúde (OMS). Indicando um processo de degradação da qualidade da água. Recomenda-se o controle da qualidade da água através do manejo adequado e o tratamento do efluente dos pesqueiros visando evitar a degradação ambiental das bacias relacionadas.

Impact of pollution on the microbial diversity of a tropical river in an urbanized region of northeastern Brazil

Rivers are important ecosystems that are integrated into biogeochemical cycles and constitute an essential resource for numerous human uses. However, the assessment of the biological diversity and composition of microbial communities found in rivers remains incomplete, partly due to methodological constraints which are only recently being resolved with the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. Using 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S gene, the present study analyzed the microbial diversity of the planktonic and sediment populations in a tropical river in northeastern Brazil that is exposed to severe pollution. Six water and six sediment samples were analysed. The dominant bacterial phyla in both sediment and water were the Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in the water column and by Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria in the sediment. Biological diversity appeared to be greatly decreased by environmental pollution, whereas the microbial community structure was variable across the analyzed transect. Moreover, a narrow relationship between industrial and urban sources of contamination and the bacterial genera detected at these sites has been observed. A variety of potentially pathogenic bacteria was detected, including Klebsiella, Treponema, Faecalibacterium and Enterococcus, indicating that the river might pose a substantial risk to public health (AU)

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Microbiología del agua mineral del balneario / Microbiology of the mineral water of spa

Se ha estudiado la microbiota autóctona y alóctona del agua mineral del Balneario Villa de Olmedo (Valladolid). El número total de microorganismos en el agua ha sido de 4,5 x 103/mL y el número de bacterias viables heterótrofas menor de 5 ufc/mL. No se han encontrado indicadores fecales ni microorganismos patógenos por lo que estas aguas cumplen con la normativa española de aguas de consumo. La microbiota autóctona está constituida, principalmente, por bacilos Gram negativos de la clase Gammaproteobacteria (68,5%) y, en menor proporción, por cocos Gram positivos (14,3%). La especie más frecuente ha sido Pseudomonas stutzeri (37,2%). Se han detectado bacterias con actividades amonificantes, nitrificantes, proteolíticas y amilolíticas en 100 mL de agua, que contribuyen a la autodepuración del agua

The autochthon and alocthon microbiota of the mineral water of the Villa de Olmedo Spa have been studied. The total number of microorganisms in the water was of 4.5 x103/mL and the number of heterotrophic viable bacteria was lower than 5 cfu/mL. Neither faecal indicators nor pathogenic microorganisms were found; therefore these waters comply with the Spanish regulations on drinking water. The autochthon microbiota mostly belongs to Gram negative bacilli, from the Class Gammaproteobacteria (68.5%) and in smaller percentage to the Gram positive cocci (14.3%). The most frequently found species was Pseudomonas stutzeri. Moreover ammonifying, nitrifiying, proteolytic and amylolytic bacteria have been detected in 100 mL of water, all of them involved in self-purification process of water

Infección viral respiratoria nosocomial / Nosocomial respiratory viral infection

Las infecciones virales nosocomiales han sido objeto de pocos estudios. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los datos epidemiológicos y terapéuticos publicados sobre los principales agentes virales productores de infección nosocomial respiratoria. De este modo se pretende ampliar el conocimiento sobre el comportamiento de estos agentes en las infecciones nosocomiales y proporcionar información para mejorar la aplicación de las medidas de prevención. De manera pormenorizada se exponen conceptos relativos a los mimivirus, virus herpes simple, virus varicela-zóster, citomegalovirus, virus respiratorio sincitial, virus parainfluenza, virus de la gripe, adenovirus, metapneumovirus y virus del sarampión (AU)

Nosocomial viral infections have not been well studied. In this context, the aim of this work is to review epidemiological and therapeutic data published on the main viral agents that can produce nosocomial respiratory infection. The study thus aims to expand knowledge of behaviour of these agents in nosocomial infections and provide information to improve the implementation of preventive measures. The concepts of mimivirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and measles viruses are discussed in detail (AU)

Detección de especies de Legionella en el agua utilizada en las unidades dentales: Maracaibo-Venezuela / Detection of the Legionella Species in Water used in dental units: Maracaibo-Venezuela

La presencia de cualquier microorganismo en las aguas utilizadas en las unidades dentales constituye un grave peligro tanto para el paciente como para el personal que labora en dichas unidades. La presente investigación planteó dos objetivos: 1) Implementar y comparar dos técnicas de Análisis Microbiológico del agua para el estudio de las especies de Legionella; y 2) Detectar la presencia de Legionella en el agua utilizada en las piezas de mano de las clínicas odontológicas utilizadas por los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad del Zulia. Se estandarizaron dos técnicas comparativas: CDC y la ISO-11731, mediante el uso de muestras preparadas con una cepa de Legionella pneumophila ATCC 33155 y se realizó un estudio bacteriológico de 40 muestras del agua de cuatro (4) clínicas odontológicas docentes ubicadas en la Facultad de Odontología de LUZ, utilizando las dos metodologías antes mencionadas. Los resultaron mostraron que ambas técnicas resultaron sensibles para el aislamiento de Legionella en muestras de agua, siendo el tratamiento ácido más efectivo que el calentamiento. A pesar del uso de estas dos técnicas no se detectó la presencia de Legionella en ninguna de las muestras de agua analizadas. La presente investigación sirvió de base para la implementación de control de calidad relacionado con el aislamiento de Legionella en las aguas utilizadas a nivel hospitalario

The presence of any microorganism in the water used in dental units constitutes a serious danger for both the patient and the personnel that work there. The present investigation had two aims: 1) To implement and compare two microbiological water analysis techniques for studying the Legionella species; and 2) To detect the presence of Legionella in the water used for hand-held equipment in dental clinics used by dentistry students at the University of Zulia. Two comparative techniques were standardized: CDC and ISO-11731, using samples prepared with the Legionella pneumophila strain ATCC 33155 and a bacteriological study of 40 water samples from four (4) dentistry teaching clinics located in the Faculty of Dentistry at LUZ, using the two aforementioned methodologies. Results showed that both techniques were sensitive to isolating Legionella in water samples, but the acid treatment was more effective than warming. Despite the use of both techniques, the presence of Legionella was not detected in any of the water samples analyzed. This study served as a basis for implementing quality control related to isolating Legionella in the waters used on a hospital level