Seguimiento de la dieta mediterránea e hidratación de la población española y marroquí / Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and hydration in Spanish and Moroccan populations

Introducción: la dieta mediterránea (DM) comprende la ribera europea, africana y asiática del mar Mediterráneo. Características de la DM son variedad de alimentos y sobriedad. Junto a los nutrientes, es esencial la ingesta de agua y bebidas. Objetivo: estudiar la DM y la contribución del agua y las bebidas a la hidratación de dos poblaciones de la ribera mediterránea. Métodos: adultos procedentes del noroeste de Marruecos y sur de España (n=400), completaron un cuestionario semi-cuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se analizó agua envasada consumida por la población y comprada en el mercado local (17 marcas/ tipos en Marruecos y 30 en el sur de España). Resultados: por cromatografía de intercambio iónico se analizaron diversas sales. El rango fue: Ca entre 140,16 y 439 mg/L; Mg entre 53,15 y 87,5 mg/L; Na entre 1169,78 y 257,2 mg/L y K 50,26 y 26,5 mg/L, valores tanto para muestras españolas como marroquís. Son aguas de mineralización media y su ingesta de minerales no contribuye más del 7% a la RDA de las poblaciones estudiadas. El seguimiento de la DM es superior en la población española (6,28±1,38) que en la marroquí (4,42±1,52). El perfil de ingesta de bebidas permite clasificar a la población al encontrar valores OR que van desde 1,6 a 11,01 para mayor ingesta de zumo, refrescos, te, agua envasada y total de ingesta de líquidos para la población marroquí frente a la española. Conclusión: el consumo de aguas envasadas no supone un suplemento mineral de interés en estas poblaciones (AU)

Introduction: southern European, Middle Eastern, and North African countries bordering the Mediterranean share dietary habits characterized by moderation and a variety of foods, notably fruit and vegetables. These customs are becoming modified due to social and economic changes. An adequate intake of water and other drinks is essential for a healthy diet. Objective: to study adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) and bottled water/beverage consumption in two Mediterranean populations. Methods: adults from North-Western Morocco and Southern Spain (n=400) completed a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The bottled waters they reported were then purchased locally (17 brands in Morocco, 30 in Southern Spain) for ionic-exchange chromatography study. Results: cation values (mg/L) ranged from 140.16 to 439 for C, 53.15 to 87.5 for Mg, 1169.78 to 257.2 for Na, and 50.26 to 26.5 mg/L for K, i.e. waters with medium mineralization levels. No cation supplied>7% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) in either population. MD adherence was higher in the Spanish (6.28±1.38) versus Moroccan (4.42±1.52) population. There is a substantial intake of water through the MD due to its elevated fruit/vegetable content. Consumption of bottled water, infusions, and juices was higher in the Moroccan population; consumption of beer and other alcoholic drinks was higher in the Spanish population. The total liquid consumption was higher in the Moroccan population. The drinks intake profile permits classification of the populations, with odds ratios ranging from 1.6 to 11.01 for a higher intake of juices, soft drinks, tea, bottled water, and total liquids in the Moroccan versus Spanish population (AU)

Preparation, characterization and evaluation of moisturizing and UV protecting effects of topical solid lipid nanoparticles

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were recently proposed as carriers for various pharmaceutical and cosmetic actives. These lipid nanoparticles can act as moisturizers and physical sunscreens on their own. Therefore, the full potential of these carriers has yet to be determined. The present study was aimed to determine and compare moisturizing and UV-protecting effects of different solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) prepared by different solid lipids including Glyceryl monostearate (GMS), Precirol® (P) and cetyl palmitate (CP) as carrier systems of moisturizers and sunscreens. The influence of the size and matrix crystallinity of the solid lipids on the occlusive factor, skin hydration and UV-protection were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods. The SLN were prepared by high-shear homogenization and ultrasound methods. Size, zeta potential and morphological characteristics of the samples were assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermotropic properties with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. Results of the assessments showed that SLN-CP significantly increases skin hydration and UV-protection, compared to SLN-GMS and SLN-P. It was demonstrated that the size of SLN, crystallinity index of solid lipid in SLN and probably other mechanisms besides the occlusive factor can influence skin hydration and UV-protection indices. Furthermore, findings of the assessments demonstrated significant difference between in vitro and in vivo assessments regarding occlusive factor and moisturizing effects. Findings of the present study indicate that the SLN-CP could be a promising carrier for sunscreens and moisturizers.

Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) foram, recentemente, propostas como carreadores de vários ativos cosméticos e farmacêuticos. Essas nanopartículas lipídicas podem atuar como hidratantes e protetores solares físicos por si só. Assim sendo, determinou-se o potencial desses carreadores. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram determinar e comparar os efeitos hidratantes e protetores contra UV das diferentes partículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) preparadas com diferentes lipídios sólidos, incluindo o monoestearato de gligerila (MSG), Precirol® (P) e palmitato de cetila (PC) como sistemas carreadores de hidratantes e de protetores solares. A influência do tamanho e da cristalinidade da matriz dos lipídios sólidos no fator oclusivo, na hidratação da pele e na proteção ao UV foi avaliada por métodos in vitro e in vivo. As NLS foram preparadas por homogeneização por alto corte e métodos de ultrassom. Tamanho, potencial zeta e características morfológicas das amostras foram determinados por microscopia de transmissão eletrônica (MTE) e as propriedades termotrópicas, com diferentes técnicas de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (CDV). Os resultados mostraram que NLS-PC aumenta significativamente a hidratação da pele e a proteção ao UV, comparativamente à NLS-MSG e à NLS-P. Demonstrou-se que o tamanho da NLS, índice de cristalinidade do lipídio sólido na NLS e, provavelmente, outros mecanismos além do fator oclusivo podem influenciar a hidratação da pele e os índices de proteção ao UV. Além disso, os resultados mostraram diferença significativa entre as avaliações in vitro e in vivo com relação ao fator oclusivo e aos efeitos hidratantes. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que NLS-PC poderia ser um carreador promissor para protetores solares e hidratantes.

Fronts movement as a useful tool for hydrophilic matrix release mechanism elucidation.

The purpose of this study was to modify the fronts movement method proposed by Colombo et al. in order to apply it to uncoloured drugs and hydrophilic non-swellable matrices. Matrix tablets were prepared using theophylline as a model drug and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) or a new graft copolymer, hydroxypropylcellulose methylmethacrylate dried by lyophilization (HCMMAL), as polymer carriers. Drug release experiments were performed from the whole tablets. Radial drug release and fronts movement were also evaluated using special devices consisting of two Plexiglass(R) discs joined by means of four stainless steel screws. Release kinetics were determined by means of Higuchi, Korsmeyer and Peppas equations and were related to the fronts movement data. The analysis of drug release and fronts movement kinetics revealed a different release mechanism for both matrices. Drug release from NaCMC matrices was mostly controlled by relaxation, whereas drug diffusion through the porous network regulated drug release from HCMMAL matrices. A reduction in the surface exposed to the dissolution medium led to a decrease in the drug release rate, but the release mechanism was not essentially modified. Fronts movement was shown as a useful tool for matrix release mechanism elucidation. A new denomination for the different fronts observed in HCMMAL matrices was proposed.